长江口及其邻近海区环流和温、盐结构动力学研究Ⅱ.环流的基本特征

利用POM模型,以研究海区的海面风应力、温度和盐度资料作为海面边界条件,以与外海界面处的温度和盐度资料作为侧向液边界条件,并考虑长江径流、台湾暖流和东海沿岸流的影响,对长江口及其邻近海区各季节的三维斜压环流和温、盐结构进行了数值模拟。环流的数值结果表明,冬季和秋季研究海区的水平环流主要由长江径流、东海沿岸流、台湾暖流、杭州湾环流和沿岸流与台湾暖流之间的气旋和反气旋涡构成;东海沿岸流与长江径流顺岸南下,随着自北往南岸界地形坡度的增大,其流幅变窄,流速增强;台湾暖流沿陡坡及其外缘蜿蜒北上,随着自南往北水深的变浅,其流幅由宽变窄继而又由窄变宽,流速却一直由强变弱。冬季和秋季海区纬度断面垂直环流的总趋势由近岸向外海流动,海底地形变化缓慢区离岸流产生波动,海底地形变化显著的陡坡区离岸流产生剧烈振荡而生成强升降流。春季和夏季研究海区的水平环流主要由长江径流与东海沿岸流汇合流、台湾暖流、杭州湾环流、舟山群岛附近及长江径流和东海沿岸流汇合流与台湾暖流之间的气旋和反气旋涡构成;长江径流和台湾暖流平行北上并在长江口以北产生顺时针偏转。由海区水平环流特征和变化趋势证实,春季长江冲淡水已开始向东北偏转,夏季冲淡水的偏转程度、伸展距离和扩展范围都更甚于春季;春季在长江口近岸存在弱上升流,夏季长江口外的陡坡区出现下降流,而长江口以北和以南的陡坡区出现上升流。     

对马暖流水起源的模糊分析

应用模糊集的数量指标分析方法和模糊识别的择近原理,采用1987年夏、冬季和1988年春、秋季“向阳红09”号黑潮调查资料,定量地分析了对马暖流水的源区的模糊特性及其起源.结论是:(1)对马暖流表层水位于其源区的强混合区中,其水体具有混合水的特性.(2)对马暖流水的来源一年四季不尽相同,具有复杂的结构.春季在近表层主要来源于东海沿岸水(包括东海陆架水),而东海混合水与黑潮表层水次之(属沿岸型);夏季由于表层盐度锋的影响,在近表层主要来源于黑潮表层水,而东海混合水次之(属黑潮型);在秋季与冬季,因大陆径流影响减弱,海水的对流与涡动混合逐步加剧,对马暖流表层水的来源呈现出东海型与黑潮型交错的复杂状态.此外,对马暖流深层水一年四季均由黑潮次表层水演变而来. 本文将水的混合性质与水的来源区别开来,以利于对传统的看法和近几年流行的新观点作进一步讨论.     

东海黑潮表层盐度分布特征及其影响因素

利用美国国家海洋大气管理局2007年发布的全球海域温、盐数据库资料,美国地球物理数据中心2006年发布的海底地形数据库资料以及日本海洋科学与技术机构2003年发布的1997—2002年东海地区月平均降水量资料,研究东海黑潮表层盐度的月季分布特征,并分析其影响因素。结果表明,东海黑潮表层盐度存在明显的月季变化特征。总体而言,12月至次年3月表层盐度高,6—9月表层盐度低,4、5月和10、11月为过渡阶段;表层盐度高值分布在东海黑潮主段靠近东边界一侧;6—9月入口段的表层盐度高于出口段的表层盐度,其他月份入口段的表层盐度低于出口段的表层盐度。东海黑潮表层盐度主要受表层温度、降水、径流的影响。冬、春、秋季的表层盐度分布在黑潮主段靠近陆架一侧区域受表层温度影响大;降水对东海黑潮表层盐度产生局部小范围的影响,时间主要集中在1月和6—8月份,区域分布在低纬25°N以南和30°N附近。长江冲淡水夏季对东海黑潮表层盐度的影响大于其他季节对东海黑潮表层盐度的影响,7月长江径流量达到最大值时,对应的黑潮扇形区的盐度最低。     

第二节 盐度的分布及变化特征

海水盐度是海水的基本要素之一，其时空分布常是海洋科学研究的重要依据。黄海和东海是位于北太平洋西部的边缘海，与太平洋有着良好的水交换，太平洋高盐水通过黑潮及其分支——台湾暖流、对马暖流以及黄海暖流流入东海和黄海，影响本调查海区(特别是本区东南部)。与此相对应，在本区的西北部则受到由苏北沿岸流和长江冲淡水等所形成的沿岸低盐流系的影响。这两种不同性质流系的相互作用和变化，在很大程度上决定着海区盐度的分布与变化特征。     

东海和南黄海夏季环流的斜压模式

基于拉格朗日余流及其输运过程的一种三维空间弱非线性理论，引进了黑潮边界力及长江径流，给出了东海和南黄海的夏季环流及上升流区的分布。计算结果表明：在黑潮西侧存在着台湾－对马暖流系统；进入朝鲜海峡的对马暖流来自台湾暖流、黑潮、东海混合水和西朝鲜沿岸流；黄海暖流主要来源于东海混合水，表面有部分来自对马暖流；闽浙沿岸存在上升流区且构成一带状区域；在长江口外、东海东北部和陆坡上也存在在上升流式；陆坡处上升流     

源区黑潮热输送低频变异及其与中国近海SST异常变化的关系

基于长时间序列的水温和盐度资料,通过动力计算方法估算了源区黑潮（18°N断面）热输送量,分析了源区黑潮热输送变异和中国近海SST异常的年际、年代际时空变化特征及两者之间的相互关系．结果显示,源区黑潮热输送异常呈现出显著的以2—7、10～20a和约30a为主周期的年际、年代际变化,且具有线性增强的长期变化趋势．并约于1976年前后发生了一次显著气候跃变．中国近海SST年际、年代际异常变化的最显著区域位于渤海、黄海、东海海域和台湾海峡．源区黑潮热输送变异在年际、年代际尺度上与中国近海SST异常变化密切相关,源区黑潮热输送变异可能是影响中国近海SST异常变化的重要因素之一．     

东海西北部海域盐度锋的分布特征及其变化

本文利用1975—1981年东海断面调查资料,分析了东海西北部海域(北纬28°—33°,东经125°以西)盐度锋的分布特征及其变化,指出了该区盐度锋终年存在,且有明显的季节变化和年际变化,影响盐度锋分布和变化的主要因子是台湾暖流的强弱、径流量的多寡以及浙江沿岸上升流的盛衰,盐度锋的位置与邻近海域渔场的关系密切,中心渔场一般位于盐度锋的外海侧。     

盐度的分布及变化特征

海水盐度是海水的基本要素之一,其时空分布常是海洋科学研究的重要依据。黄海和东海是位于北太平洋西部的边缘海,与太平洋有着良好的水交换,太平洋高盐水通过黑潮及其分支——台湾暖流、对马暖流以及黄海暖流流入东海和黄海,影响本调查海区(特别是本区东南部)。与此相对应,在本区的西北部则受到由苏北沿岸流和长江冲淡水等所形成的沿岸低盐流系的影响。这两种不同性质流系的相互作用和变化,在很大程度上决定着海区盐度的分布与变化特征。     

夏季对马暖流水来源的探讨

主要根据韩国海洋研究所通过东海沿岸海洋过程试验(COPEX-ECS)收集的CTD和卫星跟踪表面漂流浮标观测结果,探讨了夏季对马暖流水的来源.所得主要结论为:(1)对马暖流水的结构有着明显的区域性变化.在九州西侧的冲绳海槽北区,对马暖流水为3层结构;而在陆架和对马-朝鲜海峡,对马暖流水为两层结构.(2)对马暖流表层水以次高盐(33.50～34.10)为特征.它主要是由以长江冲淡水为主体的沿岸水、黑潮表层水和东海南部陆架水汇聚而成.(3)对马暖流中层水由两部分组成.温跃层以下,盐度大于34.50的高盐水,基本为爬升的黑潮水表层水.位于跃层中的对马暖流水则是黑潮水与陆架低盐水的混合水.(4)在对马-朝鲜海峡,由于与陆架低盐水和沿岸水不断混合,来自源区的海水明显变性.盐度大于34.50的高盐水,仅出现在50m以深的底层水中.     

长江冲淡水锋面变动及其与径流量的关系

海洋锋面是指不同性质的水团之间的交界面，由于水团之间的混合作用，一般是指不同水团之间的混合区。水团之间的混合是通过锋面进行的，浅海海洋锋区还往往出现上升流。观测表明，两种不同性质的水团或水体的交界面处，生物初级生产力较高，常是鱼群聚集的区域，渔获量较高。因此，海洋锋的研究有很高的理论和实践意义。在我国近海，大陆径流入海所形成的海洋锋，是黄海、东海陆架海区的重要锋面类别之一，本文利用“三峡工程对长江河口区生态与环境的影响和对策”专题调查资料(1985年8月-1986年10月)和国家海洋局断面调查资料(1975-1981年)，对长江冲淡水锋面的分布和变动特征作一初步分析。 长江口地处黄海和东海的交接处，南有台湾暖流及其延续体北上，并能越过长江口到达32°N以北海区(赵保仁，1982；苏育嵩，1986)，北有黄海沿岸流和苏北沿岸流南下，东邻面积宽广的黄海、东海混合水区(苏育嵩等，1983)。 洪水期丰沛的长江径流入海之后，在122°10''E以东海区显著层化，然后在长江冲淡水和外海高盐水之间形成明显的锋面。长江口区的温度平面分布比较均匀，而盐度的差异很大。本文所讨论的锋面，是指因盐度水平分布显著差异而形成的盐度锋。 在长江口附近海区，外海高盐水分属不同的流系，它们的盐度值和水平流速值各不相同，因此，与长江冲淡水之间形成的锋面强度和宽度也各不相同。一般地说，暖流系统盐度比较高，流速较大，因而与长江冲淡水之间形成的锋面较强，锋区宽度也较狭窄；相反，黄海沿岸流系的盐度较低，水平流速较小，从而与冲谈水之间形成的锋面相对较弱，且锋区宽度较大。 依照定义，锋区应是水文要素水平梯度最大的区域。据日本学者(Kanau et al.，1983)的观测，长江口区的锋区宽度只有1-5km左右。有的区域锋区宽度可能不足1km。与三峡工程有关的海上环境调查，在123°E以西海域，观测站距为10-15n mile; 国家海洋局断面观测站距一般为30''经距。基于这些资料确定出的锋区宽度就较大，强度则显著变弱。因此，为了弄清长江口海洋锋的水文结构和变化特征，需要针对海洋锋这种小尺度现象布设高密度观测站，或者用巡航式CTD进行专门调查。然而实际工作中仍然需要根据常规的海洋调查资料来确定锋面的大体位置，了解其水文结构和变化规律。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.