耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌感染研究进展

<正>耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)是造成住院患者医院感染发生及高病死率的主要病原体之一[1-2],由于MRSA具有致病性强、传播途径广的特点,加上抗菌药物的长期使用和滥用,MRSA的耐药范围日益扩大,耐药程度日益严重,给临床治疗带来巨大的困难,也有人将其称为"超级细菌"。MRSA感染同乙型肝炎、艾滋病(AIDS)成为世界三大感染性疾病。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌spa基因分型

目的 研究浙江省瑞安地区耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的spa基因分型。 方法 采集2011年3-11月瑞安市人民医院检验科微生物室临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌菌株,共100株。采用头孢西丁纸片法筛选耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌,PCR扩增MRSA spa基因的X区,测序后通过数据库进行分型。 结果 48株确证为MRSA,可分为16个型别,其中t030型15株,t437型12株,t6944型5株,t172型3株,t9538型2株,t5699、t148型、t179型、t1751型、t015型、t5554型、t127型、t159型、t062型、t163型各1株,同时发现1个新型t10149。 结论 瑞安地区MRSA的spa分型以t030和t437为主,t10149为新型菌种。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌基因分型的研究进展

金黄色葡萄球菌是临床上常见的毒性较强的致病菌,自20世纪40年代青霉素问世后,金黄色葡萄球菌引起的感染性疾病受到较大的控制。但随着人们对青霉素的广泛使用,有些金黄色葡萄球菌产生青霉素酶,能水解β-内酰胺环,表现为对青霉素的耐药。人们又研究出一种新的能耐青霉素酶的半合成青霉素,即甲氧西林。1959年甲氧西林应用于临床后,     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的研究进展

１什么是ＭＲＳＡ金黄色葡萄球菌是临床上常见的毒性较强的细菌，自从本世纪４０年代青霉素问世后，金黄色葡萄球菌引起的感染性疾病受到较大的控制，但随着青霉素的广泛使用，有些金黄色葡萄球菌产生青霉素酶，能水解β－内酰胺环，表现为对青霉素的耐药。因而人们又研究...     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌SCCmec分型方法的比较

目的:比较两种耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)SCCmec分型方法的分型效果,为MRSA的SCCmec分型选择合适的方法.方法:分别用2002年Oliveira的多重PCR方法和2005年Zhang的多重PCR方法对30株MRSA菌株进行SCCmec分型.结果:两种分型方法分型效率经统计学检验差异无显著性,但各有优缺点.结论:MRSA菌株SCCmec的地区性差异仅通过一种方法不能很好地鉴别,SCCmec分型研究应结合实际选择合适的分型方法.     

医院感染耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌基因分型研究

目的分析医院不同科室来源的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)菌株基因分型同源性,为控制MRSA医院感染流行提供科学依据。方法使用细菌基因组重复序列聚合酶链反应(REP-PCR)以及高级微生物基因分型系统(DiversiLab)细菌同源性分析技术对23株医院感染的MRSA进行基因分型。结果 23株MRSA分为4个基因型,A型、D型主要分布于急诊观察室,B型、C型主要分布于中医外科。结论中医外科存在以B型、C型基因型为流行株的MRSA医院感染爆发;REP-PCR技术和DiversiLab自动化细菌同源性分型技术可成为医院感染病原研究的有效手段。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌院内感染研究进展

院内感染一直是困扰医院的一大难题,尤其是在耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)出现之后,院内感染问题就显得相当棘手。这主要是由于MRSA感染的发病率和致死率都较高,而且传染性强,最易     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌鉴定及噬菌体分型

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(金葡菌),目前仍是引起医院临床感染的主要致病菌之一。作者对1991年11月～1992年10月收集的金葡菌72株,其中耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA)41株(占56.9％),进行了生物学鉴定、耐药谱和噬菌体分型(Ⅰ群占43.9％)。所有MRSA对青霉素G、氨苄青霉素和苯唑青霉素耐药,对万古霉素敏感。故建议加强对MRSA的检测、合理用药并控制其流行。     

社区相关性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的分子分型研究

目的研究社区相关性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(CA-MRSA)的分子生物学特性,为防控CA-MRSA感染提供依据。方法收集2007年1月-2008年9月间分离的耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌共5株,采用PCR方法检测进行SCCmec分型,多位点序列分型(MLST),葡萄球菌A蛋白(SPA)分型。结果 5株CA-MRSA菌株SCCmecⅣ基因分型为3株,SCCmecⅤ型2株;MLST分型为SCCmecⅣ型菌株均为ST59型,SCCmecⅤ型中1株为ST7型,另1株未能成功进行MLST分型;SPA基因分型将3株SCCmecⅣ型菌株归属为t437,另2株分别为t163和t796。结论流行传播的CA-MRSA感染主要以SCCmecⅣ型菌株为主,应引起密切关注,并做好防控工作。     

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌的SCCmec分型及耐药性分析

目的探讨临床分离的346株耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)菌株的临床分布、SCCmec分型及其对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法选择2014年1月至2015年1月该院分离的784例金黄色葡萄球菌(SA),采用PCR方法对其进行MRSA及MRSA SCCmec基因分型鉴定,并对其检出分布及耐药性进行分析。结果 784株SA中MRSA 346株(占44.13%),MRSA中来自痰液占43.06%,伤口分泌物占48.55%;MRSA对青霉素、左氧氟沙星、红霉素耐药性较高,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、替考拉宁均敏感。MRSA经SCCmec分型,共发现SCCmecⅡ型130株,SCCmecⅢ型196株,SCCmecⅣ型11株,SCCmecV型9株。结论该院分离的MRSA以SCCmecⅢ型为主,MRSA对多种抗菌药物具有耐药作用,但对万古霉素、替考拉宁等敏感。     

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has emerged over the last decade across the United States and the world, becoming a major pathogen in many types of community-acquired infections. Although most commonly associated with minor skin and soft tissue infections, such as furuncles, CA-MRSA also can cause necrotizing fasciitis, pyomyositis, osteoarticular infections, and community-acquired pneumonia. This article discusses the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of these infections from the perspective of the emergency physician.     

社区获得甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌

金葡菌是引起感染性疾病的重要致病菌，侵袭性金葡菌感染常可导致患者死亡。上世纪40年代青霉素应用于临床后患者的预后获显著改善，但不久便出现产青霉素酶的耐药菌株，甲氧西林等耐酶青霉素能有效抑制该耐药株。随后迅即出现遍布世界各地医院的耐甲氧西林金葡菌（MRSA），该菌对所有β内酰胺类抗生素耐药，但迄今MRSA在社区中仍很少发现。     

Molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Comparison of PCR-based open reading frame typing,multilocus sequence typing,and Staphylococcus protein A gene typing

The recently developed PCR-based open reading frame typing (POT) method is a useful molecular typing tool. Here, we evaluated the performance of POT for molecular typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates and compared its performance to those of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and Staphylococcus protein A gene typing (spa typing). Thirty-seven MRSA isolates were collected between July 2012 and May 2015. MLST, spa typing, and POT were performed, and their discriminatory powers were evaluated using Simpson's index analysis. The MRSA isolates were classified into 11, 18, and 33 types by MLST, spa typing, and POT, respectively. The predominant strains identified by MLST, spa typing, and POT were ST8 and ST764, t002, and 93-191-127, respectively. The discriminatory power of MLST, spa typing, and POT was 0.853, 0.875, and 0.992, respectively, indicating that POT had the highest discriminatory power.Moreover, the results of MLST and spa were available after 2 days, whereas that of POT was available in 5 h. Furthermore, POT is rapid and easy to perform and interpret. Therefore, POT is a superior molecular typing tool for monitoring nosocomial transmission of MRSA.     

An assessment of nosocomial infections of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus based on coagulase typing and phage typing]

An epidemiologic investigation was carried out in Ogaki Municipal Hospital to clarify the status of nosocomial MRSA Infection between 1989 and 1991. In 1989, coagulase type IV, enterotoxin A-producing, and phage group I strains, which were highly resistant to multiple antibiotics and isolated in the internal wards, accounted for 43.4% of all MRSA strains clinically isolated in the entire hospital. In 1990, coagulase type II strains that were sensitive to GM but resistant to FMOX and IPM increased. There were significant differences in the frequency of detection of various strains among wards, suggesting an inter-ward variation in MRSA strains. Changes in environmental strains reflected those in clinical strains. The findings suggest the necessity of measures not only for long-hospitalized MRSA carriers themselves but also for the environment of patients, medical staff, and those taking care of patients.     

Hand-washing and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Effective hand-washing, including drying to decrease skin surface microbial counts, is recognized as a critical factor in infection control policies. It is also recognized that hand-washing is not always undertaken as it should be. Spending large amounts of time with the hands in water is not enough to control infection as the technique of washing hands is more important than merely the length of time under water. Therefore, ways of promoting hand hygiene must be found, as well as finding ways of ensuring that healthcare workers follow hygiene guidelines.     

Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections

Staphylococcus aureus causes a variety of minor diseases but also is responsible for staphylococcal pneumonia and sepsis, both of which can be fatal. It is thought to be responsible for many of the pneumonia deaths associated with the influenza pandemics of the 20th century. The introduction of penicillin in the 1940s greatly improved the prognosis for patients with severe staphylococcal infections. However, after a few years of clinical use, most staphylococcal strains were able to hydrolyze penicillin by producing b-lactamases, making penicillin a useless antibiotic to treat staphylococcal infections caused by b-lactamase-producing S aureus. Methicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin introduced in 1959, was specifically designed to be resistant to b-lactamase degradation, but resistance developed soon after its introduction into clinical practice. Methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) was first reported in the United Kingdom in 1961, followed by reports from other European countries, Japan, and Australia. The first reported case of MRSA in the United States was in 1968. Currently, MRSA is an important pathogen in nosocomial infections and is a problem in hospitals worldwide, and it is increasingly recovered from nursing home residents with established risk factors. More recently, community acquired MRSA infections have been documented among healthy individuals with no recognizable risk factors, and it seems clear that community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains are epidemiologically and clonally unrelated to hospital-acquired strains. This review focuses on the epidemiology, clinical significance, and virulence markers of CA-MRSA infections.     

Management of healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial infections worldwide, with significant attributable morbidity and mortality in addition to pronounced healthcare costs. Treatment results with vancomycin--the current recommended antibiotic for serious methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections--have not been impressive. The recent availability of effective antimicrobial agents other than glycopeptides, such as linezolid and daptomycin, as well as the anticipated approval of newer agents with diverse mechanisms of action, has somewhat ameliorated the threat posed by this organism. However, these drugs are expensive, and there is still no overall satisfactory strategy for reducing the incidence of healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus in endemic regions. Although early results with the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines give cause for cautious optimism, long-term experience is lacking, and it is likely that these guidelines will have to be adapted according to local conditions and resources before implementation. Trends to keep in mind when considering the problem of healthcare-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus include the advent of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and the propensity of S. aureus to evolve and acquire resistance determinants over time. This was last vividly demonstrated by the handful of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus isolated recently, which had acquired the vancomycin resistance gene from vancomycin-resistant enterococci.     

Comparison of four methods for detection of teicoplanin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

OBJECTIVES: To determine which method of determining the MIC of teicoplanin produces a result closely related to outcome in the critically ill patient. METHODS: Four methods of teicoplanin susceptibility testing-disc diffusion, Etest, VITEK (Legacy and VITEK 2) and agar incorporation-were compared for 47 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from invasive intensive care unit (ICU) infections and 83 isolates from ICU patients colonized with the organism. Clinical outcome was recorded prospectively for all the patients. Another 13 reference laboratory strains of MRSA with reduced susceptibility to teicoplanin were tested. RESULTS: Both VITEK systems failed to demonstrate resistance in the three isolates identified as resistant by Etest or agar incorporation, and disc testing detected only one resistant isolate. A higher MIC, as found by Etest or agar incorporation, was associated with lower survival (n = 130, 95% CI -0.082 to -0.006, P = 0.023, Etest; n = 130, 95% CI -0.156 to -0.020, P = 0.011, agar). The findings for the 13 reference strains were similar, with a > or = 4-fold reduction in MIC between agar incorporation or Etest and VITEK2 for six isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Neither disc diffusion nor the VITEK systems are reliable for detection of teicoplanin resistance in MRSA. Etest and agar incorporation remain the methods of choice.