建立脊髓损伤犬腹壁膀胱人工反射弧的实验

背景：利用截瘫平面下健存的体反射建立膀胱人工反射弧，是否可实现可控制性排尿？目的：通过在健存连续的脊髓上建立犬腹壁人工膀胱反射弧，恢复脊髓损伤后的膀胱功能。设计：以实验动物为对象的自身左、右侧对照观察实验。单位：解放军第三军医大学大坪医院野战外科研究所。材料：实验于2002-04／2004-11在第三军医大学大坪医院野战外科研究所完成。成年雄性实验家犬6只，体质量10～12 kg。干预：将犬的右T2肋间神经前根近端与右S2神经前根远端在硬膜囊内行显微吻合，将S2神经后根远端与T12后根进行端侧显微吻合，经轴突再生后，建立腹壁-脊髓中枢-膀胱这一新的人工反射通路，通过刺激右侧腹壁激发排尿。神经根吻合术后9个月，分别进行神经电生理观察及根据膀胱压力增加值计算膀胱收缩功能并与左侧进行对照。主要观察指标：①神经电生理观察。②膀胱收缩功能。结果：6只犬均进入结果分析。①T12椎管平面下截瘫前后，单相方波（115mV，1．0ms）刺激右T12神经后根，所有6只犬均可在吻合口远端记录到动作电位，其形态和波幅与左侧相似。②截瘫48h后，串刺激（1000mV，10Hz，2s）右T12神经后根，经新建的反射弧引出的膀胱收缩平均可达左侧的61％，刺激右侧腹壁引出的膀胱收缩平均达正常的51％。结论：利用脊髓损伤平面以上的体反射建立新的人工膀胱反射通路为膀胱感觉的脊髓上传通路建立了神经通道，并具有良好的传导运动兴奋的功能；新建立的人工膀胱反射弧可以产生膀胱收缩，实现犬可控制性排尿。     

脊髓损伤后重建膀胱功能：犬腹壁膀胱人工反射弧实验

目的:试通过在健存连续的脊髓上建立犬腹壁人工膀胱反射弧,从而使脊髓损伤后的膀胱功能得到恢复.方法:实验在第三军医大学大坪医院野战外科研究所第三实验室完成.将犬的右胸12肋间神经前根近端与右骶2神经前根远端在硬膜囊内行显微吻合,将骶2神经后根远端与胸12后根进行端侧显微吻合,经轴突再生后,建立腹壁-脊髓中枢-膀胱这一新的人工反射通路,通过刺激右侧腹壁激发排尿.神经根吻合术后9个月,分别进行神经电生理、膀胱测压、膀胱逼尿肌肌电图等早期功能观察.结果:胸12椎管平面下截瘫前后,单相方波(115 mV,1.0 ms)刺激右胸12神经后根,所有7犬均可在吻合口远端记录到动作电位,其形态和波幅与对照组相似;截瘫48h后,串刺激(1000 mV,10 Hz,2 s)右胸12神经后根,经新建的反射弧引出的膀胱收缩平均可达正常对照组的61%,刺激右侧腹壁引出的膀胱收缩平均达正常的51%.结论:体神经的运动传出支通过轴突再生能够长入自主神经的副交感性纤维,并具有良好的传导运动兴奋的功能;利用健存连续的脊髓上的体反射,通过硬膜囊内神经根吻合的方法,建立人工膀胱反射弧实现患者的可控制性排尿;同时也为患者建立了自主性膀胱反射通路,通过训练后以期待能达到患者的自主性排尿.     

脊髓损伤后重建膀胱功能:犬腹壁膀胱人工反射弧实验

目的:试通过在健存连续的脊髓上建立犬腹壁人工膀胱反射弧,从而使脊髓损伤后的膀胱功能得到恢复。方法:实验在第三军医大学大坪医院野战外科研究所第三实验室完成。将犬的右胸12肋间神经前根近端与右骶2神经前根远端在硬膜囊内行显微吻合,将骶2神经后根远端与胸12后根进行端侧显微吻合,经轴突再生后,建立腹壁—脊髓中枢—膀胱这一新的人工反射通路,通过刺激右侧腹壁激发排尿。神经根吻合术后9个月,分别进行神经电生理、膀胱测压、膀胱逼尿肌肌电图等早期功能观察。结果:胸12椎管平面下截瘫前后,单相方波(115mV,1.0ms)刺激右胸12神经后根,所有7犬均可在吻合口远端记录到动作电位,其形态和波幅与对照组相似;截瘫48h后,串刺激(1000mV,10Hz,2s)右胸12神经后根,经新建的反射弧引出的膀胱收缩平均可达正常对照组的61%,刺激右侧腹壁引出的膀胱收缩平均达正常的51%。结论:体神经的运动传出支通过轴突再生能够长入自主神经的副交感性纤维,并具有良好的传导运动兴奋的功能;利用健存连续的脊髓上的体反射,通过硬膜囊内神经根吻合的方法,建立人工膀胱反射弧实现患者的可控制性排尿;同时也为患者建立了自主性膀胱反射通路,通过训练后以期待能达到患者的自主性排尿。     

构建犬"腹壁反射-脊髓中枢-膀胱"人工反射弧功能基础的实验研究

目的:探讨构建犬"腹壁反射-脊髓中枢-膀胱"人工反射弧,以恢复脊髓损伤后的膀胱功能.方法:对6只雄性犬麻醉后进行T12和S2神经的解剖,将T12前根近端与S2前根远端通过一段尾神经在硬膜囊内行显微缝合,保持T12后根完整,经过一段时间轴突再生后,建立"腹壁反射-脊髓中枢-膀胱"人工膀胱反射弧.神经根吻合术后6个月和18个月,分别在破坏L5～S2脊髓节段前后进行膀胱神经电生理、膀胱测压、膀胱逼尿肌肌电图等早期和远期功能观察.结果:实验侧膀胱神经动作电位和膀胱逼尿肌肌电图,其形态与波幅与对照侧相似.1、2、4号犬术后6个月截瘫48 h后,电刺激经新建的反射弧引出的膀胱收缩平均可达正常对照组71.80%.5、6号犬术后18个月,相同电流刺激引出的膀胱收缩平均达正常的84.42%.结论:体神经的运动传出支经自体神经移植,其轴突能再生长入膀胱平滑肌内副交感神经节细胞.并具有良好的传导运动兴奋的功能;构建犬"腹壁反射-脊髓中枢-膀胱"人工反射弧,可望实现脊髓损伤患者膀胱可控性排尿功能.     

脊髓损伤后膀胱功能重建1例

脊髓损伤后膀胱功能重建 ,可恢复膀胱功能的正常容量 ,增加膀胱的顺应性 ,以减少输尿管返流 ,保护上泌尿道 ,减少尿失禁 ,恢复膀胱的可控性排尿。我院收治 1例脊髓损伤(spinal cord injury,SCl)痉挛性膀胱尿失禁患者 ,行膀胱功能重建术 ,现报告如下。1　病历简介女 ,4 4岁。脊髓损伤 ,伴尿失禁 2 3年。一般状态可 ,心肺功能正常 ,感觉平面平脐 ,双下肢肌力“0”级 ,脊髓损伤 (T1 1 ) ,尿失禁 ,膀胱容量 15 0 m1,B超示双肾、输尿管无异常 ,肾功能正常。术前患者膀胱压力测定为 :5 0 m 1容量时 ,膀胱壁压为 4 0 cm H2 O;10 0 m l容量时 ,壁…     

脊髓损伤患者膀胱内压测定判断膀胱功能恢复

目的介绍一种简便的测量膀胱功能的方法,并将这种方法应用于临床实践判断脊髓损伤后膀胱功能有无恢复,可否作为拔尿管的指标。方法10例合并有尿潴留的脊髓损伤的患者入选,经治疗一两个月后评价膀胱的功能并决定是否拔管,先凭临床经验判断,再测定膀胱内压,绘制膀胱压力曲线判断膀胱功能,然后拔出尿管观察,比较两种方法的临床符合率。结果凭临床经验判断的膀胱功能临床符合率为70%,根据膀胱压力曲线判断的膀胱功能临床符合率为100%。结论膀胱内压测定是判断膀胱功能恢复的一个简便、可靠的指标。     

犬脊髓损伤痉挛性膀胱动物模型的建立及尿动力学分析

目的:探讨犬脊髓损伤后痉挛性膀胱模型的建立。方法:12只成熟雄性比格犬,在T10水平硬膜外夹闭脊髓,制作脊髓损伤模型。用尿动力学检测分析造模术前及术后每周的最大膀胱容量、膀胱压力、膀胱顺应性和尿道压力,直到模型成功。结果:12只犬死亡2只,其余10只造模成功,造模成功时尿动力学指标如下:与术前相比最大膀胱容量减少,膀胱顺应性下降,膀胱压力上升,其差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);尿道压力与术前相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。造模成功时间为2—5周,其中5只为2周,1只为3周,2只为4周,2只为5周。结论:犬痉挛性膀胱模型符合骶上脊髓损伤后的膀胱表现,适用于痉挛性膀胱的研究。     

脊髓损伤患者的膀胱训练

脊髓损伤的患者大多伴有膀胱功能障碍和反复的泌尿系感染。因此早期进行膀胱训练是脊髓损伤患者康复期间的一个重要的护理问题。本文对24例脊髓损伤患者分实施不同的膀胱护理,对乙组病人进行膀胱训练,通过观察比较,以探讨传统护理方法的合理性,探求其改进方法的可行性。现报道如下。1 资料与方法1.1 资料本组24例中男18例,年龄20～54岁;女6例,年龄23～45岁。伤因：高处坠落4例,车祸10例,重物砸伤6例,摔伤4例。1.2 方法将患者随机分成甲、乙两组,甲组12例,乙组12例。甲组为常规组,按传统的护理方法实施泌尿系管理。乙为改进组,…     

脊髓损伤患者的膀胱功能训练

目的 探讨脊髓损伤(SCI)患者的膀胱功能训练方法及其临床效果。方法 20例SCI患者通过留置导尿期的训练，手法排尿期的训练以及反射性排尿的训练等相结合，进行膀胱功能训练，观察疗效。结果 5例在3周内拔除了尿管，15例25～53d拔除了尿管。16例建立了反射性膀胱，可自主控制排尿，3例须用手法排尿，1例伴有尿失禁，需配合假性导尿。结论 利用留置尿管按膀胱容量进行排尿的方式，使膀胱规律性充盈与排空，达到接近生理状态，促进脊髓低位中枢与大脑间的联系，可以取得较好的临床疗效。     

大鼠脊髓半切伤后运动功能的可修复性

目的观察大鼠脊髓半切后运动功能恢复腹角神经元神经营养因子-3(neurotrophin-3,NT-3)变化,探讨其损伤恢复机制。方法运用免疫组化ABC方法监测不同时段脊髓半切伤后腹角神经元NT-3的表达。结果对照组可见NT-3反应阳性细胞分布于胶质的大神经元和小神经元,胞质、胞核均染色,胶质细胞阳性,24h后,神经元NT-3免疫反应为～,阳性细胞数为5.00±0.07,7d后神经元NT-3免疫反应为,阳性细胞数为7.90±0.27,均较正常显著增加(P<0.01,F=5.27)。结论NT-3不仅参与正常腹角神经元生理过程,而且在脊髓修复中起重要作用。     

Pain following spinal cord injury

Pain is one of the most common, severe, and treatment-resistant complications that follows SCI. Recent years have seen a surge of research on methods for assessing and treating spinal cord injury pain. In this article, pain after SCI is reviewed in terms of nature, scope, assessment techniques, and treatment strategies.     

牛脑提取液治疗大鼠脊髓损伤的实验研究

目的：探讨牛脑提取液对实验性大鼠脊髓损伤的作用饥制：方法：健康SD大鼠64只，随机分为硬膜内给牛脑提取液组、硬膜内给生理盐水组、腹腔内给牛脑提取液组、腹腔内给生理盐水组。采用改良的Allen氏装置制作模型：运用脊髓神经功能、体感诱发电位、辣根过氧化酶示踪、大体观察、组织学及超微结构变化作为观察指标进行实验观察。结果：实验组与对照组相比．其各项观测指标皆有明显改善；局部用药组观察指标明显优于全身用药组。结论：牛脑提取液无论局部应用或全身应用均能促进大鼠脊髓损伤后神经纤维的修复与再生，但以硬膜内给药为佳。     

Determining impairment following spinal cord injury

Determining the level of impairment and disability of an individual with SCI is reasonably straightforward. An impairment rating may be determined by either analyzing the impact of the SCI on various bodily systems or by considering the injury as a more global diagnostic category. Functional abilities based on level of neurologic preservation are well recognized. Although secondary medical complications, which may affect both impairment and disability, can arise at any time after SCI, neurologic and functional abilities are overwhelmingly stabilized by 12 months postinjury. A comprehensive history and physical examination should allow even the inexperienced examiner to obtain a valid determination of impairment after SCI. Although a more functionally oriented and perhaps interdisciplinary evaluation is needed to assess disability, it is also fairly straightforward. On the other hand, an evaluation of handicap is a more challenging undertaking, requiring a more detailed knowledge of the field of vocational rehabilitation.     

Marital adjustment following spinal cord injury

The present study examined marital characteristics of couples who are coping successfully with spinal cord injury (SCI) versus those who are not and the relationship of positive marital adjustment in SCI couples as compared with positive adjustment among able-bodied (AB) couples. In a 2 X 2 factorial design the marital relations of 10 nondistressed and 10 distressed SCI couples and 14 nondistressed and 10 distressed AB couples were examined. Assessments were conducted in the couples' homes and included self-report measures of recreational-social activities and sexual relations, and observations of marital communication skills. Multivariate analyses revealed significant interaction effect with posthoc comparisons, indicating that spouses in distressed SCI marriages engaged in significantly fewer activities alone and with their spouse and requested the greatest degree of change in the marital relationship in comparison with the other groups. There was a significant main effect for marital satisfaction, with distressed couples expressing more dissatisfaction in sexual relations and more negative communications during conflict resolution tasks. Although the results do not indicate that substantive differences exist in quantitative and qualitative aspects of marital relations between SCI and AB couples, several trends were observed which suggest the need for further research.     

Immobilization hypercalcemia following spinal cord injury

Based on the author's experience with more than 20 cases of immobilization hypercalcemia following spinal cord injury, current concepts of this condition are presented. Symptoms may be mild or severe: laboratory findings are essential for differential diagnosis in older individuals, in whom preinjury Paget's disease and mild primary hyperparathyroidism must be ruled out. Most cases of immobilization hypercalcemia are seen in adolescent boys following recent spinal cord injury. Besides sex (male), risk factors include age (less than 21 years), complete neurologic injuries, high cervical levels of spinal cord injury, dehydration, and a prolonged period of immobilization. A preinjury history of large ingestion of milk and/or extreme exposure to sunshine may also be contributory factors. Therapy includes vigorous hydration, saline infusions and diuretics, calcitonin, and steroids. The clinical course, without treatment, may be prolonged to 14 months, but the condition is always self-limiting.     

Manual stimulation of reflex voiding after spinal cord injury

Thirty-four urodynamic studies were performed in 20 patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) to determine the most effective triggering mechanism for reflex voiding. The studies were performed at a time when the patient was normally scheduled for catheterization, which avoided stimulation of the detrusor and sphincter by bladder filling via a catheter. The three methods chosen were used in a random sequence. Suprapubic tapping and jabbing were equally effective in producing a rise in detrusor pressure, and the sphincter responses were almost identical. Cutaneous stimulation of the thigh rarely produced any change in detrusor and sphincter activity. When detrusor contractions were produced, a dyssynergic sphincter response prevented voiding in 46% of the studies; however, voiding always occurred when the sphincters were either coordinated or showed no change. Both tapping and jabbing were more effective as the time from injury increased, which reflects the natural recovery from spinal shock.