变质处理对复相耐磨铸钢硫氧化物夹杂形态的影响

在实验和检验分析的基础上，探讨了变质处理对复相耐磨铸钢中硫氧化物夹杂形态的影响。研究结果表明，复相耐磨钢中硫氧化物形态与钢中残余镁含量、残余稀土含量有直接关系。     

石墨化钢石墨化过程的金相分析及其动力学方程

在650、680和710 ℃不同温度条件下对碳质量分数为0.66%的淬火高碳钢进行了石墨化处理,并利用场发射扫描电子显微镜、电子探针、X-射线衍射仪和透射电子显微镜对其石墨化过程的组织进行金相分析,以及利用组织转变动力学理论,绘制了其石墨化过程的动力学曲线,并建立了相应的动力学方程。研究结果显示:在石墨化过程中,淬火马氏体首先向析出碳化物的稳定状态转变,且在碳化物为渗碳体Fe₃C时,石墨粒子析出速度开始明显增加;基体组织中针叶状α-Fe发生再结晶,由等轴状铁素体逐步代替针叶状的α-Fe;铁素体中的碳含量随着石墨化时间的延长而逐步降低,即由过饱和状态转变为稳定态,碳含量在石墨粒子中突变增为峰值,而铁含量则突变降为谷值,由此表明,渗碳体分解的碳向石墨核心扩散,铁自石墨核心处扩散出来,而形成石墨粒子;石墨粒子面积分数随时间变化的曲线呈S形状,即该动力学过程符合动力学模型JMAK（Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov）方程,且该方程中的n值为1.5～1.7。      

稀土处理的无取向硅钢夹杂物控制研究进展

 冷轧无取向硅钢磁性能受钢材化学成分、夹杂物分布、再结晶组织等因素的影响,对炼钢工艺技术具有很高的依赖性。长条状或带有棱角的夹杂物通常比球形夹杂物对矫顽力和磁滞损耗的影响更大,而对磁性能影响较大的夹杂物主要为尺寸小于0.5 μm的夹杂物。总结分析了稀土处理对无取向硅钢夹杂物的影响,包括粗化夹杂物、减少钢中微细夹杂物数量和对夹杂物的球化作用。稀土元素具有很强的脱氧能力,能够有效净化钢液。添加稀土后,钢中生成的稀土氧化物或稀土氧硫化物通常呈球状或近似球状,并且由于稀土元素具有较高的表面活性,生成的微细夹杂物在钢液中更容易聚合长大,可以达到夹杂物改性和粗化的效果。稀土硫化物和稀土氧硫化物熔点高、固溶难,在再加热过程中能够有效减少硫元素的固溶量,抑制冷却过程中细小MnS的析出。此外,AlN、MnS等容易在稀土夹杂物表面析出,由此进一步减少了细小析出物数量。稀土还有改善成品织构的作用,存在最佳的添加量。同时对国内外无取向硅钢冶炼过程中的稀土添加工艺也进行了分析,当前以钢包加入法为主,通过真空下添加稀土,添加稀土前使用Al、Si等对钢水预先脱氧并喷吹脱硫剂,加入稀土后对钢水进行充分搅拌,可以保证稀土处理效果,但在连铸过程中仍存在因稀土夹杂物导致的水口结瘤问题有待研究解决。     

Study on non-saponification extraction process for rare earth separation

The purpose of this study was to overcome the disadvantages of ammonia-nitrogen wastewater pollution and high cost of sodium saponification in rare earth separation process. The study focused on the non-saponification extraction technology with magnesia. The influences of the content and particle size of magnesia, reaction time, reaction temperature, and O/A on cerium extraction rate were also discussed. The results showed that the hydrogen ions of extractant were exchanged by rare earth ions when organic extractant and rare earth solution were mixed with magnesia powder, and then the exchanged hydrogen dissolved magnesia to make the acidity of the system stable. The magnesium ions were not participated in the extraction reaction. Non-saponification extraction process of rare earth had been realized. The cerium extraction rate could reach up to 99% in single stage within the optimal reaction conditions.     

Synthesis of rare earth sulfides and their UV-vis absorption spectra

Rare earth sulfides were systematically synthesized via the sulfurization of their commercial oxide powders using CS2 gas to shorten sulfurization time, and their UV-vis absorption spectra were investigated. The appropriate sulfurization conditions were studied. For the rare earth sulfides with the same crystal structure, the sulfurization temperature showed increasing tendency with the decrease of rare earth element atomic radii. The UV-vis absorption spectra of rare earth sulfides did not depend on the crystal structure of rare earth sulfides, but on the 4f electronic structure of rare earth element. The data showed that the optical band gaps of rare earth sulfides were irregular, and the values ranged from 1.65 to 3.75 eV.     

离子型稀土不同浸出剂柱浸对比试验

针对离子型稀土原地浸出工艺现有氨氮污染问题,考察镁盐、铝盐等非铵浸出剂对稀土浸出过程的影响。以赣州稀土矿样为研究对象,选择硫酸镁与硫酸铵通过柱浸的方式进行对比试验,同时考察铝盐与铵盐、镁盐联合浸出效果的影响,测定浸出液成分,分析不同浸出剂浸出效果的差异。结果表明：相同质量分数的硫酸铵和硫酸镁浸出效率相当,硫酸铵可达91.37%,硫酸镁可达89.22%;添加铝盐后的稀土浸出率仅76%左右,铝盐的添加不能促进稀土浸出效率的提升;铵盐柱浸顶水洗涤后铵根离子可降低至76 mg/L,镁盐柱浸顶水洗涤后镁离子可降低至27 mg/L,镁离子比铵根离子更容易洗涤去除。硫酸镁作为浸出剂能够从根本上解决离子型稀土矿山氨氮污染问题。     

Effect of impurity ions on preparation of novel saponifier for rare earth extraction

Magnesium bicarbonate,prepared by the carbonation of magnesium hydroxide slurry,was used as a novel saponifier to eliminate the ammonia nitrogen pollution in the rare earth extraction separation process.The effect of impurity ions introduced by system on the carbonation reaction of magnesium hydroxide was studied in the work.The results showed that the presence of Ca2+ could lead to side reactions so as to reduce the conversion rate of magnesium hydroxide,and a small number of rare earth ions would have great influence on the carbonation reaction.What’s more,there was no influence on carbonation reaction with the low concentration of Na+or Mg2+,the conversion rate of magnesium hydroxide could reach above 96%.This paper showed a practical theory which could provide scientific guidance for the preparation of novel saponifier in rare earth extraction separation process.     

间接碘量法测定稀土硫化物中硫

试验提出了一种用间接碘量法测定稀土硫化物中硫含量的方法:稀土硫化物易与盐酸反应生成硫化氢,而硫化氢气体易和碘反应,故用已知浓度和用量的碘标准溶液完全吸收硫化氢气体,再用已知浓度的硫代硫酸钠标准溶液滴定出未反应的碘标准溶液,从而间接计算出稀土硫化物中硫含量。通过溶剂的选择、碘标准溶液用量及反应摇动时间的研究,确定了适宜的反应条件。结果表明,在稀土硫化物中硫质量分数为10%～25%时的最佳反应条件是:用盐酸作为反应溶剂,0.1 mol/L碘标准溶液用量为35 mL,反应开始至滴定前的剧烈摇动时间为2 min。采用实验方法对稀土硫化物中具有代表性的Ce₂S₃、Sm₂S₃及La₂S₃这3种样品中的硫进行了测定,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)小于1%。测定结果与高频红外吸收法及硫酸钡重量法的测定值基本相符。     

Friction and Wear Characteristics of Mg-Al Alloy Containing Rare Earths

The influence of rare earth on the friction and wear characteristics of magnesium alloy AZ91 and AM60 were studied. The results show that the wear resistance properties of rare earth magnesium alloys are better than those of matrix alloy under the testing conditions. The anti-wear behaviour of AZ91 alloy is much better than that of AM60 alloy. In dry sliding pmcess, magnesium alloys undergo a transition from mild wear to severe wear. The addition of rare earths refine the structure of alloys, improve the comprehensive behaviors of magnesium alloys,increase the stability of oxidation films on worn surfaces,enhance the loading ability of rare earth magnesium alloys,and delay the transition from mild wear to sevre wear effectively.     

Effect of Subcritical Isothermal Holding of Austenite on the Kinetics of First Stage Graphitization

Abstract

White cast iron specimens were cooled rapidly from the austenite region to temperatures in the range 300–500°C, held there for some time before being subjected to graphitization at 900–1000°C. Holding of austenite in the lower temperature range allows isothermal transformation and influences the microstructure. The graphite volume fraction and nodule density were determined under different conditions and the kinetics of first stage graphitization traced. The study shows that the isothermal holding of austenite accelerates the graphitization process to a significant degree. This acceleration is attributed to the creation of additional cementite/austenite interfaces as revealed by both optical and scanning electron microscopy. The nucleation of graphite occurs essentially during the isothermal holding treatment at subcritical temperatures whereas growth is accomplished at 900–1000°C. The growth process is limited by carbon diffusion in austenite.

Résumé

Des échantillons de fonte blanche furent refroidis rapidement du domaine austénitiquejusqu'a des températures de 300–500°C et maintenus quelques temps dans cet intervalle de températures avant d'être soumis à une graphitisation à 900–1000°C. Le maintien de l'austénite dans le domaine des plus basses températures permet une transformation isotherme et influence la microstructure. La fraction volumique de graphite et la densité de nodule furent déterminés sous différentes conditions et la cinétique du premier stade de la graphitisation fut enregistrée. L'étude montre que le maintien isotherme de l'austénite accèlère d'une façon significative le processus de graphitisation. Cette accéleration est attribuée a la création d'interfaces cémentite/austénite additionnels tel que révélé par la microscopie optique et la microscopie à balayage électronique. La nucléation du graphite se produit essentiellement durant le maintien isotherme à des températures inférieures à température critique alors que la croissance est accomplie vers 900–1000°C. Le processus de croissance est limité par la diffusion du carbonne dans l'austénite.     

镁钙铵系浸取剂对离子吸附型稀土矿区土壤生态影响初探

离子吸附型稀土矿富含宝贵的中重稀土战略资源,工业开采过程产生的氨氮污染问题长期备受关注。分别以硫酸镁、氯化钙和硫酸铵柱浸模拟离子吸附型稀土矿浸取尾矿,以中黄13大豆为供试作物,开展了室外盆栽试验,探究其对离子吸附型稀土矿区土壤的生态影响。结果表明,与采用铵浸尾矿种植相比,采用镁浸或钙浸尾矿种植的豆苗株高相当或更高,叶片的叶绿素含量更高或相当,根系生长正常,主根明显,侧根茂盛,且地径明显更粗,这可能与镁、钙等能直接参与叶绿素合成、加速糖分运输、改善土壤板结等有关。与采用硫酸铵浸取剂浸矿相比,采用硫酸镁、氯化钙浸取剂浸矿对离子吸附型稀土矿区土壤的生态影响更小,这也为离子吸附型稀土矿绿色开采和浸矿场地污染防治指明了发展方向。     

稀土变质铸铁中石墨—奥氏体共晶的生长方式

用Ｂｒｉｄｇｍ ａｎ 定向凝固技术制取了稀土变质共晶铸铁不同石墨形态时的液－固平界面试样。观察结果表明,稀土变质铸铁共晶凝固过程中,石墨相不论形态如何均为领先相;石墨与奥氏体共晶有共生生长和离异生长两种生长方式。在共生生长情况下,奥氏体紧贴石墨片两侧协同生长,形成锯齿状的液－固界面结构;在离异生长情况下,石墨相单独在液相中析出并充分长大,随后被奥氏体包围,液－固界面形态主要取决于奥氏体－液相界面的稳定性。分析表明,稀土在石墨－液相界面的富集是导致石墨－奥氏体共晶离异生长的主要原因。     

Influence of Electropulsing Pretreatment on Solid-State Graphitization of Spherical Graphite Iron

 The solid-state graphitization process of spherical graphite iron after electropulsing pretreatment was observed in-situ by using a high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscope (HTCSLM). The influence of electropulsing pretreatment on the decomposition of cementite and the formation of graphite during the solid-state graphitization was studied. The result indicates that the electropulsing pretreatment can accelerate the decomposition of cementite, and make more neonatal graphite in small size be formed near the cementite. The neonatal graphite nucleates and grows chiefly at the temperature range of 800 to 850 ℃,and the average growth rate of neonatal graphite is 0. 034 μm2/s during the heating process. For the spherical graphite iron after normal and electropulsing pretreatment, the decomposition rate of cementite during the heating process is 0. 16 and 0. 24 μm2/s, respectively. Analysis shows that the electropulsing pretreatment promotes the dislocation accumulation near the cementite, consequently, the decomposition of cementite and the formation of neonatal graphite is accelerated during the solid-state graphitization.     

Effect of praseodymium on catalytic graphitization of furan resin carbon

We introduced a new catalyst,rare earth element praseodymium,for the catalytic graphitization of furan resin carbon.The extent of graphitization of the furan resin carbon was examined by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.The morphology of furan resin carbon was characterized by scanning electron microscopy.The effects of the praseodymium content and the heat-treatment temperature on the catalytic graphitization of furan resin carbon were also investigated.The results indicated that the praseodymium c...     

稀土-镁复合处理对GCr15轴承钢中夹杂物的影响

为了尽可能的去除钢中大颗粒的夹杂物, 在实验条件下通过向GCr15轴承钢中添加适量镁、稀土对夹杂物进行改性, 并利用Aspex夹杂物自动分析仪和扫描电镜对钢中改性后的夹杂物尺寸、类型、形貌等进行了观察、分析, 研究了稀土-镁复合处理对夹杂物的影响规律.研究结果表明, 对轴承钢中加入微量镁处理, 可将未进行镁处理钢中的MnS-Al₂O₃、MnS、Al₂O₃夹杂改性为以含硫、镁复合夹杂物为主, 同时包含少量Al₂O₃、镁铝尖晶石夹杂.进一步采用稀土-镁复合处理后, 钢中的夹杂物转变为主要以含Re-S-O夹杂物为主, Al₂O₃、MnS、镁铝尖晶石夹杂逐步消失, 且夹杂物成球状分布, 绝大多数夹杂物在5 μm以下.稀土-镁复合处理轴承钢后, 10 μm以上的大颗粒夹杂物大大降低, 钢中的夹杂物明显得到细化.钢中镁含量不变时, 随着稀土含量的增加, 大颗粒夹杂物比例明显下降.而在稀土含量相近的情况下, 增加钢中的镁含量也有利于大颗粒夹杂物的去除.稀土-镁的相互作用进一步促进了夹杂物的细化.      

Silicon microsegregation and first stage graphitization in white cast irons

The distribution of silicon in a series of as-cast white irons containing up to 3.25 pct Si and from 2.39 to 3.94 pct C was studied using electron probe microanalysis. The silicon content of the proeutectic austenite dendrites is a linear function of the silicon content of the alloy. The periphery of these dendrites is richer in silicon than the core due to the rejection of the element from the cementite formed during eutectic solidification and the enrichment is most pronounced at slow rates of solidification. It was also firmly established that silicon is present in the eutectic cementite, the level increasing with solidification rate and with the silicon content of the alloy. The nonuniform distribution of silicon persisted for a large part of a graphitization anneal. The effects of the silicon in the cementite and at the austenite-cementite interface on the nucleation of graphite during first stage graphitization are discussed in terms of the thermodynamics of graphitization.     

Recovery of rare earths from ion-absorbed rare earths ore with MgSO4-ascorbic acid compound leaching agent

The magnesium sulfate leaching technology for the ion-absorbed rare earths ore can solve the ammonia pollution problem existing in ammonium sulfate leaching process. However, the leaching capacity of magnesium sulfate is slightly weaker than that of ammonium sulfate, resulting in a bigger consumption of magnesium sulfate. In this paper, the MgSO_4-ascorbic acid compound leaching agent had been demonstrated to deal with the ion-absorbed rare earths ore. The ascorbic acid could form a stable coordination with rare earth ions, so that it can strengthen the leaching of ion-exchangeable phase.Moreover, ascorbic acid has a strong reductive property, it can leach the colloidal sediment phase rare earth as well. The present study investigates the effect of the initial pH and the composition of leaching agent on the rare earth leaching. It is determined that the rare earth leaching efficiency is 107.5% under the condition of pH 2.00,0.15 mol/L magnesium sulfate and 1.0 g/L ascorbic acid in leaching agent. In this case, the content of the ion-exchangeable phase and colloidal sediment phase rare earth in the leaching residues are both only 0.02‰. The leaching efficiency of colloid sediment phase rare earth can be 85.7%,so that the Ce partition in the leaching liquor increases to be 5.77%. The magnesium-ascorbic acid compound leaching agent is proposed to be a promising choice to deal with the ion-absorbed rare earths ore, which can realize the efficient leaching, low consumption of MgSO_4 and environmentally friendly leaching.     

Surface graphitization analysis of cerium-polished HFCVD diamond films with micro-raman spectra

The etching technique using Ce is a convenient and fast method for polishing and shaping diamond films. In this study, the influence of polishing parameters such as polishing temperature and time on the surface crystallinity and phase composition of diamond films was thoroughly investigated via the analysis of Raman spectra such as FWHM and ID/IG. Moreover, the issue on the graphitization of diamond after polishing with Ce was further researched through the detailed study of the depth distribution of Raman data including FWHM and ID/IG, and a result completely different from the hot-iron metal polished ones was obtained. The results showed that polished diamond films had considerably higher diamond content than those before polishing, and not a bit of graphitization was found in the polished ones, owing to a higher solubility of carbon in rare earth metal Ce than that in transition metals, and the original crystallinity of the films polished with Ce did not deteriorate.     

A study on inhomogeneous distribution of temper graphite particles in strip-cast Fe-C-Si alloys

This study examined the relationship between solidification structure and graphitization characteristics of white cast iron strips produced by strip casting. Experimental results showed that there was an unusual distribution of temper graphite particles along the through-thickness direction of the graphitized strips in comparison with gravity-cast chill plate. In particular, the graphite-free zones appeared in the vicinity of the strip surface after the completion of graphitization, especially in the strip with low carbon and silicon content. There were abnormally straight interfaces between matrix and eutectic cementite with a strong preferred [001]_c growth direction caused by the effect of directional solidification found in the near-surface regions of the strips. The interfaces did not form a site for the graphite to nucleate and gave rise to the graphite-free zones close to the strip surface. An increase in carbon and silicon content could significantly increase the number of temper graphite particles and shorten the time for the completion of graphitization, but an inhomogeneous distribution feature of graphite particles was still observed in strips with a higher carbon equivalent value (CE). Furthermore, variations in carbon and silicon content resulted in transitions in carbide morphology and composition, which had a tremendous effect on the graphitization characteristics of the cast iron strips.     

微量元素铋,锑对大断面球铁件石墨形态的影响

本实验使用光学显微镜和分析电检查了石墨形态。实验结果表明，在含稀土的球铁中加入铋，锑可以使石墨政治协商会议数量显著增加，并使石墨球更加细小、圆整、消除了大断面球铁中的畸变石墨。另外，检查结果发现，石墨核心主要是由稀土与铋、锑、铝等元素组成的复杂化合物。因此，可以认为导致大断面球铁石墨畸变的根本原因是缺乏足够的稳定结晶核心。