汽车结构件内高压成形应力极限分析

由极限应力构成的应力成形极限图(FLSD)独立于应变路径,可作为复杂应变路径下成形极限的判据。通过标准成形极限实验获得3A21铝合金板材的成形极限图(FLD);由极限应力应变转换关系,将极限应变转换至主应力空间,建立对应的FLSD;采用LS-DYNA软件对方截面汽车结构件内高压成形过程进行了模拟,应用FLSD预测胀形过程中破裂的发生及极限成形压力。模拟结果与物理实验结果相吻合,证明FLSD可作为管材内高压成形等复杂应变路径下成形极限的判据。     

板材充液热成形工艺成形极限预测研究

为了对充液热成形工艺下的金属板材成形极限进行预测研究,采用长轴直径为Φ100 mm,短轴直径分别为Φ100,Φ90,Φ80,Φ60和Φ40 mm的椭圆形胀形模具,在4个不同温度梯度为300℃,210℃,150℃和RT(常温),两个不同压力率0.0045和0.045 MPa·s-1条件下进行铝合金板材热态胀形试验.利用相关极限应变计算公式,对试验数据进行计算和整理,标绘出了试验材料拉-拉变形区的成形极限曲线.结合二次多项式曲线拟合方法,计算出了拟合函数中的材料常数,建立了可用于预测金属材料成形极限、标绘材料成形极限曲线(拉-拉变形区)、指导金属板材热态胀形试验的板材成形极限预测模型方程.     

Determination and application of stress-based forming limit diagram in aluminum tube hydroforming

The stress-based forming limit diagram（FLSD） established with limit stress is independent of the strain paths. Compared with traditional strain-based forming limit diagram（FLD）, it is more convenient and practical to use as the criterion of forming limit under complex strain paths. The forming limit of 3A21 aluminum alloy sheet was tested and its forming limit diagram（FLD） was determined. Then the FLSD of 3A21 was constituted by transformation formulas between limit strain and limit stress. This FLSD was used in conjunction with LS-DYNA finite element simulations to predict the onset of fracture and limit forming pressure in tube hydroforming. The results indicate that the fracture often occurs in the transition region between corner and straight side of the tube, and the limit forming pressure is 46.4 MPa. The simulation result agrees with the experimental result, and the FLSD is able to predict the forming limit of tube hydroforming with remarkable accuracy.     

Prediction of forming limits and parameters in the tube hydroforming process

Determination of process limits and parameters for hydroforming was conducted applying widely known plasticity, membrane and thin-thick walled tube theories. Analytical predictions were compared with experimental findings. Simple but useful analytical models to predict buckling, wrinkling and bursting as well as axial force, internal pressure, counter force and thinning in tube hydroforming were verified with experimental results.     

A theoretical and experimental study on forming limit diagram for a seamed tube hydroforming

The purpose of this work is to establish the forming limit diagram (FLD) for a seamed tube hydroforming. A new theoretical model is developed to predict the FLD for a seamed tube hydroforming. Based on this theoretical model, the FLD for a seamed tube made of QSTE340 sheet metal is calculated by using the Hosford yield criterion. Some forming limit experiments are performed. A classical free hydroforming tool set is used for obtaining the left hand side forming limit strains, and a novel hydroforming tool set is designed for the right hand side of FLD. The novel device required the simultaneous application of lateral compression force and internal pressure to control the material flow under tension–tension strain states. Furthermore, the suitable loading paths for the left hand side of FLD by theoretical formulas and for the right hand side of FLD by finite element (FE) simulations are calculated. Finally, a comparison between the theoretical results and experimental data is performed. The theoretical predicting results show good agreement with the experimental results.     

管坯镦挤成形工艺成形极限的上限法分析

根据管坯中部镦挤成形特点,考虑到成形过程中内壁会形成凹陷、折叠等缺陷,建立了带凹陷的平行速度场。求解了各个区域的应变速率分量以及等效应变速率,并且计算了各个区域的塑性变形功率消耗、速度间断面上剪切功率消耗与接触面上摩擦功率消耗,从而获得了变形总功率和单位变形力;借助上限法对管坯镦挤成形过程进行解析,分析了凹陷对单位变形力的影响,推导出了凹陷判别式;结合实际工艺条件,绘制出管坯镦挤的成形极限图,获得了相应的工艺安全区和危险区,并在此基础上探讨了相对法兰外径、坯料内外径比、相对法兰高度等对成形极限的影响。     

圆管受轴压和充液内高压成形极限的理论解析

对管材的内高压成形过程进行理论解析,研究变形过程中材料的应力应变状态,从本质上揭示内高压成形工艺变形过程中的力学规律.研究了管材内高压成形提高成形极限的机理,给出了内高压成形时各应力状态在屈服椭圆上的分布,得出了管坯发生塑性变形时内压与轴向力之间的相互关系.最后,讨论了管材内高压成形过程中材料的变形路径在成形极限图上的范围和控制载荷匹配的基本原则.     

Failure mechanism and forming limit of tube axial compressive process

Based on minimum energy principle for plastic forming, tearing and buckling failures mechanisms are explored and criteria for them are developed by theoretical analysis and experiment. Combined with finite element software developed forming limit and effects of process parameters on failures are investigated and proper parameters for stable forming are determined. The results show that： 1） The failures and forming limit are mainly determined by geometry and materials parameters of tube blank, fillet radius or half conical angle of die. For the process under fillet die, there exists a maximum fillet radius within which no tearing failure happens, and a maximum radius and a minimum radius range within which no buckling failure happens. For the process under conical die, there exists a maximum and minimum half conical angle range within which no tearing and buckling failures occur. 2） For both forming processes, the higher the value of material strain hardening exponent or the lower the value of relative thickness, the more impossible for tearing and buckling failures to occur, and the larger the ranges of fillet radius and half conical angle. The experiment results verify the reliability and practicability of this research.     

关键参数对薄壁筒形件充液成形的影响规律

为了研究初始反胀高度(IRBH)、反胀压力(IRBP)和液室压力加载路径3个工艺参数对板料充液成形的影响规律,以不锈钢321材料为研究对象,进行板材充液成形工艺过程的分析。首先,利用数值模拟的方法,在有初始反胀(IRB)的充液成形基础上,研究了初始反胀高度与初始反胀压力的组合形式以及液室压力加载路径对制件成形的影响规律,然后分别研究了有无初始反胀的充液成形过程。最后,通过实验的方法进行验证。结果表明:当初始反胀高度为3.75 mm、初始反胀压力为2 MPa时,充液结束时板料的最大减薄率为4.803%,在所有结果中最小;无初始反胀时,零件壁厚最大减薄率为5%;当在充液拉深后期继续加大液室压力时,板料底部发生波动,出现二次变形,与此同时,板料最大减薄率增大。从而验证了合适的初始反胀高度和反胀压力可以减小制件壁厚的最大减薄率,液室压力加载路径不同,零件的壁厚分布也不同。     

主要工艺参数对T型管液压成形性能的影响研究

为研究主要工艺参数对T型管液压成形性能的影响,文章提出一项综合评价指标,以评定T型管的成形质量.并采用正交试验设计与有限元仿真分析相结合的方法,研究模具过渡圆角半径、内压力加载路径和支管平衡冲头平衡力等主要工艺参数对T型管液压成形性能的影响,进而通过对试验结果的分析比较,找出最佳成形工艺方案.采用该方案进行实际加工试验,获得成形良好的T型管产品,且试验结果与数值模拟结果基本吻合,说明所用评价指标和试验设计方法在实际生产中有一定的参考价值.     

Loading path optimization of tube hydroforming process

Optimization methods along with finite element simulations were utilized to determine the optimum loading paths for closed-die and T-joint tube hydroforming processes. The objective was to produce a part with minimum thickness variation while keeping the maximum effective stress below the material ultimate stress during the forming process. In the closed-die hydroforming, the intent was also to conform the tube to the die shape whereas in the T-joint design, maximum T-branch height was sought. It is shown that utilization of optimized loading paths yields a better conformance of the part to the die shape or leads to a higher bulge height. Finite element simulations also revealed that, in an optimized loading path, the majority of the axial feed needs to be provided after the tube material yields under the applied internal pressure. These results were validated by conducting experiments on aluminum tubes where a good correlation between the experimental results and simulations were obtained.     

管件电磁胀形极限的实验研究

电磁成形可明显提高铝合金的的成形性,因此在汽车工业中有广泛的应用前景。本文根据电磁胀形特点对管件电磁胀形的成形极限进行实验研究,建立了1060纯铝和3A21铝合金的电磁成形极限线,并且研究了尺寸对3A21铝环的极限成形性能的影响。     

X形管内高压成形过程的加载路径优化北大核心CSCD

加载路径对X形管内高压成形质量至关重要,只有加载路径的各参数匹配得当,才能获得合格的成形件。利用DYNAFORM软件模拟不同加载路径下X形管的成形性能。并基于Box-Behnken Design试验设计和响应面法,以内压力、轴向进给量、背向位移量以及摩擦因数为试验因素,分别建立以最小壁厚、支管高度和极限圆角半径为目标的响应面模型。通过方差分析和回归方程分析,对X形管内高压成形过程的加载路径进行设计和优化,有效地改善了壁厚分布、减小了极限圆角半径、提高了支管高度。采用软件的数值优化功能筛选出最优的加载路径,并在此加载路径下对X形管内高压成形模拟结果和试验结果进行对比,发现误差在5%以内,并且壁厚分布具有一致性,说明了该加载路径优化方法具有较高的准确性和较好的可行性。     

筒形件强旋变形流动规律研究

为研究筒形件反旋变形金属流动规律,文章建立了反旋三维刚塑性有限元模型,采用DEORM3D软件对其变形过程进行数值模拟,并进行了BT20钛合金薄壁筒反旋工艺试验研究。模拟结果显示,筒形件反旋时接触区存在一个分流面,分流面一侧的金属沿旋轮进给反方向流动,该流动是筒形件反旋成形所必需的;另一侧金属则向旋压未旋区方向流动。该模型可以合理解释筒形件反旋时金属轴向流动所引起的多种缺陷。     

基于DYNAFORM的内高压成形中预成形工艺改进

对复杂形状空心构件内高压成形工艺进行了数字模拟研究。采用有限元模拟,对矩形截面空心零件弯曲部位在内高压成形过程中产生起皱、破裂等缺陷进行了分析;针对矩形截面空心件弯曲部位,提出采用椭圆截面充液预成形的方法,控制起皱、破裂缺陷的产生,成形质量较理想。并通过试验进行了验证,采用较低压力可以改善内高压成形过程中材料的分布、提高材料的成形极限、控制缺陷产生并提高产品质量。     

异形截面管充液成形工艺及过程优化

异形截面管件广泛应用于汽车底盘结构件领域,它不仅可以充分利用材料的强度和刚度,而且是实现结构轻量化的重要措施之一。对汽车底盘变截面管件进行研究,利用有限元软件Dynaform建立了QSTE340低碳钢管材充液成形的有限元模型。研究了充液成形过程中管材预制坯形状、初始屈服压力、整形压力及推头轴向进给量对成形结果的影响,并通过试验验证了仿真分析的准确性。研究结果表明:在异形截面管零件成形过程中,管材预制坯各截面周长与最终零件各截面周长相近时,可以提高成形质量;当初始屈服压力为70 MPa、整形压力为200 MPa、轴向补料量为25 mm时,可以成形出合格零件。     

Analysis of tube bulge forming in an open die considering anisotropic effects of the tubular material

In this paper, a mathematical model considering the anisotropic effects of the tubular material was proposed to examine the plastic deformation behavior of a thin-walled tube during bulge forming processes in an open die. In the formulation of this mathematical model, the forming tube is considered as an ellipsoidal surface. Non-uniform thinning in the free-bulged region and sticking friction between the tube and die are also considered. In this analytical model, Hill's orthogonal anisotropic theory was adopted for deriving the effective stress and effective strain under a bi-axial stress state. The effects of the anisotropic values on the forming pressure and maximum bulge height were discussed. Experiments of bulge forming using annealed A6011 aluminum tubes were conducted. The analytical results of forming pressure were compared with the finite element simulations and the experimental data. The validity of this newly proposed model was verified.