Nutrition and women's health: position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada.

It is the position of the American Dietetic Association (ADA) and Dietitians of Canada (DC) that women have specific nutritional needs and vulnerabilities and, as such, are at unique risk for various nutrition-related diseases and conditions that affect the duration and quality of their lives. Although women's health-related issues are multifaceted, nutrition has been shown to influence significantly the risk of chronic disease and assist in maintaining optimal health status. Therefore, the ADA and DC encourage dietetics professionals to strongly support research, health promotion activities, health care services, and advocacy efforts that will enable women to adopt desirable nutrition practices for optimal health.     

Tobacco control, global health policy and development: towards policy coherence in global governance

The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) demonstrates the international political will invested in combating the tobacco pandemic and a newfound prominence for tobacco control within the global health agenda. However, major difficulties exist in managing conflicts with foreign and trade policy priorities, and significant obstacles confront efforts to create synergies with development policy and avoid tensions with other health priorities. This paper uses the concept of policy coherence to explore congruence and inconsistencies in objectives, policy, and practice between tobacco control and trade, development and global health priorities. Following the inability of the FCTC negotiations to satisfactorily address the relationship between trade and health, several disputes highlight the challenges posed to tobacco control policies by multilateral and bilateral agreements. While the work of the World Bank has demonstrated the potential contribution of tobacco control to development, the absence of non-communicable diseases from the Millennium Development Goals has limited scope to offer developing countries support for FCTC implementation. Even within international health, tobacco control priorities may be hard to reconcile with other agendas. The paper concludes by discussing the extent to which tobacco control has been pursued via a model of governance very deliberately different from those used in other health issues, in what can be termed 'tobacco exceptionalism'. The analysis developed here suggests that non-communicable disease (NCD) policies, global health, development and tobacco control would have much to gain from re-examining this presumption of difference.     

Tobacco Sorter和Tobacco Scan 6000烟草异物剔除系统的比较

对TobaccoSorter和TobaccoScan 60 0 0系列的烟草异物剔除系统进行了对比 ,从系统组成、烟叶单层化及稳定传送装置、图像获取方式及识别算法、异物的剔除方法、照明光源等方面进行了详细的比较和分析 ,由此看出 :随着相关技术的快速发展 ,应用线性CCD摄像机作为检测装置的异物剔除系统将具有越来越明显的优势。     

烟草及其制品中砷的形态分析

为了测定烟草中砷(As)的形态,采用超声溶剂萃取、高效液相色谱(HPLC)与电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联用技术建立了亚砷酸[As(III)]、砷酸[As(V)]、二甲基胂酸(DMA)、甲基胂酸(MMA)、砷甜菜碱(AsB)和砷胆碱(AsC)6种形态As的分离分析方法。结果表明:采用Hamilton PRPX-100(250 mm×4.1 mm,10μm)阴离子交换柱、15 mmol/L(NH4)2HPO4(pH6.0)等度洗脱,6种不同形态As在15 min内实现了基线分离,线性范围不小于两个数量级,检出限0.44~0.98μg/L,加标回收率85.19%~87.31%,相对标准偏差(RSDs,n=5)2.45%~3.56%。烟草中As含量较低,且部分以低毒的DMA、MMA形态存在;超声溶剂提取能同时提取烟草中的有机As和无机As,较客观地反映样品中As的形态分布。该方法准确、可靠,适合于评价烟草中As的形态,可为烟草的安全性评价提供参考。     

湖北烤烟与国内外其他烟区烤烟的比较

分析了湖北烟区烤烟的外观质量、化学成分与感官质量状况,并与津巴布韦、云南、四川和贵州等优质烟区烤烟进行了比较.结果表明:①湖北烟区烤烟的外观质量和感官质量较好,化学成分需进一步协调,但与津巴布韦烤烟相比仍有较大差距;②湖北烤烟的外观质量和感官质量指标与贵州烤烟没有明显差异,而香气质与云南和四川烤烟的差异达到显著水平;烟碱含量显著高于云南和四川烤烟.烟叶总体质量与贵州烤烟相当,与四川和云南烤烟差距较小.     

烟草抗病毒病种质资源的鉴定与评价

2005-2006年采用温室苗期接种鉴定的方法对202份烟草种质进行了TMV、CMV以及PVY三种病毒病的抗性鉴定。结果表明:在供试种质中,对TMV表现免疫(21份)、抗病(1份)和中抗(30份)的材料共52份,表现中感(130份)和感病(20份)的材料共150份;对CMV表现抗性(4份)和中抗(20份)的材料共24份,表现中感(79份)和感病(99份)的种质共178份;对PVY表现免疫(1份)、抗病(2份)和中抗(33份)的材料共36份,表现中感(96份)和感病(70份)的材料共166份。所筛选的优质、抗病烤烟引进品种白色种、晒烟大るま以及香料烟KoKulu izmir可直接应用于烟草生产,另外对TMV表现免疫的材料白肋烟8301、黄筋蔸、抗3种病毒病的种质黄花烟阳高小兰花以及兼抗两种病毒病的种质可为烟草抗病毒病育种的亲本选择提供抗源。     

现代烟草农业背景下基层烟技员队伍建设现状与思考

基层烟叶技术员队伍建设的现代化无疑是现代烟草农业建设中最为关键的环节之一。本研究通过调查某县级烟草分公司的烟叶技术员从业信息,探析了基层烟叶技术员队伍建设现状并提出了优化措施。烟叶技术员队伍技术力量薄弱,学历层次亟待提升,严重制约了当前烟叶生产的发展。经过分析,从烟叶技术员队伍技术、学历结构优化设计,晋升激励机制和职业生涯发展等几个角度提出了建议,为基层烟叶技术员队伍建设提供了新的观点。     

客家女子服饰的演变

 从客家民系形成历史入手,以王东的"语言习俗形成说"为标志的民系形成理论为基础(即认为客家民系形成于明代中期),将客家女子服饰演变划分为3个时期并将各时期服饰形制及其特点进行归纳总结:第1时期为明代中期至清末,是客家妇女服饰形成阶段,其服装样制与中原基本一致,出现了与南方少数民族相类似的服饰特点;第2时期为清末民初的客家女子传统服饰成熟阶段,客家传统服饰样制与文化特征基本形成;第3时期从民初至20世纪中叶,为客家妇女服饰的消亡期,传统服饰与现代服饰并存。     

烟草及烟草制品的测试与检测类专利分析

对国家知识产权局网站公开的1985—2013 年申请的1 963 件烟草检测测试类(IPC 分类中的G01)发明专利和实用新型专利进行了统计分析。结果表明:①2005—2013 年,G01 类专利申请总量持续快速上升,其中发明专利数量显著增多;职务发明数量增加,所占比例也逐渐增大;烟草行业各企业的G01 类专利申请量不断增加,其中郑州烟草研究院(简称郑州院)、云南中烟工业有限责任公司(简称云南中烟)、广东中烟、上海烟草集团等单位的申请总量较多;②1 963 件专利共有3 885名发明设计人,平均每件专利有6.0 个发明人。广东中烟的孔浩辉、国家烟草质量监督检验中心的胡清源、郑州院的谢复炜等参与申请的件数较多,孔浩辉、郑州院的李斌、江苏中烟的廖惠云、云南中烟的魏玉玲等作为第一发明设计人的申请数量较多;③借助于材料的化学或物理性质对烟草及烟草制品进行测试或分析(G01N)的数量最多,几何量测量(G01B)、质量测量(G01G、G01F)也是持续的热点;④G01 类专利主要涉及化学指标和物理指标的检测,分别占41.72%和25.71%。随着分析检测技术的研发和应用,今后一段时期内,G01 类专利的申请量将持续上升,逐渐覆盖G01 的各小类,可能形成新的技术发展路径。      

Tobacco industry litigation to deter local public health ordinances: the industry usually loses in court

Background: The tobacco industry uses claims of state preemption or violations of the US Constitution in litigation to overturn local tobacco control ordinances.

Methods: Collection of lawsuits filed or threatened against local governments in the USA; review of previously secret tobacco industry documents; interviews with key informants.

Results: The industry is most likely to prevail when a court holds that there is explicit preemption language by the state legislature to exclusively regulate tobacco. The industry has a much weaker record on claims of implied preemption and has lost all challenges brought under equal protection claims in the cases we located. Although the tobacco industry is willing to spend substantial amounts of money on these lawsuits, it never won on constitutional equal protection grounds and lost or dropped 60% (16/27) of the cases it brought claiming implied state preemption.

Conclusions: Municipalities should continue to pass ordinances and be prepared to defend them against claims of implied preemption or on constitutional grounds. If the ordinance is properly prepared they will likely prevail. Health advocates should be prepared to assist in this process.

     

中美主要烟草品种亲源分析与烟草育种

本文分析了中美300多个烤烟,80多个晒晾烟主要育成品种的亲源关系,从中可以看出,品质与抗病育种是烟草育种的主体,由Orinoco衍生的Hicks、Virginiabrightleaf和400及后来育成的NC95、Coker139和Coker319等是烤烟品质育种和抗病育种的主体亲本;由WhiteBurley衍生的Kentucky16、Burley21和由MDRobinson育成的Maryland64、Maryland609分别是白肋烟与马里兰烟品质、抗病育种的主体亲本;烟草抗黑胫病、青枯病、根结线虫病、根黑腐病、烟草普通花叶病和野火病的抗源分别来自Florida301、TI448A、TI706、N. debnexyi、N. glutinosa和N. longiflora等原始栽培品种或野生种。美国烟草育种经历了从品质到多抗,再到综合优良性状改良的阶梯式发展过程。而我国优质、多抗育种起步较晚,仍存在品质与抗性、品质与易烤性关系研究较少,外源优良基因利用较少,遗传基础狭窄等问题,本文就近期烟草育种的目标和途径进行了初步探讨。      

高效离子色谱法测定烟草及其制品中麦芽酚的含量

建立了使用阴离子交换分离柱,NaOH淋洗液,电化学检测器测定烟草制品中痕量麦芽酚的离子色谱检测方法。方法基于麦芽酚在NaOH溶液中转化为阴离子,使用CarboPac PA1型分离柱和NaOH淋洗液进行分离;利用酚羟基在玻碳电极上的特异响应,使用ED电化学检测器进行分析。在2.60?10–2~26.00 mg∕L浓度范围内,工作曲线的线性相关系数为0.9999,检出限为2.26 μg∕L;测定的整个过程可在15 min内完成。方法用于烟草样品的分析,结果令人满意,加标回收率在97%~102%之间。     

造纸法再造烟叶与烟叶部分物理特性指标的对比分析

为明确造纸法再造烟叶与烟叶物理特性的差异,分析了9个不同产区、等级烟叶样品和国内5个不同企业的8个规格造纸法再造烟叶样品的拉力、剪切力、摩擦系数,比较了造纸法再造烟叶和烟叶物理特性指标的差异。结果表明:①造纸法再造烟叶纵向剪切力、拉力明显大于其横向剪切力、拉力,造纸法再造烟叶静态摩擦系数大于其动态摩擦系数;②造纸法再造烟叶剪切力、拉力明显大于烟叶剪切力、拉力,造纸法再造烟叶摩擦系数明显小于烟叶摩擦系数;③造纸法再造烟叶剪切力、拉力、摩擦系数等物理特性指标与其真密度、截面纤维形态、表面特性密切相关。      

3种防护剂对烟草甲和烟草粉螟的防治效果

选择"凯安保"、自配药剂(以拟除虫菊酯为主)、"列喜镇"3种烟叶防护剂分别在厦门、昆明卷烟厂进行了烟草甲、烟草粉螟的防治试验.结果表明:(1)仓库空间采用超低容量喷雾杀虫法,自配药剂和凯安保的杀虫效果较好,当自配药剂和凯安保的使用剂量分别为3.5 mg/m3、4.0 mg/m3时,对烟草甲成虫的相对防治效果和杀灭率均达97%以上;(2)采用常规喷雾对地面、墙壁消毒法,自配药剂、"凯安保"的使用剂量分别为8.0 mg/m2和10.0 mg/m2时,对接种的烟草甲成虫在24h时的杀灭率达100%,而"列喜镇"的使用剂量80.0mg/m2,48h时烟草甲的死亡率只有80.8%;(3)"凯安保"和自配药剂在使用剂量分别为5.0 mg/m3、4.0 mg/m3时,对烟草粉螟的空间相对防效可达90%以上,"列喜镇"在使用剂量为12.0 mg/m3时,其相对防效为82.1%.