HLA-DR抗原在慢性乙型肝炎和肝细胞癌中的表达及其意义

目的　探讨HLA DR抗原在慢性乙型肝炎和肝细胞癌 (HCC)中的表达及其意义。方法采用免疫组化技术对 2 0例正常肝组织、36例慢性乙型肝炎和 44例HCC中HLA DR抗原的表达进行检测。结果　正常肝组织中肝细胞未见HLA DR抗原表达。慢性乙型肝炎肝细胞HLA DR抗原表达阳性率为 2 7.8% ,其中 ,中度和重度肝炎HLA DR抗原阳性率明显高于轻度肝炎 (阳性率分别为 37.5 %和 2 0 % ,χ2 =13.6 ,P <0 .0 1)。HCC中肿瘤细胞HLA DR抗原表达阳性率为 43.2 %。HLA DR抗原表达与癌周淋巴细胞浸润 (χ2 =0 .5 1,P >0 .0 5 )和转移 (χ2 =2 .9,P >0 .0 5 )无关 ,但与癌组织分化程度有关 (χ2 =4.9,P <0 .0 5 )。结论　HLA DR抗原的异常表达在慢性乙型肝炎免疫损伤、免疫保护和HCC发生、发展中起重要作用     

HSP70在慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨热休克蛋白 70 ( HSP70 )在慢性乙型肝炎肝组织中的表达及意义。方法采用免疫组化技术对 3 6例慢性乙型肝炎和 2 0例正常肝组织中 HSP70的表达进行检测。结果慢性乙型肝炎和正常肝组织中肝细胞 HSP70表达阳性率分别为 4 5 %和 15 % ,两者相比差异显著 ( χ2 =6.3 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ;中度和重度肝炎 HSP70阳性率明显高于轻度肝炎 (阳性率分别为 62 .5 %和 3 0 % ,χ2 =3 .9,P<0 .0 5 ) ;HSP70阳性细胞多位于灶性和碎屑样坏死区。结论肝细胞 HSP70的异常表达在慢性乙型肝炎免疫保护中起重要作用 ,可作为肝组织损伤的一种标志。     

肿瘤相关基因在肝细胞癌及癌旁正常肝组织中表达

目的　探讨肿瘤相关基因dek、cyclinD1、胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ (IGF Ⅱ )、GPC3、核糖体蛋白 0 (rpP0 )mRNA在肝细胞癌 (HCC)组织中及癌旁正常肝组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法　应用RT PCR方法检测 32例HCC组织及相应癌旁正常肝组织中dek、cyclinD1、IGF Ⅱ、GPC3和rpP0mRNA的表达情况。 结果　dek、cyclinD1、IGF Ⅱ、GPC3、rpP0mRNA在癌组织中阳性表达率为 78 1%、87 5 %、87 5 %、75 0 %和 81 3% ,在癌旁正常肝组织中阳性表达率为 15 6 %、4 0 6 %、 37 5 %、2 1 9%和 31 3% ,差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。dek、cyclinD1、IGF Ⅱ、GPC3、rpP0mRNA在高分化HCC组织中阳性率为89 0 %、6 6 7%、6 6 7%、6 6 7%和 77 8% ,在低分化HCC组织中阳性率为 73 9%、95 7%、95 7%、95 7%和 82 6 % ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。在AFP阴性的HCC中其阳性率分别 90 0 %、80 0 %、90 0 %、90 0 %和 90 0 % ,而AFP阳性的HCC这些基因mRNA的阳性率为 72 7%、86 3%、77 3%、90 9%和 6 8 2 % ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　dek、cyclinD1、IGF Ⅱ、GPC3、rpP0mRNA在HCC组织中呈高表达状态 ,即使是AFP阴性的HCC也呈高表达 ,因此它们可以作为诊断HCC的基因标志 ,而且联合应用时意义更大。这些基因在     

构架蛋白1及Twist在宫颈癌组织中的表达与临床意义

目的 探讨构架蛋白1(RACK-1)和Twist在宫颈癌中的表达与临床意义.方法 选取2010年5月至2012年5月在深圳市第二人民医院住院并接受手术治疗的宫颈癌患者70例,选取同期本院因宫颈良性病变行肿物剥除或附件切除的20例患者作为对照,应用免疫组化(SP)方法检测70例宫颈癌组织(宫颈癌组)、70例宫颈癌癌旁组织(癌旁组)、正常宫颈组织20例(正常组)中的Twist及RACK-1蛋白表达,分析其与宫颈癌患者临床病理指标的关系.结果 ①Twist在正常宫颈组织、癌旁组织和宫颈癌中的阳性率分别为5.0%(1/20)、22.9%(16/70)和95.7%(67/70)(χ2=24.581,P=0.001);RACK-1在正常宫颈组织、癌旁组织和宫颈癌中的阳性率分别为10.0%(2/20)、61.4%(43/70)和90.0%(63/70)(χ2=11.538,P=0.001).②Twist表达与肿瘤分化程度、淋巴结转移及TNM分期有关(P<0.05).RACK-1表达与肿瘤分化程度、浸润深度、淋巴结转移及TNM分期有关(P<0.05).③Twist及RACK-1存在正相关性(r=0.3,P<0.05).④Twist(+)~(++)表达者和(+++)表达者5年总生存率分别为51.2%和29.2%(HR=11.637,95%CI:4.351~38.213;P=0.002);RACK-1(+)~(++)表达者和(+++)表达者5年总生存率分别为41.3%和35.3%(HR=10.143,95%CI:4.285~33.275;P=0.006).结论Twist及RACK-1的增强表达与宫颈癌侵袭性增强有密切关系,其表达可作为判断宫颈癌患者预后的指标.     

肝细胞癌中Wnt-5a、Ror2蛋白的表达及临床意义

目的探讨肝细胞癌(HCC)中Wnt-5a、Ror2蛋白表达的关系及临床意义。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测Wnt-5a及Ror2在62例HCC癌与癌旁组织中的表达。结果对比于癌旁组织,Wnt-5a在85.49%的HCC癌组织内表达明显减低或缺失(P0.001);Ror2在80.65%的HCC癌组织内表达明显减低或缺失(P0.001),两者表达呈正相关性(r=0.462,P=0.04);并且均相关于高的肿瘤分期(P0.05)、高的AFP水平(P0.05)以及高的Ki-67指数(P0.05)。结论 Wnt-5a和Ror2在HCC中可能发挥抑癌基因样作用,其减低或缺失表达可能与HCC的发生、发展有关。     

肺鳞状细胞癌中死亡相关蛋白激酶的表达

目的　检测肺鳞状细胞癌中死亡相关蛋白激酶 (DAP K)mRNA表达及细胞凋亡 ,探讨DAP K与细胞凋亡的关系及其在肺鳞状细胞癌发生、发展中的作用。方法　用原位分子杂交法检测 6 0例肺鳞状细胞癌、9例癌旁肺组织DAP KmRNA表达 ;用原位末端标记TUNEL法检测相应组织中细胞凋亡 ,计算凋亡指数 (AI)。结果　肺鳞状细胞癌的DAP KmRNA阳性表达率为 4 6 7% ,癌旁肺组织为 6 7 7% ,其阳性率高于肿瘤组织 (P <0 0 1 )。在肺鳞状细胞癌中 ,高分化癌DAP KmRNA阳性率为 70 % ,低分化癌为 2 3 3% ,高分化癌的DAP KmRNA阳性率高于低分化癌 (P <0 0 1 )。肺鳞状细胞癌的细胞AI为(0 6 72 8± 0 4 2 6 1 ) % ,癌旁肺组织中支气管肺泡上皮细胞AI为 (1 0 2 89± 0 2 4 33) % ,癌旁肺组织的AI高于肿瘤组织 (P<0 0 1 )。在肺鳞状细胞癌中 ,高分化癌的AI为 (0 5 82 3± 0 1 92 2 ) % ,低分化癌为 (0 4 4 6 0± 0 1 92 5 ) % ,高分化癌的AI高于低分化癌 (P <0 0 1 )。DAP KmRNA呈阳性表达的肺癌 ,其AI为 (0 5 31 7± 0 2 0 97) % ;DAP KmRNA呈阴性者 ,其AI为 (0 4 872± 0 1 91 8) % ,两组间差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。在连续切片上 ,DAP KmRNA阳性细胞的分布区域与凋亡阳性细胞的分布相似。DAP KmRNA呈阳性表达     

原发性肝细胞癌中游离脂肪酸受体4的表达及其临床意义

目的探讨游离脂肪酸受体4(FFAR4)在肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)中的表达及其临床意义。方法采用免疫组化SP法检测102例HCC及其对应癌旁组织中FFAR4表达,并分析FFAR4的表达与HCC临床病理特征之间的相关性。利用qRT-PCR及Western blot法检测20对新鲜冷冻HCC组织及对应癌旁组织中FFAR4的表达,并复习相关文献。结果FFAR4在HCC及癌旁组织中的高表达率分别为64. 7%(66/102)、15. 7%(16/102),两组差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),FFAR4高表达与HCC肿瘤血管侵犯(P 0. 05)、TNM分期(P 0. 01)及Edmondson分级(P 0. 05)有关。qRT-PCR及Western blot法检测结果均显示HCC组织中FFAR4的表达量显著高于癌旁组织,组间差异有统计学意义(P均0. 05)。结论FFAR4表达与HCC是否存在血管侵犯、TNM分期以及Edmondson分级均有显著相关性。FFAR4高表达可能与HCC患者病情严重程度密切相关。     

肝细胞癌组织中端粒酶逆转录酶基因hTERT的表达不依赖PCNA和P53

目的 :研究肝细胞癌 (HCC)中端粒酶逆转录酶基因hTERT的表达及其与增殖细胞核抗原 (PCNA)和P5 3基因的关系 ,探讨其在HCC发生、发展及预后复发中的意义。方法 :采用免疫组化染色法检测 4 2例HCC组织中hTERT、增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和P5 3蛋白的表达 ,并对hTERT与HCC的临床病理特征以及PCNA、P5 3蛋白表达的关系进行分析。结果 :HCC中hTERT、PCNA和P5 3蛋白的阳性率 ,分别为 71.4 % (30 / 4 2 )、76 .2 % (32 / 4 2 )、73.8% (31/ 4 2 ) ;而hTERT在正常肝脏组织中不表达。hTERT在Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ级HCC组织中的表达率 ,分别为 4 0 .0 % (4 / 10 )、70 .0 % (14 / 2 0 )及 10 0 % (12 / 12 )。HTERT的表达率与疾病复发有显著相关性 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 :hTERT表达的异常可能与肝癌的发生、发展有关。hTERT与PCNA和P5 3无明显的相关性。检测hTERT的表达可作为预测肝癌预后复发的潜在指标 ,并提示HCC为由多基因参与的疾病     

肝细胞肝癌中端粒酶、p53和CK19的表达及意义

目的探讨端粒酶、p53和CK19在肝细胞肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)组织中的表达及其临床病理意义。方法应用组织芯片技术和免疫组化SP法检测272例HCC及81例癌旁组织中端粒酶、p53和CK19的表达情况,并分析其与临床病理特征及预后的关系。结果 (1)272例HCC中端粒酶、p53和CK19的阳性率分别为56.62%(154/272)、12.90%(35/272)和14.30%(39/272),均高于癌旁组织的9.88%(8/81)、0(0/81)和0(0/81),差异均有显著性(P<0.01)。(2)端粒酶在HCC中的表达与术后无瘤生存时间、组织学分级、肿瘤直径、卫星灶、脉管癌栓及临床分期有关(P<0.05),与其他指标无关(P均>0.05);p53在HCC中的表达与术后无瘤生存时间、组织学分级、肝被膜浸润、血中AFP含量及淋巴结转移有关(P<0.05),与其他指标无关(P均>0.05);CK19在HCC中的表达与术后无瘤生存时间、组织学分级、肿瘤直径、肝硬化、卫星灶、淋巴结转移及临床分期有关(P<0.05),与其他指标无关(P>0.05)。(3)三者在HCC中的表达互呈正相关(端粒酶与p53:r=0.137,P=0.024;端粒酶与CK19:r=0.497,P=0.001;p53与CK19:r=0.274,P=0.005)。(4)Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果显示:HCC组织中端粒酶、p53和CK19阳性的患者生存时间缩短。结论 HCC中端粒酶、p53和CK19的阳性表达与多种临床病理指标相关,三者均可作为HCC患者预后不良的判断因子。     

肝细胞癌唾液酸化的路易斯寡糖-X抗原和E-上皮钙粘蛋白的表达及其意义

探讨唾液酸化的路易斯寡糖 X抗原 (sialylLewis X ,SLeX)和E 上皮钙粘蛋白 (E cadherin ,ED)表达与肝细胞癌(HCC)转移和预后的关系。应用免疫组织化学方法 ,检测分析 110例HCC组织中SLeX及ED蛋白表达 ,结合随访资料分析。结果显示 ,在HCC中 ,SLeX和ED阳性表达率分别为 39 1%和 4 4 5 %。SLeX阳性表达的HCC转移率高(P <0 0 5 )、分化程度和患者 >5年生存率低 (P <0 0 5 ) ;ED阳性表达的HCC转移率低 (P <0 0 5 )、分化程度和患者>5年生存率高 (P <0 0 5 )。SLeX表达与ED表达呈负相关 (r =- 0 5 3,P <0 0 0 1)。SLeX和ED表达与HCC转移和患者生存期密切相关 ,检测SLeX和ED蛋白的表达可作为判断HCC预后的参考指标     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.