氮杂环卡宾与过渡金属共催化反应研究进展

近年来,氮杂环卡宾作为有机小分子催化剂在共催化领域取得了飞速发展,氮杂环卡宾通过与Lewis酸、Brønsted酸、Brønsted碱、氢键等不同催化模式相结合,可以有效提升惰性底物的活性和催化体系的立体控制能力,该策略已经成为复杂手性分子骨架合成的重要工具.相对而言,由于氮杂环卡宾与过渡金属的强配位能力,其与过渡金属共催化反应依旧是氮杂环卡宾在共催化领域中长期存在的挑战性工作.目前,氮杂环卡宾在与钯、铜和钌的共催化反应中取得了重要进展,通过配体和反应体系中碱性强弱的调控,可以有效实现氮杂环卡宾与过渡金属配位的可控调节,避免催化剂失活的同时提升反应体系催化活性.这一策略已经被成功用于一些活性分子骨架构建.本文将对该领域中的研究进展进行介绍.     

氮杂环卡宾催化二氧化碳羧化反应的研究进展

二氧化碳是一种来源丰富的可再生资源,科研工作者一直致力于开发能够高效转化二氧化碳的催化体系。氮杂环卡宾在有机化学中是一类非常重要的催化剂,利用氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物催化实现二氧化碳的高效化学转化受到了人们的广泛关注。本文主要根据氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物进行分类,总结归纳了近年来氮杂环卡宾-过渡金属配合物催化二氧化碳羧化反应的研究进展。     

吡啶氮桥联双环三唑鎓盐的合成及其在催化苯偶姻缩合、酯交换反应中的应用

合成了12个吡啶氮桥联的双环三唑鎓盐2a～2l卡宾催化剂前体,用于催化苯偶姻缩合反应和酯交换反应,考察了反应条件对催化反应的影响,并与其它三唑鎓盐的催化活性进行了比较.结果表明,在较低催化剂用量下,催化剂2c表现出优良的催化活性,分离产率最高分别达到98%和93%.     

负载型N-杂环卡宾催化剂在有机反应中的最新研究进展

负载型氮杂环卡宾金属催化剂兼具氮杂环卡宾金属配合物和固体催化剂的优势,其具有反应活性高、反应完成后便于分离和重复使用等特点,已被广泛用于催化各类有机反应中.综述了基于有机聚合物、磁性纳米粒子、碳材料和硅材料等不同类型载体制备的负载型氮杂环卡宾金属配合物催化剂的合成与应用的最新研究进展.     

新型氮杂环卡宾锌化合物催化CO2和环氧化物高效合成环状碳酸酯

合成了一系列新型的芘标记含溴亲核阴离子的氮杂环卡宾前驱体化合物，接枝卤化锌后获得具有CO2捕获能力以及路易斯酸碱位点的NHC-PDBI-ZnX2(X=Cl、Br、I)催化剂，通过1H NMR、13C NMR 、XPS、FT-IR、13C CP-MAS NMR和ICP-AES表征技术对该类催化剂结构和化学性质进行了表征。氮杂卡宾锌配合物被证明是有效的单组分多功能催化剂，对环氧丙烷和CO2的环加成反应显示出较高的催化活性和选择性。最佳活性的NHC-PDBI-ZnI2催化剂在120℃、3.0MPa、2.0h较温和条件下，取得98%以上碳酸丙烯酯收率。该催化剂还具有优异的底物普适性和循环使用稳定性，归因于路易斯酸性Zn 2 与NHC-PBDI主链形成的强共价键。此外，结合FTIR等表征推测了反应机理，其中NHC-PDBI-ZnX2的卡宾位吸附活化CO2以及路易斯酸碱位点开环的协同效应促进了环加成反应在无溶剂和助催化剂的条件下有效地进行。     

氮杂环卡宾-钯配合物催化Buchwald-Hartwig偶联反应最新研究进展*

钯催化的Buchwald-Hartwig偶联反应是用于构建C-N键非常直接有效的方法。氮杂环卡宾-钯配合物具有性能稳定、催化活性高等优点,是Buchwald-Hartwig偶联反应的高效催化剂。对这一领域近3年的研究进展作简要介绍。     

氮杂环卡宾(NHC)催化下多取代环戊烯的串联合成

在氮杂环卡宾(N-heterocycliccarbene,NHC)催化下,α,β-不饱和羧酸经过原位活化后与2-(2-氧代-2-芳乙基)丙二腈发生Michael加成、羟醛缩合、脱羧等反应,一锅法合成了多取代环戊烯类化合物.该方法具有底物范围广、原料易得、反应条件温和、产率高、操作简便等优点,为多官能化环戊烯类化合物的高效合成提供了新思路.     

负载型氮杂环卡宾钯络合物催化C—C偶联反应新进展

负载型氮杂环卡宾钯催化的C—C偶联反应由于具有反应活性高,催化剂便于分离和可重复使用等特点,已引起了人们的广泛关注.负载型氮杂环卡宾钯催化剂中的载体材料对催化性能和重复使用性能具有较大的影响.综述了不同类型载体材料制备的负载型氮杂环卡宾钯催化C—C偶联反应的研究进展,载体类型包括聚合物材料、硅材料、碳材料和磁性纳米粒子材料.此外,还对负载型氮杂环卡宾钯催化剂未来的发展前景进行了展望.     

氮杂环卡宾(NHC)/银(I)共催化合成2-氧代-2-芳乙基芳甲酸酯

在氮杂环卡宾(NHC)/银(I)的共催化下,以芳醛和(溴乙炔)苯及其衍生物为原料实现了2-氧代-2-芳乙基芳甲酸酯高效合成.该方法具有底物范围广、原料简单易得、操作简便等优点,为α-酰氧基羰基衍生物的简捷合成提供了新思路.     

氮杂环卡宾催化下官能化萘并吡喃酮的串联合成

在氮杂环卡宾(NHC)催化下,查尔酮衍生物与α-溴代烯醛经过"Michael加成-Michael加成-内酯化"等串联过程,一步合成了官能化萘并吡喃酮.该方法具有产率高、底物易得和条件温和等优点,为萘并吡喃酮的高效构建和官能化提供了新思路.     

An efficient Ag/MIL-100(Fe) catalyst for photothermal conversion of CO2 at ambient temperature

The conversion of CO₂ under mild condition is of great importance because these reactions involving CO₂ can not only produce value-added chemicals from abundant and inexpensive CO₂ feedstock but also close the carbon cycle. However, the chemical inertness of CO₂ requires the development of high-performance catalysts. Herein, Ag nanoparticles/MIL-100(Fe) composites were synthesized by simple impregnation-reduction method and employed as catalysts for the photothermal carboxylation of terminal alkynes with CO₂. MIL-100(Fe) could stabilize Ag nanoparticles and prevent them from aggregation during catalytic process. Taking the advantages of photothermal effects and catalytic activities of both Ag nanoparticles and MIL-100(Fe), various aromatic alkynes could be converted to corresponding carboxylic acid products (86%–92% yields) with 1 atm CO₂ at room temperature under visible light irradiation when using Ag nanoparticles/MIL-100(Fe) as photothermal catalysts. The catalysts also showed good recyclability with almost no loss of catalytic activity for three consecutive runs. More importantly, the catalytic performance of Ag nanoparticles/MIL-100(Fe) under visible light irradiation at room temperature was comparable to that upon heating, showing that the light source could replace conventional heating method to drive the reaction. This work provided a promising strategy of utilizing solar energy for achieving efficient CO₂ conversion to value-added chemicals under mild condition.     

Au(Ⅰ)配合物催化剂室温高效催化炔烃水合反应

合成了一系列(1,1'-联苯)-2-二(1-金刚烷基)磷配体, 并制备出8种相应的Au(Ⅰ)配合物. 以甲醇为溶剂, 在6-十二炔水合反应中考察了8种Au(Ⅰ)配合物的催化性能, 结果表明, 以含有3'-(吡咯-1-羰基)官能团的Au(Ⅰ)配合物为催化剂时, 其用量仅需炔烃用量的0.1%~0.3%(摩尔分数), 室温下即可高效地催化炔烃进行水合反应.     

Highly selective methods for synthesis of internal (α-) vinylboronates through efficient NHC-Cu-catalyzed hydroboration of terminal alkynes. Utility in chemical synthesis and mechanistic basis for selectivity

Cu-catalyzed methods for site-selective hydroboration of terminal alkynes, where the internal or α-vinylboronate is generated predominantly (up to >98%) are presented. Reactions are catalyzed by 1-5 mol % of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes of copper, easily prepared from N-aryl-substituted commercially available imidazolinium salts, and proceed in the presence of commercially available bis(pinacolato)diboron [B(2)(pin)(2)] and 1.1 equiv of MeOH at -50 to -15 °C in 3-24 h. Propargyl alcohol and amine and the derived benzyl, tert-butyl, or silyl ethers as well as various amides are particularly effective substrates; also suitable are a wide range of aryl-substituted terminal alkynes, where higher α-selectivity is achieved with substrates that bear an electron-withdrawing substituent. α-Selective Cu-catalyzed hydroborations are amenable to gram-scale procedures (1 mol % catalyst loading). Mechanistic studies are presented, indicating that α selectivity arises from the structural and electronic attributes of the NHC ligands and the alkyne substrates. Consistent with suggested hypotheses, catalytic reactions with a Cu complex, derived from an N-adamantyl-substituted imidazolinium salt, afford high β selectivity with the same class of substrates and under similar conditions.     

Catalytic boracarboxylation of alkynes with diborane and carbon dioxide by an N-heterocyclic carbene copper catalyst

By the use of an N-heterocyclic carbene copper(I) complex as a catalyst, the boracarboxylation of various alkynes (e.g., diaryl alkynes, aryl/alkyl alkynes, and phenylacetylene) with a diborane compound and carbon dioxide has been achieved for the first time, affording the α,β-unsaturated β-boralactone derivatives regio- and stereoselectively via a borylcupration/carboxylation cascade. Some important reaction intermediates were isolated and structurally characterized to clarify the reaction mechanism.     

Cu Nano particles immobilized on silk‐fibroin as a green and biodegradable catalyst for copper catalyzed azide‐terminal,internal alkynes cycloaddition

Copper immobilized on silk fibroin was successfully prepared and fully characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform‐infrared, CHN elemental analysis, and inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy. Catalytic activity of this catalyst was examined in the azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reaction with internal and terminal alkynes at room temperature under mild conditions. The reusability of the heterogeneous supported Cu catalyst was examined four times without significant loss of catalytic activity.     

(NHC)Copper(I)-catalyzed [3+2] cycloaddition of azides and mono- or disubstituted alkynes

A versatile and highly efficient catalyst for the Huisgen cycloaddition reaction has been developed. Previously isolated or in situ generated azides yielded 1,2,3-triazoles with differently substituted alkynes in the presence of a [(NHC)CuBr] complex (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene). Extremely high reaction rates and excellent yields were obtained in all cases. This catalytic system fulfils the requirements of "click chemistry" with its mild and convenient conditions, notably in water or solvent free reactions and simple isolation with no purification step. Furthermore, for the first time, an internal alkyne was successfully used in this copper-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction. DFT calculations on this particular system allowed for the proposition of a new mechanistic pathway for disubstituted alkynes.     

Cu(I)-catalyzed carboxylative coupling of terminal alkynes, allylic chlorides, and CO2

A highly selective synthesis of a variety of functionalized allylic 2-alkynoates was realized via the carboxylative coupling of terminal alkynes, allylic chlorides, and CO(2) catalyzed by the N-heterocyclic carbene copper(I) complex (IPr)CuCl. The catalyst can be easily recovered without any loss in activity and product selectivity.     

Addition Polymerization of 5-Ethylidene-2-Norbornene in the Presence of Pd N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes

New high-performance catalytic systems based on Pd N-heterocyclic carbene complexes for the selective addition polymerization of 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB) were proposed. With these catalysts, polymerization can be conducted at unprecedentedly high monomer/catalyst ratio (up to 5 × 10⁵/1) and gives high-molecular-weight soluble polymers with good film-forming properties. Varying the polymerization conditions (reaction temperature, monomer and catalyst concentrations, monomer/Pd ratio) makes it possible to prepare soluble ENB-based addition polymers with specified molecular weights in reasonable yields.     

铜催化的端基炔偶联反应的研究进展

综述了近年来应用于端基炔偶联反应的均相、多相铜基催化剂的研究进展,包括Cu(I)、Cu(II)以及CuNPs催化剂。阐述了各催化剂催化端基炔偶联反应的最优条件,从催化剂的寿命、底物适用性等方面比较了各催化剂的性能,以及各类催化剂的可能反应机理。通过比较可得,负载型Cu(II)多相催化剂稳定且制备过程简单易行,反应条件温和、效率高,将可能成为端基炔偶联反应今后发展的主要趋势。