Finishing performance of cooling channel with face protuberance inside the molding die

This study describes a finishing performance of cooling channel with a face protuberance inside a molding die with free abrasive grains. A fluid flow in the cooling channel is calculatedly simulated, and the effect of internal face protuberance which is spirally arranged on the finishing performance is experimentally investigated. The molding die used in the experiment is fabricated with layered manufacturing equipment. The internal face of cooling channel is finished by the fluid flow with free abrasive grains which are passed through the cooling channel. The results showed that the fluid flow with the face protuberance is flowing spirally according to the face protuberance on the internal face, and the velocity distribution inside the molding die was quite small. The internal face roughness in the cooling channel was improved significantly up to the early finishing time by the removal of unstable powder, such as the stain, the partially molten powder and the adhered powder. The application of the face protuberance on the internal face was quite effective for the improvement of the alloyed face in the cooling channel.     

The effect of lubrication conditions on belt finishing

The belt finishing process is a recent manufacturing technique in the field of superfinishing of hard material. Belt finishing leads to an homogenous surface with a very smooth surface roughness and good bearing curve parameters. In this way, belt finishing can complement effectively hard turning, whose disability is the shifting of the surface quality due to tool flank wear. In order to study the effect and the interaction of lubrications conditions on belt finishing after hard turning, an experimental study is proposed. The interaction between lubrications conditions and belt feed and the effect on roughness parameters has been investigated. It was shown that minimum quantity lubrication with low belt feed is the best way to have the optimal roughness characteristics. Under these conditions, the process is not a basic belt finishing operation but a combination of belt finishing and lapping due to the presence of a slurry made of free abrasive grains, microchips and oil, in the contact. Additionally, it has been revealed that dry belt finishing is not suitable because of the rapid destruction of abrasive grains.     

A study on polishing of molds using hydrophilic fixed abrasive pad

The finishing process for die and mold manufacturing is very important because it influences the final quality of the products. injection molds especially need higher quality surface than general purpose dies and molds. Conventional polishing cannot reduce mold surface down to nanometer roughness efficiently because of loading and glazing. This paper focussed on the development of a fixed abrasive pad using the water swelling mechanism of polymer binder network. Self-conditioning was recognized as a long term polishing stabilization tool without any loading or glazing because water makes the fixed abrasives free by the swelling of the pad. Consequently, a stable nanopolishing process has been realized on the injection mold, based on the experimental results with a polished surface roughness of R_a 15.1 nm on D2 die steel (AISI standard).     

基于并联机器人模具型腔磁力研磨光整加工

为了实现复杂曲面模具表面高质量高效率磁力研磨光整加工,进行磁力研磨光整加工的实验研究,对复杂曲面模具自动化磁力研磨光整加工进行了初步探索;从理论上研究了自由磨粒磁力研磨光整加工的机理与特点,并针对不同形状的加工对象,实验研究了磁感应强度、研磨间隙、磨粒粒度以及研具表面形状对磁力研磨光整加工的影响及其变化规律     

Study on the inner surface finishing of tubing by magnetic abrasive finishing

With the development of industry manufacturing technology, fine surface finish is in high demand in a wide spectrum of industrial applications. Presently, it is required that the parts used in manufacturing semiconductors, atomic energy parts, medical instruments and aerospace components have a very precise surface roughness. Amongst them, vacuum tubes, wave guides and sanitary tubes are difficult to polish by conventional finishing methods such as lapping, because of their shapes. The surface roughness of these tubes affects the performance of the entire system, but the finishing technology for these tubes is very scant in manufacturing fields. This project was proposed by a Shanghai Far East pharmaceutial and mechanical factory. They stated that the roughness of the inner surface must be less than 0.3 μm Ra after finishing. An internal magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process is proposed for producing highly finished inner surfaces of tubes used in this study. The process principle and the finishing characteristics of unbounded magnetic abrasive within internal tubing finishing are described first. MAF setup was designed for finishing three kinds of materials tubing, such as Ly12 aluminum alloy, 316L stainless steel and H62 brass. Experimental results indicated that finishing parameters such as polishing speed, magnetic abrasive supply, abrasive material, magnetic abrasive manufacturing process and grain size have critical effects on the material removal rate (MRR). How the inner surface micro shape changes course during finishing of an aluminous tube is demonstrated.     

Study the characteristics of magnetic finishing with gel abrasive

Given the flexible polishing effect in magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF), the precise and mirrorlike surface can be obtained during this process. However, the abrasives are easily flown away from the working area regardless of what abrasives are used in MAF; this situation will reduce the polished efficiency and induce the pollution problem in the environment. Besides, the abrasives cannot recycle after the finishing process. Therefore, a novel abrasive medium, using the silicone gel to mix the ferromagnetic particles and abrasive, was developed to enhance the disadvantages in MAF. Magnetic finishing with gel abrasive (MFGA) was utilized in this study to polish the cylindrical rod of mold steel; furthermore, this cylindrical rod was fixed in a horizontal chuck that could rotate and vibrate in the axial direction. This study focused on the finishing efficiencies and the surface roughness of the workpieces after MFGA. Moreover, recycling times of gel abrasive were also the main effects that need to be approved. The results demonstrated that surface roughness of the cylinder part was reduced to 0.1 μm Ra from an initial value of 0.677 μm Ra within 10 min, and surface roughness could decrease to 0.038 μm Ra after 30 min in MFGA. Surface roughness reduction in MFGA was 3 times of surface roughness reduction in MAF using the unbonded magnetic abrasive as medium. Roughness improvement rate still remained at a high level of 90% when the same abrasive medium (35 g) was used 15 times to finish 15 workpieces; therefore, this result proved that the gel abrasive had excellent ability for recycling.     

钛合金管内表面的电化学磁力研磨复合光整试验

针对热挤压成型对钛合金管的内表面会产生微裂纹、褶皱、毛刺等表面缺陷的问题,提出了一种高效率的电化学磁力研磨复合光整加工方法。设计了电化学磁力研磨复合光整加工的实验装置,分别与纯磁力研磨加工和纯电化学加工进行了光整加工试验对比,检测分析了不同工艺加工前后表面的粗糙度、微观形貌、摩擦磨损行为、表面残余应力和能量谱。结果表明:在相同的加工时间内,与单纯电化学加工和磁力研磨加工相比,电化学磁力研磨复合光整加工的表面粗糙度Ra可达到0.2μm,材料去除量和加工效率显著提高;表面显微形貌要明显优于其他两种加工方式;且加工后表面很好地维持了原有材料的化学成分和表面性质;能够使表面由拉应力转变为约–200 MPa的压应力状态,从而获得更好的表面应力状态。     

Design and development of the magnetorheological abrasive flow finishing (MRAFF) process

A new precision finishing process for complex internal geometries using smart magnetorheological polishing fluid is developed. Magnetorheological abrasive flow finishing (MRAFF) process provides better control over rheological properties of abrasive laden magnetorheological finishing medium. Magnetorheological (MR) polishing fluid comprises of carbonyl iron powder and silicon carbide abrasives dispersed in the viscoplastic base of grease and mineral oil; it exhibits change in rheological behaviour in presence of external magnetic field. This smart behaviour of MR-polishing fluid is utilized to precisely control the finishing forces, hence final surface finish. A hydraulically powered experimental setup is designed to study the process characteristics and performance. The setup consists of two MR-polishing fluid cylinders, two hydraulic actuators, electromagnet, fixture and supporting frame. Experiments were conducted on stainless steel workpieces at different magnetic field strength to observe its effect on final surface finish. No measurable change in surface roughness is observed after finishing at zero magnetic field. However, for the same number of cycles the roughness reduces gradually with the increase of magnetic field. This validates the role of rheological behaviour of magnetorheological polishing fluid in performing finishing action.     

Simulation for the prediction of surface roughness in magnetic abrasive flow finishing (MAFF)

The final machining (or finishing) of precision parts with high level of surface finish and close tolerance is making the application of magnetic abrasive finishing technology increasingly important. Magnetic abrasive flow finishing (MAFF) is a new abrasive finishing process combining the features of abrasive flow finishing (AFF) and magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF). MAFF provides a high level of surface finish and close tolerances for wide range of industrial application. This paper focuses on the modeling and simulation for the prediction of surface roughness on the workpiece surface finished by MAFF process. A finite element model is developed to find the magnetic potential distribution in the magnetic abrasive brush formed during finishing action and then it is used to evaluate machining pressure, surface finish and material removal. The simulation results are compared with the experimental results available in the literature. The simulated workpiece surface roughness shows features similar in nature to the experimental results.     

基于磁力研磨加工的法兰类零件表面质量的试验研究

管道、管件或器材连接处所使用的法兰盘在加工时因其内表面会产生微裂纹、褶皱等缺陷,导致使用寿命下降。用传统的抛光工艺难以实现对法兰盘管内表面的光整加工,使用磁力研磨加工工艺却可以很好地解决这一难题。通过对XK7136C数控铣床的主轴进行改造而成的研磨试验平台,其磁极主轴在给定数控程序的走刀路径下,带动侧面开槽的磁极进行转动,从而实现磁性磨粒对法兰盘管内表面光整加工的目的。对磁研磨法加工法兰盘管内表面的原理及磁性磨粒的受力情况进行了的分析,试验结果表明:法兰盘零件弯管内表面经过研磨后,原有的表面质量明显改善,表面粗糙度的值由3.46μm降低到1.18μm,验证了磁力研磨对法兰盘管内表面的光整加工效果良好。     

磨削中碳钢时加工表面粗糙度研究

讨论了砂轮在使用过程中工作表面状态的变化规律,推导了粗糙度计算公式,分析了磨削时被加工工件表面的形成过程,阐述了砂轮表面磨粒峰钝化过程和自锐性过程平稳变化的影响因素,通过理论分析和实验结果的比较,客观展示了采用模拟方法得到的工件表面粗糙度的参数和实验参数的一致性,揭示了砂轮磨削中碳钢时,不平度廓形最强烈变化发生在砂轮工作初期,应在砂轮修整后的前三个进给行程中加工掉坯件总余量的四分之三,被加工表面粗糙度参数Rmax的变化从百分之三十到百分之五十,Sm的变化从百分十五到百分之五十等规律。     

Progress in fluidized bed assisted abrasive jet machining (FB-AJM): Internal polishing of aluminium tubes

This paper deals with the internal finishing of tubular components made from a high strength aluminium alloy (AA 6082 T6) using a fluidized bed assisted abrasive jet machining (FB-AJM) system.Firstly, a Taguchi's experimental plan was used to investigate the influence of abrasive jet speed, machining cycle, and abrasive mesh size on surface roughness and material removal trends. Secondly, the leading finishing mechanisms were studied using combined 3d profilometer-SEM analysis to monitor the evolution of the surface morphology of machined workpieces. Finally, the circumferential uniformity and precision machining of the inner surface of workpieces were tested by evaluating the values of the more significant roughness parameters in different circumferential locations.Consistent trends of surface roughness vs. operational parameters were measured, and significant material removal was found to affect the workpieces during machining. As a result, FB-AJM was found to preferentially machine the asperities and irregularities of the surface, thereby altering the overall surface morphology producing more regular and smoother finishing. Moreover, the good circumferential uniformity and machining accuracy FB-AJM guarantees even on ductile aluminium alloy workpieces ensure that this technology can be applied to a diverse set of industrial components.     

聚磁盘形状对磁粒研磨加工管件内表面的影响

目的提高磁粒研磨法加工管件内表面的质量及加工效率,探究磁粒研磨法中不同形状的聚磁盘对管件内表面的影响。方法利用Maxwell软件对轴向开槽聚磁盘与不开槽聚磁盘进行磁场强度模拟和磁感应线模拟,分析不同形状的聚磁盘的磁感应强度变化和磁场强度分布。利用磁粒研磨法对工件内表面进行研磨加工,对研磨之后的工件表面粗糙度进行测量,并对微观形貌进行观察。结果在磁粒研磨工具转速为500 r/min、加工时长为15 min的条件下,聚磁盘为未开槽时,表面粗糙度由原始的0.509μm降至0.127μm,表面粗糙度改善率(%ΔRa)为75.04%;当聚磁盘为轴向开槽时,工件表面粗糙度由原始的0.553μm降至0.097μm,工件的表面粗糙度改善率(%ΔRa)为82.45%。结论在相同的加工条件下,当聚磁盘轴向开槽时,相对于轴向不开槽的聚磁盘,磁粒研磨管件内表面的研磨效果更好,表面粗糙度改善率和研磨效率更高。     

Investigation of the finishing characteristics in an internal tube finishing process by magnetic abrasive finishing combined with electrolysis

In this research, the finishing characteristics in a tube's internal finishing process using the method of magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) combined with electrolysis has been studied. Electrolysis produces an aluminium oxide film that accelerates the removal of the initial hairline morphology on the surface. Subsequently, the film is removed with MAF. This process significantly minimises the surface roughness in a reduced time. The way the finishing conditions, such as the pole–pipe gap, iron particle size and abrasiveness combinations, and processing time affected the surface morphology in the MAF machining process has been particularly examined. The surface roughness was measured and images of the finished surfaces were recorded to study the morphology changes. Prolonged electrolysis finishing was seen to deepen the oxidation film and pits, which adversely affects the surface. This evidence suggests that the pit residuals contribute to higher surface roughness values.     

灯具反射罩模芯磁性研磨加工试验研究

基于数控机床的插补运动控制采用磁性研磨方法进行了灯具罩模芯反射块表面的研磨加工,在保证形状精度和尺寸精度的前提下,加工表面粗糙度Ra由原始的0.065μm降低到0.035μm。采用单因素实验方法分析了几种主要加工参数,包括加工间隙、磁极转速、加工时间和工件进给量对灯罩模芯表面粗糙度的影响。验证了磁性研磨方法可以用于模芯表面数量多、尺寸小的反射块表面加工,并且选择合适的加工参数能够获得较好的加工表面质量,如加工间隙在1.5 mm左右、磁极转速300～600 r/min、加工时间8 min左右、工件进给量120～300 mm/min。     

保护渣碱度对薄板坯结晶器平均热流量的影响

在钢的连铸过程中,钢水在结晶器内的凝固对铸坯的产量和质量均有很大影响,几乎所有的铸坯表面缺陷均形成于结晶器内。近年来,随着连铸拉速的增加及对铸坯表面质量要求的提高,有关结晶器冷却、传热对钢水的初始凝固及表面纵裂纹影响的研究成为连铸科学研究的重点。结晶器壁热流不均是纵裂纹产生的有利环境,保护渣控制传热为常用的措施。薄板坯浇铸时由于拉速高,为获得表面无缺陷铸坯,对保护渣控制传热的要求更高,同时也需协调保护渣的润滑功能。通过生产试验,研究比较3种碱度保护渣（CaO/SiO2分别为1.06、1.26和1.48）对薄板坯结晶器平均热流量的影响,发现与低碱度保护渣相比,使用高碱度保护渣时,结晶器热流量最低,有利于实现弱冷却,形成均匀凝固坯壳,在一定拉速条件下浇铸裂纹敏感钢种时有助于获得良好表面质量的铸坯。     

PVA基粘弹性磁性磨具的实验研究及加工参数优化

目的检验新研制的PVA基粘弹性磁性磨具的表面光整加工性能,掌握配比参数、加工条件等因素对加工效果的影响规律,并对加工参数进行优化以达到最佳加工效果。方法以6061铝合金管外圆表面为光整加工实验对象,通过先导实验首先确定出影响加工效果的主要因素及其参数范围,而后基于响应曲面法实验,对主轴转速、两相质量比、磨粒尺寸及加工时长等因素与工件表面粗糙度下降率(%?Ra)之间的关系进行了探究分析。结果最后通过对实验结果进行方差分析,建立了PVA基粘弹性磁性磨具加工铝合金管外表面的%?Ra预测模型,并对影响参数进行了优化设计,得到在最佳实验条件下(加工时间46 min、两相质量比1.45、主轴转速635r/min、磨粒尺寸65目),工件表面粗糙度下降率为92.5%,最低表面粗糙度为59 nm,显著改善了加工效果。结论作为一种新型光整加工介质PVA基粘弹性磁性磨具,其具有良好的自适应性及流动性,能达到较好的光整加工效果。影响%?Ra的单因素显著性从强到弱依次为:加工时长、主轴转速、磨粒尺寸、两相质量比。交互作用显著的因子为两相质量比+主轴转速、加工时长+主轴转速、两相质量比+磨粒尺寸。在主轴转速、加工时长取高水平,两相质量比取中等水平,磨粒尺寸取低或高水平时,能得到较好的表面加工效果。     

模具曲面光整加工中数字化磁力研磨技术

本文针对模具制造过程中模具表面的自动化研磨光整加工的问题，介绍了一种数字化磁力研磨技术。简述了其原理，详细论述了数字化研磨三维加工模型的获得、工艺参数的选择、数字化研磨轨迹的生成方法以及专用和改装的数字化磁力研磨设备等关键技术，证实利用数字化磁力研磨可以对模具曲面进行有效地自动化光整加工。     

基于PSO-ELM的316L不锈钢细长管磁粒研磨内表面粗糙度预测模型

针对316L不锈钢细长管磁粒研磨加工过程中,最佳工艺参数难以选择,以及加工后对工件内表面粗糙度（Ra）的预测问题,将影响磁粒研磨316L不锈钢细长管内表面粗糙度的四个工艺参数作为输入值,内表面粗糙度作为输出值,构建粒子群（PSO）优化极限学习机（ELM）模型来预测316L不锈钢细长管内表面粗糙度,利用PSO对工艺参数进行全局寻优,获得最佳工艺参数组合,最后通过试验与预测结果进行对比。构建的PSO-ELM表面粗糙度预测模型拟合优度R2为0.984 8,绝对误差（MAE）为0.013 4,均方根误差（RMSE）为0.021 4。得到的最佳工艺参数组合为：主轴转速2 389.011r/min,进给速度3.167 mm/s,磨料粒径216.185μm,加工时间35.856 min,预测Ra为0.178μm。对工艺参数进行调整,试验得到的Ra为0.182μm,与预测值相比误差为2.24%。基于PSO-ELM方法构建316L不锈钢细长管内表面粗糙度预测模型,实现对工件内表面粗糙度的精确预测,应用粒子群方法得到最佳工艺参数组合,提高了磁粒研磨316L不锈钢细长管的加工效率。     

钎焊CBN砂轮与陶瓷CBN砂轮磨削粉末冶金高温合金的加工性能对比研究

采用钎焊CBN砂轮和陶瓷CBN砂轮进行FGH96粉末冶金高温合金磨削对比试验,从磨削力与温度、表面粗糙度以及砂轮磨损等方面对CBN砂轮磨削性能进行评价。结果表明:钎焊CBN砂轮磨削力接近或低于陶瓷CBN砂轮的; 在较低进给速度下(≤360 mm/min),钎焊CBN砂轮磨削温度与陶瓷CBN砂轮的相近,在较高进给速度下(≥540 mm/min),陶瓷CBN砂轮的磨削温度明显高于钎焊CBN砂轮的; 在正常磨削条件下,钎焊CBN砂轮磨削后工件的表面粗糙度低于陶瓷CBN砂轮的,且表面粗糙度R_a均在0.800 μm以下,平均表面粗糙度R_a分别为0.508 μm和0.529 μm。钎焊CBN砂轮工作面磨粒发生材料黏附、磨耗磨损,磨削表面出现材料涂覆等现象;除磨耗磨损、黏附和砂轮堵塞外,由于磨粒破碎和脱落,陶瓷CBN砂轮易在其磨削表面形成深沟槽,降低磨削表面质量。综合分析发现,钎焊CBN砂轮磨削FGH96的性能要优于陶瓷CBN砂轮的。