艾滋病防治中的伦理问题及对策

艾滋病（Acquired immunodenciencysydrone,AIDS）已经发展成为一个严重的公共卫生问题和社会问题,目前人类还没有找到一种能够治愈此病的方法。由于该病病死率极高,传播迅速,严重地影响了我国的经济发展和社会和谐,防治艾滋病已经成为刻不容缓的事情,而在防治过程中产生的大量伦理学问题又影响着艾滋病的预防和治疗。本文对艾滋病防治中的伦理问题及对策综述如下。     

艾滋病防治面临的难题与对策

艾滋病是当今世界的重大公共卫生问题和社会问题,也是人类共同关注的焦点问题和难点问题,是由多种复杂的社会和自然因素所致。本文探讨分析在实施艾滋病综合防治项目工作中存在的问题和对策。     

综合医院部分医务人员艾滋病防治知识调查结果分析

目的：了解综合医院医务人员有关艾滋病的防治知识、态度、行为的情况。方法：对我院402名医务人员进行问卷调查。结果：对艾滋病的一般知识掌握较好，对已明确的三种传播正答率为85．68％。对艾滋病的预防和治疗的现况知识掌握稍差，90．12％的人不能正确认识HIV职业暴露及暴露后的预防。结论：我院医务人员艾滋病知识水平一般。应加强艾滋病防治知识的宣教，提高医务人员的防治知识和能力。     

我国艾滋病防治工作中应注意的几个问题

艾滋病（AIDS）已在全球范围内广泛流行，自1981年美国首次报道艾滋病后，至今全球已有210多个国家报告发现AIDS。目前全球艾滋病病毒（HIV）携带者或艾滋病患者总数约4000多万，已有4000多万人因艾滋病而死亡。我国自1986年6月发现第1例艾滋病外籍感染者以来，已有48％的县报告了HIV感染者或AIDS病人，现存HIV感染者和AIDS患者84万。为了有效地防止艾滋病在我国蔓延，     

中美防治艾滋病政策及其伦理基础对比与启示

自1985年我国发现第一例艾滋病人以来,艾滋病疫情一直呈快速上升趋势.2005年最新结果显示,我国现有艾滋病病毒感染者和病人约65万人（54-76万人）,其中艾滋病病人约7.5万人（6.5-8.5万人）[1].学者估计,到2010年艾滋病人数高、中、低方案感染人数分别为1200万、500万、220万[2].我国艾滋病流行趋势主要呈现出六大特点：艾滋病疫情仍呈上升趋势;艾滋病流行范围广,地区差异大;新发生的感染以吸毒和性传播为主;艾滋病发病和死亡情况严重;艾滋病流行由高危人群向一般人群扩散仍在继续;存在艾滋病疫情进一步蔓延的危险[1].     

影响我国艾滋病防治的伦理因素及对策

从医方、患者和社会三个方面探讨了当前影响我国艾滋病防治效果的一系列伦理问题，分析了艾滋病疫情难以得到有效控制的原因，据此提出了若干合理化建议和对策。     

艾滋病自愿咨询检测及其在艾滋病防治工作中的作用

艾滋病是一种严重危害人类健康的传染病,绝大多数艾滋病病毒（Human Immunodeficiency Virus,HIV）感染者和艾滋病病人不知道自身感染状况,阻碍了我国有关艾滋病预防控制、治疗关怀等各项干预措施的落实,不利于我国预防控制艾滋病工作的进一步开展。     

艾滋病防治需要关注的几个问题

随着艾滋病（获得性免疫缺陷综合征，acquired immunodenciency syndrome，AIDS）的不断蔓延扩散，特别是逐步由高危人群向一般人群扩散,全科医生在日常诊疗工作中遇到艾滋病患者的机会也越来越多。而多数全科医生对于这种变化，面对艾滋病的到来，可能还没有在思想上和技术上做好准备。为此，本文就全科医生需要关注的有关艾滋病的几个问题做一介绍。     

医务人员在艾滋病防治工作中的健康教育问题探讨

加强医护人员防治艾滋病健康教育,从伦理学角度探讨艾滋病社会防治综合措施,强化医务人员艾滋病防治知识和技能培训,建立完善的艾滋病防治规范和组织机构,提出保护健康人群、促进医务人员对艾滋病的理性认识,为HIV／AIDS人群创造一个宽容的伦理关爱环境,有效遏止艾滋病的蔓延。     

The ethical approach to AIDS: a bibliographical review

This bibliographical study involved first the exploitation of four data-banks: Medline, CNRS, Bioethics and AIDS, with the following key words (in conjunction with AIDS): ethics, human rights, confidentiality, legislation, jurisprudence. A total of 412 references were listed between 1983 and the end of 1987. Examination of the quantitative increase of articles over these years shows that, while references to AIDS and/or HIV infection--referred to as 'AIDS' for brevity--increased by about one third per year, the number of papers treating ethical problems linked to AIDS doubled each year. This increase makes it clear that these problems are important and pressing, that they are evolving rapidly and can be given no easy solution. After reading and analysis of accessible articles in readily comprehensible languages, the different themes can be classified in two categories: 1: Measures intended to protect society (starting with the most coercive); quarantine and isolation; discriminatory measures concerning specific groups; non-respect of the confidential nature of medical information; application of the penal code; screening; obligatory declaration and registration; testing of blood given by donors; vaccination and medical innovations, therapeutic assays; information, education. 2. Measures intended to protect the individual: fundamental rights of the patient: his/her right to confidentiality, to information and to treatment; civil rights: civil liberty, right to education, right to work, etc...; rights of the healthy individual: right of those in contact with the patients, safety of hospital staff, of those receiving blood-transfusions, etc... The legislation adopted in the various countries and the main opinions to be found in these articles are listed and analysed, and for each particular theme it is possible to refer to a list of the 232 most important articles. While the debate seems to concentrate on the conflict between the right of society to protect itself against the spread of infection and the 'civil' rights of the infected minorities, our conclusion tends to reduce this antagonism, showing that, particularly as far as the confidential nature of medical information is concerned, measures intended to protect the individual also protect society.     

Psychosocial ethical aspects of AIDS.

The psychosocial morbidity associated with HIV infection and responses to such infection may exceed morbidity associated with medical sequelae of such infection. This paper argues that negative judgements on those with HIV infection or in groups associated with such infection will cause avoidable psychological and social distress. Moral judgements made regarding HIV infection may also harm the common good by promoting conditions which may increase the spread of HIV infection. This paper examines these two lines of argument with regard to the ethical aspects of psychological bases of health care, clinical contact, public perceptions of AIDS and the comparative perspective. It is concluded that the psychosocial aspects of HIV infection impose ethical psychological, as well as medical, obligations to reduce harm and prevent the spread of infection.     

Unfinished feticide: the ethical problems

Dr. Jansen's paper raises three main issues. The one with which he himself is most concerned is the question of which methods of abortion are ethically right, and whether methods which risk the birth of a damaged baby are wrong. But there are two others: first, how the (originally unintended) birth of a live but damaged child alters the moral situation, and secondly, whether the overcoming of sterility by inducing a multiple pregnancy in which some of the fetuses have to be killed in order for any of them to survive is at all morally acceptable.     

医疗投诉心理行为与处理策略

在处理医疗纠纷投诉过程中,适应医学模式的转变,认知、分析投诉心理常态,行为方式与因主客观条件引起的变化规律。注重心理沟通技巧,在遵循国家法律法规和不损害医患双方利益两个前提下,根据不同的人、不同的情绪反映和不断变化的心理状态和心理需求,正确运用生物医学,心理学,社会法学等相关知识进行有效地,针对性强的医患心理沟通引导,促使其正确认为,对待客观现实,增进医患相互理解,尽可能实现对患方心理上的制动作用和影响,及时消除和缓解医患矛盾,探索建立一种充满人道主工色彩,符合生物心理社会医学模式要求的工作方法与策略,促使医疗纠纷按正常行政或法律程序处理。