ST段抬高型心肌梗死的介入治疗

对于急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的诊治,策略是迅速、充分、持续开通梗死相关动脉.大量临床研究显示急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者迅速施行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗获益显著.随着临床实践的深入和新技术的发展,介入治疗的策略也不断更新.本文拟对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者治疗中的研究现状进行阐述.     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死直接介入术后恢复期心肌铁沉积的危险因素分析

目的：探讨ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STEMI）患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）后恢复期心肌铁沉积的危险因素。方法：前瞻性入选2019年10月至2021年9月,于北京安贞医院接受直接PCI且完成基线（术后3～7d）及恢复期（术后3～6个月）两次心脏磁共振（CMR）检查的STEMI患者。根据恢复期CMR图像是否存在铁沉积将患者分为两组,比较两组患者的临床特点并分析与恢复期铁沉积存在的相关危险因素。结果：共纳入148例患者,其中29例存在恢复期铁沉积。与恢复期不存在铁沉积的患者相比,恢复期存在铁沉积的患者中男性、高血压病史、前壁心肌梗死、术前TIMI血流0～1级的比例更高（P均<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,既往高血压病史（OR=5.30,95%CI:1.64～17.09,P=0.005）、前壁梗死（OR=8.15,95%CI:1.76～37.62,P=0.007）、术前TIMI血流0～1级（OR=2.84,95%CI:1.08～7.48,P=0.034）是STEMI患者恢复期心肌存在持续铁沉积的危险因素。结论：高血压病史、前壁心肌梗死、术前TIMI血流0～1级是...     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死直接介入治疗院内死亡原因分析

目的分析急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)院内死亡原因。方法连续入选自首都医科大学附属北京潞河医院心内科2010年1月至2013年12月因STEMI行直接PCI院内死亡患者资料,回顾性分析其死亡原因。结果总计1314例STEMI患者进行直接PCI治疗,住院期间死亡44例,病死率3.3%;发病到就诊平均时间(5.3±4.6)h;43.8%的患者梗死相关血管为前降支,其中11例行经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术(PTCA),33例患者植入支架44枚,平均每例患者植入支架(1.1±0.8)枚。主要死亡原因为心源性休克56.8%,其次为心脏破裂占20.5%,15.9%死于血管并发症(包括无复流、支架内血栓、冠状动脉穿孔、夹层)。结论 STEMI患者直接PCI院内死亡原因依次为心源性休克、心脏破裂、血管并发症。     

老年人急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死行急诊PCI术的疗效观察

目的观察老年人急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)病人行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的效果。方法 STEMI病人84例,通过"绿色通道"行急诊PCI治疗,其中经股动脉途径16例,桡动脉途径68例,并分析近期疗效。结果本组左主干病变2例,前降支47例,中间支1例,回旋支17例,右冠状动脉37例,84例均行介入治疗,PCI成功80例,成功率95.24%,PCI失败4例(4.76%)。84例病人住院期间死亡4例(4.76%),其他急诊PCI手术成功病人住院期间未再发生急性心肌梗死、靶血管和(或)靶病变重建等不良心血管事件。结论构建"绿色通道",急诊PCI治疗老年人急性STEMI成功率高,病死率低,效果较好,桡动脉途径可考虑作为急诊PCI手术的首选入路。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者溶栓后经皮冠状动脉介入治疗时机的选择

目的:探讨急性心肌梗死静脉溶栓后紧急转诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)模式的科学性、有效性及安全性。方法:5例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者在外院行静脉溶栓后经绿色通道直接送至我院心导管室行紧急PCI术,观察转运途中的安全性、术中及术后的并发症,术后即刻疗效及出院后短期随访效果。结果:溶栓后立即转诊至我院并紧急PCI的5例患者均顺利完成PCI术,住院期间未见再发缺血事件,也未见明显出血并发症,缩短了患者的住院时间,术后短期随访未见明显不良事件发生。结论:在具备抢救设备及医护人员陪同的条件下,外院STEMI患者溶栓后立即转诊实施紧急PCI术是安全的,且对患者有益,手术时间应在溶栓3h之后,根据术中情况决定术后抗血小板聚集和抗凝治疗。     

优化急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗

对ST段抬高型心肌梗死实施直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗不应只是为获得TIMI 3级血流,而应是良好的心肌灌注。可通过上游使用血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂、他汀类调脂药,个体化正确使用血栓抽吸装置,必要时延迟支架植入等手段,优化直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术的效果。     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌灌注不良的影响因素

目的:探讨急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(心梗)(STEMI)急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后心肌灌注不良的影响因素。方法:根据PCI后心肌梗死溶栓治疗(TIMI)心肌灌注分级(TMPG),91例患者分为心肌灌注不良组(TMPG0～2级,n=30)和心肌灌注正常组(TMPG3级,n=61),比较2组基本临床资料和造影结果以及介入结果,并对各因素进行Logistio回归分析,总结急性心梗急诊PCI后心肌灌注不良的影响因素。结果:91例患者中男76例,女15例,年龄38～84(62.3±11.8)岁,心肌灌注不良组合并高血压病的比例更高(80.0%比54.1%,P=0.0163),心梗部位以非前壁心梗居多(70.0%比29.5%,P=0.002);造影结果中,心肌灌注不良组梗死相关血管以右冠状动脉(RCA)更多见(63.3%比18.0%,P     

急性ST段抬高型与非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者血清心肌肌钙蛋白T浓度对比

目的探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者血清心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTnT)浓度对ST段抬高型AMI与非ST段抬高型AMI的诊断价值。方法分析2007年1月至2011年10月在该院就诊的113例AMI患者,对比发病后4 h血清cTnT浓度,并比较其中转上级医院行冠脉造影的53例AMI患者相关冠状血管完全闭塞与不完全闭塞血清cTnT浓度。结果①61例ST段抬高型AMI,cTnT浓度为(0.90±0.69)ng/ml,52例急ST段抬高型AMI,cTnT浓度为(0.65±0.50)ng/ml,两组cTnT浓度比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。②31例ST段抬高型AMI冠脉造影证实相关冠状血管完全闭塞的28例患者cTnT浓度为(0.94±0.71)ng/ml,22例非ST段抬高型AMI冠脉造影证实相关冠状血管不完全闭塞的19例患者cTnT浓度为(0.69±0.55)ng/ml,两组cTnT浓度对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论 ST段抬高型AMI患者血清cTnT浓度明显高于非ST段抬高型AMI患者血清cTnT浓度较高的AMI多见于相关的冠状血管完全闭塞。     

体温升高对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接PCI术后的影响

目的观察急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后体温升高对其近期预后的不良影响。方法回顾性分析282例直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者,按照直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后患者住院期间所测体温的峰值分为两组:体温37.5℃(体温升高组)和体温≤37.5℃(对照组)。比较两组6个月主要心脏不良事件的发生率(心源性死亡、非致死性心肌梗死及再血管化重建)。结果体温升高组占总人数37.6%(106/282)。白细胞计数、高敏C反应蛋白及肌钙蛋白I水平体温升高组均高于对照组(P0.05);既往心肌梗死发生频率及左心室射血分数体温升高组均低于对照组(P0.05);在高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病、血管造影及介入治疗等方面,两组差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。6个月主要心脏不良事件体温升高组患者明显高于对照组(P0.05)。结论体温升高是急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后近期预后的不良预测因子。     

急性非ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者合并心境障碍相关因素分析

目的：研究非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死（NSTEMI）经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI术前,人群不同程度的焦虑抑郁压力现状,并分析其影响因素。方法：纳入270例急诊NSTEMI患者,于入院后进行一般情况调查及心理测评,并收集数据包括：性别、年龄、职业、既往慢性病史、TC、LDL-C、CK、BNP等。从多个方面对于患者术前心境障碍的相关影响因素进行分析,并预测其高危因素。结果：NSTEMI患者PCI术前焦虑比例（69.2%）、抑郁比例（35.9%）、压力比例（23.2%）较常人均明显升高。性别、吸烟史、CK、LDL是影响患者术前焦虑的相关因素;性别是影响NSTEMI患者PCI术前抑郁的相关因素;性别、吸烟史、TC、LDL是影响患者术前压力的相关因素。结论：女性、有脑血管病史是患者焦虑的危险因素;女性、高龄是患者抑郁的危险因素;女性、TC升高、有陈旧心肌梗死史是患者压力的危险因素。     

急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗再灌注时间对ST段回落的影响

目的探讨直接经皮冠状动脉介入(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)治疗中症状发作-球囊扩张时间(symptom-onset-to-balloon,SOTB)对再灌注后心电图ST段的回落、住院期间左心室射血分数、6个月内总的主要心血管事件(包括心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、因心血管事件再入院、心力衰竭和死亡等)发生率的影响。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2006年7月于北京大学深圳医院行直接PCI治疗的ST段抬高性心肌梗死(ST-elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者225例的基线资料、心电图资料以及随访资料,比较不同时间SOTB(>3 h及≤3 h)术前、术后1 h ST段抬高总和恢复百分比(sumSTR)%、住院期间超声心动图所测的左心室射血分数、随访6个月的主要心血管事件发生率。结果SOTB≤3 h组PCI治疗后1 h ST段完全回落≥70%的患者比例明显高于SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(57.4%vs.43.2%,P=0.005);住院期间左心室射血分数高于SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(57.69%±7.64%vs.53.80%±9.03%,P=0.014);6个月主要心血管事件发生率低与SOTB>3 h组,差异有统计学意义(14.9%vs.35.4%,P=0.001)。结论 STEMI患者PCI治疗中SOTB短,ST段回落就迅速而完全,住院期间的左心室射血分数高,6个月主要心血管事件发生率低。     

老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者介入联合替罗非班治疗临床疗效的观察

目的前瞻性研究老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(ASTEMI)患者急诊介入治疗早期联合应用替罗非班临床疗效的有效性及安全性。方法入选沈阳军区总医院2004年5月1日至2006年6月30日经冠状动脉造影证实为单支血管病变且行介入治疗的231例老年ASTEMI患者,年龄65～85岁,平均(72±9.3)岁,随机分为替罗非班治疗组(n=116)和对照组(n=115),对比观察两组术中靶血管开通情况、TIMI3级血流获得情况,术后90min内ST段回落情况,96h活化凝血时间(ACT)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)酶峰时间,术中及术后重要脏器出血情况,术后30d不良心血管事件、持续ST段抬高情况及左心室射血分数(EF)。结果两组靶血管经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)成功率无显著差异,术中及术后出血事件发生情况无显著差异;治疗组术中TIMI3级血流获得率、术后90min内ST段回落比例及30dEF值均优于对照组(94.0%vs83.5%,85.3%vs73.0%,65.3%±2.4%vs54.7%±7.0%,P<0.05),治疗组术后持续ST段抬高>0.2mV患者的比例明显低于对照组(1.7%vs12.2%,P<0.05),术后治疗组CK-MB酶峰时间较对照组提前(8.3h±0.6hvs12.1h±0.3h,P<0.05),30d治疗组不良心血管事件发生率明显少于对照组(心绞痛发生率2.6%vs13.9%,心肌梗死再发率0.9%vs8.7%,心源性死亡率0vs5.2%,P<0.05)。结论老年ASTEMI患者急诊介入治疗早期联合应用替罗非班安全有效。     

急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死直接经皮穿刺冠状动脉成形术后早期ST段变化的意义

目的探讨急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)直接经皮穿刺冠状动脉成形术(PCI)术后梗死相关动脉(IRA)完全开通、前向血流恢复后,早期ST段变化的临床意义。方法回顾性分析2001-01~12北京朝阳医院心脏中心收治的216例直接PCI后、IRA完全开通、前向血流恢复正常病人的临床、冠脉造影和心电图资料。直接PCI术后,ST段抬高指数≥50%的病人41例,为病例组。从其余175例ST段抬高指数<50%的病人中随机抽取50例,为对照组。结果两组病人的ST段抬高指数、Q波计数、室壁运动积分和平均肌酸激酶值差异有显著性意义(P<0·05);术后2周,ST段早期恢复较ST段持续抬高病人的室壁运动改善,左室射血分数(LVEF)、心排指数(CI)、每搏指数(SVI)增加(P<0·05)。ST段早期恢复合并心功能不全的病人,术后2周室壁运动增强,LVEF、CI、SVI增加(P<0·05),左室舒张末容积、左室收缩末容积减少(P<0·01)。结论STEMI直接PCI后IRA完全开通、前向血流恢复正常而ST段持续抬高病人的梗死范围扩大,左室舒缩功能不全严重,可能与心肌组织没有有效地恢复血流灌注或无复流有关。     

A survey of primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in Canadian hospitals

BACKGROUND:

Historically, access to primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for the treatment of patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been limited in Canada. Recent studies have identified innovative strategies to improve timely access and reduce reperfusion time. Accordingly, the contemporary use of primary PCI treatment in Canada was ascertained.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional survey of all 38 Canadian hospitals that were capable of performing PCI procedures was conducted from June 2007 to November 2007. The survey focused on the practice of primary PCI for patients with STEMI and whether the hospitals had implemented internal strategies to reduce ‘door-to-balloon’ times. Analyses were performed at the level of geographical regions.

RESULTS:

Overall, 71% of PCI hospitals (27 of 38) provided around-the-clock primary PCI for patients with STEMI, but the proportion of PCI hospitals offering this service varied widely, from 33% to 100% across regions. All Canadian PCI hospitals provided around-the-clock rescue PCI treatment to STEMI patients who had failed fibrinolytic therapy. In terms of strategies that are associated with reduced reperfusion time, it was observed that only 42% of PCI hospitals (16 of 38) provided feedback on door-to-balloon time to the emergency department and to the cardiac catheterization laboratories within one week of the primary PCI procedure. Overall, 24% of the hospitals had not adopted any of the four identified strategies to improve door-to-balloon time.

CONCLUSION:

Although the majority of Canadian hospitals with PCI capability provide around-the-clock primary PCI for patients with STEMI, significant variations in this practice exist across the country. Canadian PCI hospitals have not consistently adopted strategies that are associated with improved door-to-balloon time.     

年龄对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后发生对比剂诱发的急性肾损伤的影响

目的 探讨不同年龄对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）术后,发生对比剂诱发的急性肾损伤（CI-AKI）的影响。方法 回顾性分析2006年2月至2012年9月期间在沈阳军区总医院心内科监护病房住院的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死且急诊行PCI术的患者1 685例。按年龄分为两组：＜60岁组（n＝932）和≥60岁组（n＝753）。比较两组患者的临床资料,对单因素分析有统计学意义的指标进行多因素logistic 回归分析,筛选出独立的危险因素。同时观察术后1个月、6个月、1年及3年两组患者发生主要心脏不良事件（MACE）和全因死亡的相关情况。结果 ≥60岁组患者CI-AKI发病率高于＜60岁组患者（14.7% vs 8.6%,P＜0.001）。年龄、既往心肌梗死病史和对比剂剂量是CI-AKI发生的危险因素。术后3年,≥60岁组患者的累积全因死亡率和心源性死亡率均明显高于＜60岁组患者（4.2% vs 1.5%,P＜0.001;1.5% vs 0.2%,P＝0.011）。结论 临床医师应慎重对待高龄患者,在术前充分评估患者心功能,在术中尽量精准使用对比剂剂量,以期预防CI-AKI的发生。     

血塞通联合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死临床研究

目的探讨血塞通联合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的临床效果。方法选取我院2016年10月-2017年10月期间收治的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者120例,随机分为2组。对照组60例,给予经皮冠状动脉介入治疗,观察组60例,在对照组基础上给予血塞通治疗。比较两组术前、术后1d血清标志物水平、术后1d TIMI血流分级、术后1d心肌显色分级、术后7d血清炎性因子水平、术后1个月心功能水平,以及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,两组CKMB、cTnT、hs-CRP、PTX-3、BNP和LVEDD水平均降低,且观察组较对照组明显更低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗后,两组TIMI血流分级、心肌显色分级和LVEF水平均升高,且观察组较对照组明显更高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组不良反应发生率相比,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论血塞通联合经皮冠状动脉介入治疗急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死疗效显著,能有效改善患者心肌供血,减轻炎症反应,改善患者心功能,且无明显不良反应,安全性较高,值得临床推广使用。     

Risk factors for cardiac rupture after acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction during the percutaneous coronary intervention era: a retrospective case-control study

BackgroundIn percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) era, more clinically valuable risk factors are still needed to determine the occurrence of cardiac rupture (CR). Therefore, we aimed to provide evidence for the early identification of CR in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).MethodsA total of 22,016 consecutive patients with STEMI admitted to Cangzhou Central Hospital and Tianjin Chest Hospital from January 2013 to July 2021 were retrospectively included, among which 195 patients with CR were included as CR group. From the rest 21,820 STEMI patients without CR, 390 patients at a ratio of 1:2 were included as the control group. A total of 66 patients accepted PCI in the CR group, and 132 patients who accepted PCI in the control group at a ratio of 1:2 were included. The status of first medical contact, laboratory examinations, and PCI characteristics were recorded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors related to CR.ResultsThere was a higher proportion of patients with myocardial infarction (MI) in the high lateral wall in the CR group (23.6% vs. 8.2%, P<0.001). The proportion of single lesions was lower in the CR group (24.2% vs. 45.5%, P=0.004). Female (OR =2.318, 95% CI: 1.431–3.754, P=0.001), age (OR =1.066, 95% CI: 1.041–1.093, P<0.001), smoking (OR =1.750, 95% CI: 1.086–2.820, P=0.022), total chest pain time (OR =1.017, 95% CI: 1.000–1.035, P=0.049), recurrent acute chest pain (OR =2.750, 95% CI: 1.535–4.927, P=0.001), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the high lateral wall indicated by ECG (OR =5.527, 95% CI: 2.798–10.918, P<0.001), acute heart failure (OR =3.585, 95% CI: 2.074–6.195, P<0.001), and NT-proBNP level (OR =1.000, 95% CI: 1.000–1.000, P=0.023) were risk factors for CR in all patients. In patients who accepted PCI, single lesion (OR =0.421, 95% CI: 0.204–0.867, P=0.019), preoperative thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) grade (OR =0.358, 95% CI: 0.169–0.760, P=0.007), and postoperative TIMI grade (OR =0.222, 95% CI: 0.090–0.546, P=0.001) were risk factors for CR.ConclusionsNon-single lesions and preoperative and postoperative TIMI grades were risk factors for CR in patients who accepted PCI. In addition to previously reported indicators, we found that AMI in the high lateral wall maybe helpful in early and accurate identification and prevention of possible CR.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗无复流现象相关因素分析

目的探讨急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）中出现无复流的相关危险因素。方法选取发病在12h内的1059例STEMI患者给予急诊PCI,收集患者的临床、造影和介入治疗资料。PCI术后,根据心肌梗死溶栓（TIMI）分级和校正TIMI帧数将患者分为正常血流组和无复流组。比较两组患者的基本临床资料、造影结果和手术相关资料的差异,分析STEMI患者急诊PCI术中出现无复流的原因。结果急诊PCI术中无复流组患者118例。正常血流组941例,无复流发生率为11．14％。研究共纳入63个指标,通过单变量分析发现,年龄、症状至PCI时间、谷草转氨酶、氯吡格雷使用情况、干预病变数、狭窄程度及血栓负荷与急诊PCI术中发生无复流具有相关性（P〈0．05）。多变量Logistic回归模型认为,年龄（OR=1．04,95％CI：1．02—1．06）与血栓负荷（OR=1．72,95％CI：1．07～2．76）可作为预测急诊PCI术中无复流发生的独立危险因素。结论年龄与血栓负荷可作为预测急性STEMI患者急诊PCI术中发生无复流的独立危险因素,而糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、吸烟等冠心病的传统危险因素与无复流未见相关性。     

A randomized study of prourokinase during primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of intracoronary administration of prourokinase via balloon catheter during primary percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in patients with acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods

Acute STEMI patients underwent primary PCI were randomly divided into two groups: intracoronary prourokinase (IP) group (n = 118) and control group (n = 112). During primary PCI, prourokinase or saline were injected to the distal end of the culprit lesion via balloon catheter after balloon catheter dilatation. Demographic and clinical characteristics, infarct size, myocardial reperfusion, and cardiac functions were evaluated and compared between two groups. Hemorrhagic complications and MACE occurred in the 6‐months follow up were recorded.

Results

No significant differences were observed between two groups with respect to baseline demographic, clinical, and angiographic characteristics (P > 0.05). In IP group, more patients had complete ST segment resolution (>70%) compared with control group (P < 0.05). Patients in IP group showed lower levels of serum CK, CK‐MB and TnI, and a much higher myocardial blood flow (MBF) than those in control group (P < 0.05). No significant differences of TIMI major or minor bleeding complications were observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). At 6‐months follow‐up, there was a trend that patients in the IP group had a less chance to have MACE, though it was not statistically different (8.5% vs 12.5%, P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Intracoronary administration of prourokinase via balloon catheter during primary PCI effectively improved myocardial perfusion in STEMI patients.