固态氧化物阴极过程的离子扩散模型及其Ta2O5熔盐电解验证

固态氧化物阴极在氯化钙熔盐电解质中的脱氧速率可依据氧离子的稳态扩散模型（PRS模型）由固态氧化物阴极孔隙率P,还原后金属与还原前氧化物之间的摩尔体积比R,还原后阴极的体积收缩率S等参数直接计算. PRS模型重要意义还在于可提供极简单的公式以预测不同金属氧化物还原时固态阴极的优化孔隙率,而固态阴极孔隙率对其脱氧速率有显著影响. 对于Ta₂O₅电解,其固态阴极孔隙率不易大于50%. 相关理论预测结果得到了固态Ta₂O₅在氯化钙熔盐中电解实验的良好验证,表明PRS模型对固态化合物阴极的快速、高效电解具有重要的指导意义.     

用透明电解槽研究镧,钕在氯化物熔盐中的溶解过程

采用透明电解槽技术首次观察了金属镧、钕分别在LaCl_3_KCl、NdCl_3+KCl以及KCl+NaCl熔盐中的溶解过程。实验发现镧、钕在各自熔盐中溶解时均产生黑色的金属雾。在电解条件下,镧、钕的溶解扩散受到很小的抑制。金属钕的溶解扩散明显快于金属镧的溶解扩散。形成的镧、钕金属雾主要由低价离子和部分金屈粒子(或原子)组成。     

熔盐电化学创新研究——武汉大学电化学研究中心熔盐电化学研究工作简介

简要介绍近3年武汉大学电化学研究中心在熔盐电化学方面的若干研究进展:1)熔盐电解固态化合物制备单质硅及其合金以及无机功能材料;2)适于高温熔盐的全密封长寿命Ag/AgCl参比电极和可负载微量粉末的金属腔(坑)工作电极新技术;3)“三相界线电化学”新概念以及描述三相界线在薄层固态化合物电解还原过程中扩展变化的薄层模型.     

MgCl2-KCl-NaCl-CaCl2熔盐电解镁机理

在725℃温度下,对MgCl2-KCl-NaCl-CaCl2熔盐体系进行电解.研究结果表明,镁电解过程中阴极过电压ηc只有12～51 mV,电解过程的过电压主要是由阳极引起的;阴极还原过程的极限扩散电流密度id为1.56 A/cm2;镁离子阴极放电反应的电子转移数为1.98;2个电子转移步骤之前存在着前置转化步骤MgCl+ Mg2++C1-.应用循环伏安法对4种不同配比下的镁离子行为进行的研究结果表明,CaCl2质量分数从10%增加到40%,维持MgCl2质量分数为10%以及NaCl与KCl的质量比为6: 1不变,随着CaCl2质量分数的增加,镁离子结合成不易移动的络合阴离子,镁离子迁移的电流分数减小,镁离子的析出电位从-1.595 V逐渐负移至与钙、钠共同沉积,阴极峰值电流Ipc值逐渐增大,阳极峰值电位与阴极峰值电位之差的绝对值|φpa-φpc|逐渐增大,阴极放电反应的可逆性逐渐降低.     

LiCl-KCl熔盐体系中镨(Ⅲ)在镍电极上的电化学行为

采用循环伏安、方波伏安、计时电位和开路计时电位等电化学方法研究了Pr(Ⅲ)离子在共晶LiClKCl熔盐中Ni电极上的电化学行为及Pr-Ni合金化机理.结果表明,Pr(Ⅲ)离子的电化学还原过程为三电子转移的一步反应.与惰性Mo电极上的循环伏安曲线相比,Pr(Ⅲ)离子在活性Ni电极的循环伏安曲线上还出现了4对氧化还原峰,表明Pr(Ⅲ)离子在Ni电极上发生欠电位沉积,是由于生成不同的Pr-Ni金属间化合物.采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪等对恒电位电解的产物进行了表征.结果表明,在不同电位下进行恒电位电解时,每个电位上只得到一种Pr-Ni金属间化合物,分别为Pr Ni2,Pr Ni3,Pr2Ni7和Pr Ni5.     

LiF-BaF2-LiCl熔盐体系中Li+的电化学行为

运用三电极在电化学工作站AUTOLAB以循环伏安法、计时电流法和计时电位法研究了LiF-BaF₂-LiCl熔盐体系中1203 K温度下锂在钨（W）电极上的电化学还原过程及其控制步骤. 结果表明,Li⁺在W电极上的还原过程是一步得电子的准可逆反应,析出电位在-1.0 V附近. 阴极过程受离子的扩散步骤控制,计算得出扩散系数为4.5 × 10^-6 cm²•s^-1.     

LiCl-KCl熔盐体系中镨(Ⅲ)在镍电极上的电化学行为

采用循环伏安、 方波伏安、 计时电位和开路计时电位等电化学方法研究了Pr(Ⅲ)离子在共晶LiCl-KCl熔盐中Ni电极上的电化学行为及Pr-Ni合金化机理. 结果表明, Pr(Ⅲ)离子的电化学还原过程为三电子转移的一步反应. 与惰性Mo电极上的循环伏安曲线相比, Pr(Ⅲ) 离子在活性Ni电极的循环伏安曲线上还出现了4对氧化还原峰, 表明Pr(Ⅲ)离子在Ni电极上发生欠电位沉积, 是由于生成不同的Pr-Ni金属间化合物. 采用X射线衍射仪和扫描电子显微镜-能谱仪等对恒电位电解的产物进行了表征. 结果表明, 在不同电位下进行恒电位电解时, 每个电位上只得到一种Pr-Ni金属间化合物, 分别为PrNi₂, PrNi₃, Pr₂Ni₇和PrNi₅.     

循环伏安法用于钇在钼和镍电极上的电极过程研究

使用了较为简单的数学方法,对不溶性反应产物的电极过程的循环伏安理论公式进行了推导。并将推导结果应用于LiCl—KCl—YCl_3熔盐体系,钇在钼电极上的电极过程研究,获得了很好的结果。同时还对钇在镍电极上阴极还原进行了研究,循环伏安结果表明钇和镍能够拖成金属间化合物。能谱及X射线衍射结果表明,金属间化合物的组成为Ni_2Y。     

在LiCl-KCl-NaCl熔盐体系中碳的阴极还原的研究

用循环伏安法和电位阶跃法研究了LiCl-KCl-NaCl熔盐体系中碳的阴极还原机理。在钨、铂、不锈钢等微电极上得到的伏安图表明碳的还原是由CO_3~(2-)离子经一步电化学反应实现的,电极反应速度控制步骤为CO_3~(2-)离子向阴极的扩散过程,还原过程具有反应物吸附特征。碳在W、Pt、不锈钢电极上析出电位分别为-2.05V、-1.745V和-1.90V(均相对于Ag/AgCl参比电极)。     

氯化物体系中La的电化学提取及共沉积Zn-La合金

通过循环伏安、方波伏安和开路计时电位等方法研究了723 K时,La(Ⅲ)在LiCl-KCl和LiCl-KClZnCl_2熔盐体系中Mo电极上的电化学行为.结果表明,La(Ⅲ)还原为金属La是一步扩散控制的不可逆还原反应.在LiCl-KCl-ZnCl_2熔盐中,La(Ⅲ)在预先沉积的Zn阴极上欠电位沉积形成4种Zn-La金属间化合物.在923 K时通过恒电流电解获得Zn-La合金,通过X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及附带的能谱仪(EDS)对合金的相组成和微观形貌进行了分析.采用恒电位电解提取La并用方波伏安曲线检测La(Ⅲ)离子浓度的变化,电解50 h后,La(Ⅲ)离子浓度接近于零,提取效率达到99.55%.     

Development and experimental verification of a mathematical model of lithium ion battery

A model of the lithium ion battery is developed which takes into account intercalation and extraction of lithium ions in the active mass of negative and positive electrodes, the dependences of equilibrium electrode potentials on the concentration of intercalated lithium, the ion transfer in pores of electrodes and the separator, the kinetics of electrode reactions, and the electric double layer charging. As the active material for the negative electrode, UAMS graphite material is used. Lithium-nickel-cobalt oxide serves as the positive electrode. The porous structure of electrodes is studied by the method of standard contact porosimetry. Sufficiently high porosity values found for both electrodes (50% for anode and 27% for cathode) made it possible to consider the interface as regards the internal pore surface found from porosimetry data rather than as regards their external surface as in the previous studies. A comparison of calculated and experimental discharge curves demonstrates their closeness, which points to the correctness of the model. By the fitting procedure, the coefficients of solid-state diffusion of lithium ions and the rate constants for reactions on both electrodes are found.     

高性能硫化物基全固态锂电池设计：从实验室到实用化

全固态锂电池因其优异的安全性和高能量密度成为储能领域的重点研究内容。硫化物电解质因其高离子电导率、良好电极/电解质界面兼容性及易加工性,有力推动了硫化物基全固态锂电池的发展。本文首先从实验室研究阶段出发,从正极/电解质界面、硫化物电解质自身及负极/电解质界面三方面阐述了硫化物基全固态锂电池现阶段面临的主要问题,并介绍了相关的解决策略。随后从硫化物基全固态锂电池的实用化生产角度出发,介绍了电极/电解质膜的制膜工艺、软包电池的装配相关问题、高载正极的设计及硫化物电解质的大规模、低成本制备。最后展望了硫化物基全固态锂电池的未来研究方向和发展趋势。     

Key techniques to control porous microsphere morphology in S/O/W emulsion system

A solid-in-oil-in-water (S/O/W) emulsion system has been developed to prepare porous polymeric microspheres. The obtained microspheres showed unique core–shell structure with a dense core and a surface porous layer. The emulsion system has two processes. In the first process, S/O/W₁ viscous emulsion is prepared by dropping of S/O phase in the first water phase (W₁). In the second process, the S/O/W₁ emulsion is poured to another water phase (W₂) as S/O/W₁/W₂ emulsion. During the process, S/O/W₁ droplet becomes microsphere after organic medium completely diffusion. Emulsion techniques have various effective combinations such as additive and process conditions to design microsphere morphology. With regards to the proposed S/O/W system, addition of the solid phase in the system is a key factor to form the porous structure. When the medium diffusion starts, the solid makes W₁ phase kept inside the S/O/W₁ droplet. The remained W₁ phase changes surface porous layer after purification. Affinity between the solid and oil phase should be adjusted as well. In this study, an optimization of the emulsion system was attempted considering solubility parameter and polarity. Additionally, it is found that process conditions could help to design microsphere morphology such as pore size and porous layer thickness.     

Theoretical mass-transfer coefficients for circular cylinders and spheres in cross flow

Based on the mathematical solutions of Levich and Natanson, which describe diffusion to a sphere and a circular cylinder in a fluid stream, theoretical expressions are derived for mass-transfer coefficients in flow-through porous electrodes composed of wires, wire nets and spheres. Those expressions are applicable for theoretical interpretation and estimation of the diffusion-controlled efficiency of electrolysis for flow-through porous electrodes. The numerical solutions of the theoretical expressions derived compare favorably with published experimental results.     

Computer-aided control of electrolysis of solid Nb2O5 in molten CaCl2

Low energy production of Nb powders via computer-aided control (CAC) of two-electrode electrolysis of porous Nb2O5 pellets (ca. 1.0 g) has been successfully demonstrated in molten CaCl2 at 1123 K. It was observed that potentiostatic electrolysis of the oxide in a three-electrode cell led to a cell voltage, i.e. the potential difference between the working (cathode) and counter (anode) electrodes, that decreased to a low and stable value within 1-2 h of the potential application until the end of the electrolysis (up to 12 h in this work). The cell voltage varied closely according to the current change. The stabilised cell voltage was below 2.5 V when the cathode potential was more positive than that for the reduction of Ca2+, leading to much lower energy consumption than that of constant voltage (>3.0 V) two-electrode electrolysis, as previously reported. Using a computer to program the variation of the cell voltage of two-electrode electrolysis according to that observed in the potentiostatic three-electrode electrolysis (0.05 V vs. Ca/Ca2+), a Nb powder with ca. 3900 ppm oxygen was produced in 12 h, with the energy consumption being 37.4% less than that of constant voltage two-electrode electrolysis at 3.0 V. Transmission electron microscopy revealed thin oxide layers (4-6 nm) on individual nodular particles (1-5 microm) of the obtained Nb powder. The oxide layer was likely formed in post-electrolysis processing operations, including washing in water, and contributed largely to the oxygen content in the obtained Nb powder.     

Automated chromatographic separation coupled on-line to ICP-MS measurements for the quantification of actinides and radiostrontium in soil samples

The uranium (III) ions behaviour in fused 3LiCl–2KCl eutectic versus the Cl^?/Cl₂ reference electrode in the temperature range of 723–823 K on the liquid cadmium electrode by transient electrochemical techniques on the tungsten or molybdenum electrodes was studied. The mechanism of electrochemical reduction on cadmium cathode and the influence of temperature, cathode current density and the duration of electrolysis were studied. The activity coefficients and the base thermodynamic properties of uranium in fused U–Cd/3LiCl–2KCl system were calculated.     

(S2W(μ-S)2OW(μ-S)2WS2]2-的合成和性质研究

本文提出在酸性水溶液中,合成钨硫原子簇状化合物[(n-Bu)_4N]_2[S_2W(μ-S)_2OW(μ-S)_2WS_2]和的新方法,并进行了化学分析和红外光谱、电子光谱的测定。     

LiNbO_3-coated LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2 cathode with high discharge capacity and rate performance for all-solid-state lithium battery

In order to obtain high power density, energy density and safe energy storage lithium ion batteries(LIB)to meet growing demand for electronic products, oxide cathodes have been widely explored in all-solidstate lithium batteries(ASSLB) using sulfide solid electrolyte. However, the electrochemical performances are still not satisfactory, due to the high interfacial resistance caused by severe interfacial instability between sulfide solid electrolyte and oxide cathode, especially Ni-rich oxide cathodes, in charge-discharge process. Ni-rich LiNi_(0.8)Co_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_2(NCM811) material at present is one of the most key cathode candidates to achieve the high energy density up to 300 Wh kg~(-1) in liquid LIB, but rarely investigated in ASSLB using sulfide electrolyte. To design the stable interface between NCM811 and sulfide electrolyte should be extremely necessary. In this work, in view of our previous work, LiNbO_3 coating with about 1 wt%content is adopted to improve the interfacial stability and the electrochemical performances of NCM811 cathode in ASSLB using Li_(10)GeP_2S_(12) solid electrolyte. Consequently, LiNbO_3-coated NCM811 cathode displays the higher discharge capacity and rate performance than the reported oxide electrodes in ASSLB using sulfide solid electrolyte to our knowledge.     

三维多孔MnOx@In2O3立方盒子的构筑及储锌性能

锰基氧化物作为锌离子电池正极具有高比容量和低成本等优点, 但在电化学循环过程中不可逆相变、 锰的溶解和电极/电解质界面不稳定导致其在小电流密度、 深度放电条件下的循环性能差. 针对以上问题, 合成了三维(3D)多孔MnO_x立方盒子, 并在其表面包覆In₂O₃层, 获得3D多孔MnO_x@In₂O₃立方盒子. 结果显示, MnO_x@In₂O₃立方盒子具有大量孔径约10 nm左右的孔, 有利于H⁺和Zn²⁺的快速传输; In₂O₃包覆层均匀包覆于3D多孔MnO_x立方盒子的孔壁上, 有利于抑制MnO_x在电化学循环过程中的不可逆相变和锰的溶解, 稳定电极/电解质界面. 电化学测试结果表明, 该3D多孔MnO_x@In₂O₃电极在0.3 A/g的小电流密度、 深度放电条件下能稳定循环400次以上, 容量保持260 mA·h/g; 在1. 8 A/g电流密度下可稳定循环4000次以上, 容量保持81 mA·h/g; 即使在高电流密度6.0 A/g下仍保持73.4 mA·h/g的高可逆容量. 恒电流间隙滴定(GITT)和循环伏安测试结果表明, 3D多孔MnO_x@In₂O₃电极比3D多孔MnO_x具有更高的离子扩散速率, 有利于提升其高倍率容量. 电化学阻抗谱结果表明, 3D多孔MnO_x@In₂O₃电极具有比3D多孔MnO_x更稳定的电极/电解质界面, 有利于提升其循环寿命. 2000次循环后的扫描电子显微镜(SEM)结果表明, MnO_x@In₂O₃电极表面仍分布少量In₂O₃, 以确保电极/电解质界面和循环的稳定性.