中国小鲵科属、种分类变更的回顾

小鲵科为亚洲特有的有尾两栖动物,是现生有尾目10科中第三大科.中国是小鲵科动物属、种分布的主要区域,且研究其分类历史较久,学者较多,故导致学术观点差异较大.本文对中国小鲵科分类地位发生变更的部分属(巴鲵属Liua、拟小鲵属Pseudohynobius、肥鲵属Pachyhynobius)、种(秦巴巴鲵L. tsinpaensis、满洲小鲵Hynobius mantchuricus、豫南小鲵H. yunanicus、弱唇褶山溪鲵Batrachuperus cochranae和太白山溪鲵B. taibaiensis)的变更历史进行回顾,旨在为小鲵科动物的分类提供一个清晰的背景知识.     

拟小鲵属(有尾目:小鲵科)一新种--水城拟小鲵

在比较和研究拟小鲵属(Pseudohynobius)已知二物种后,确定贵州省水城县石龙乡产拟小鲵为一新种,即水城拟小鲵(PseudohynobiusshuichengensisTian,LietGusp.nov)。新种与黄斑拟小鲵(P.flavomaculatus)的犁骨齿列形状相似;但新种体尾及四肢背面紫褐色,无黄色斑块;四肢长,前后肢贴体相向时,掌、部前半重叠;而黄斑拟小鲵体尾及四肢背面紫褐色,有土黄色斑块;四肢甚短,前后肢贴体相向时,指、趾仅相遇或略重叠。秦巴拟小鲵(P.tsinpaensis)背面棕褐色,体尾及四肢背面有不规则云状斑;四肢较短,前后肢贴体相向时,指、趾末端仅相遇。本文统计并记述了新种的外形、头骨特征、生物学资料。     

中国拟小鲵属(有尾目,小鲵科)一新种记述

在比较和研究拟小鲵属已知物种黄斑拟小鲵、水城拟小鲵后,确定贵州省绥阳县宽阔水所产拟小鲵为1新种,即宽阔水拟小鲵Pseudohynobius kuankuoshuiensis.新种与黄斑拟小鲵近似,但新种体尾背面黄斑近圆形,头长与头宽之比大于1.55,可与之区分.新种与水城拟小鲵P.shuichengensis相似,但新种体尾及四肢背面有黄色斑块,四肢贴体相向时掌、踱部前半不重叠,而极易与之相区别.     

秦巴北鲵的分类地位,兼论黄斑拟小鲵是它的异名

秦巴北鲵的分类地位,兼论黄斑拟小鲵是它的异名赵尔宓,吴贯夫中国科学院成都生物研究所成都６１００４１刘承钊与胡淑琴（见胡、赵、刘,１９６６）依据陕西周至县秦岭钓鱼台标本描述秦巴北鲵（Ｒａｎｏｄｏｎｔｓｉｎｐａｅｎｓｉｓ）。费梁与叶昌媛（１９８３）依据湖...     

我国有尾动物分类中几个问题的研究

本文对有尾两栖类小鲵科Hynobiidae山溪鲵属、巴鲵属、小鲵属分类研究中的同物异名,以及属称的订正方面进行了进一步探讨,认为我国山溪鲵属应为5种,无唇褶山溪鲵B.cochranae应为北方山溪鲵Batrachuperus ti-betanus同物异名。巴鲵属是一个有效属称,义乌小鲵Hynobius yiwuensis应为中国小鲵H.chinensis的同物异名,黄斑拟小鲵Pseudohynobius flavonaculatus可以暂定为秦巴北鲵Ranodon tsinoaensis的同物异名。黑抓异鲵Xenobius melanonychus是否有效种有待确定。     

中国两栖类一新种(有尾目,小鲵科)

对2003年2月、2005年11月采自广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区的1种小鲵进行了研究,认为其特征与现有的小鲵都不相同,确定为中国两栖纲有尾目小鲵科小鲵属1新种,即猫儿山小鲵Hynobius maoershanensis sp.nov..模式标本保存于广西大学动物科技学院标本室,部分副模标本(MESH05111001,MESH05111002)保存于广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区标本室.     

挂榜山小鲵精子形态结构研究

应用扫描电镜和透射电镜对挂榜山小鲵(Hynobius guabangshanensis)精子的超微结构进行观察和研究.结果表明:1)挂榜山小鲵的精子形态具有小鲵科精子的共同特征:头部细直、有锥形顶体;颈部短而不明显,尾部细长、有波动膜;2)该种小鲵的精子超微结构具小鲵科物种精子的共同特征,即精子无顶体钩,顶体呈三叶草状,尾部无线粒体,轴纤维粗大呈圆柱状等;3)除精子全长(194.1±7.15μm)在小鲵科物种中属于中等外,挂榜山小鲵和本科其他物种的精子在形态量度学方面差异明显:其头部占全长的比例(22.98%)比其他已知小鲵科的物种都低,尾部占全长的比例(65.79%)比其他小鲵科物种都高.     

中国小鲵属一新种(两栖纲:有尾目:小鲵科)

对采自我国河南省商城的一种小鲵标本进行了研究,认为与我国产小鲵科巳知属、种及日本产小鲵属相近种均不相同,被确定为新种,即豫南小鲵Hynobius yunanicus sp.nov.。     

我国小鲵科一新属新种的描述

1959年至1981年,在大别山、桐柏山、伏牛山及太行山等地区调查,发现小鲵科一种,外部形态和头骨特征与已知小鲵科各属均有明显区别。现将商城标本与相近的小鲵属和北鲵属的主要特征对比如表1（图1—3）。 从表1可以看出,商城标本与相近的小鲵属和北鲵属都有显著区别,应为一个新属新种。模式标本保存在新乡师范学院。现描述如下:     

挂榜山小鲵线粒体DNA COⅠ基因及D-loop区序列研究

研究克隆了挂榜山小鲵COⅠ基因及D-loop区全长,结果显示挂榜山小鲵COⅠ基因及D-loop区全长分别为1 551 bp和803 bp.运用MEGA4.0软件P-distance法分别比较COⅠ基因及D-loop区小鲵科19个物种的遗传距离,结果显示挂榜山小鲵与小鲵属遗传距离比与小鲵科其它属物种的小,并且挂榜山小鲵与Zhang et al(2006)提交的中国小鲵相应序列的遗传距离几乎为0,构建了MP分子系统发生树也显示挂榜山小鲵与小鲵属同属一个分支,且与Zhang et al提交的中国小鲵聚为一小支.通过以上分析认为挂榜山小鲵属于小鲵科小鲵属,这与传统分类学方法一致.     

毛腿鼠耳蝠、亚洲长翼蝠和栗鼠耳蝠斑驳白化现象

斑驳白化是一种先天性颜色失调表型,在翼手目中较为罕见。2016年5月至8月期间,分别在3个省份共发现3种存在斑驳白化现象蝙蝠。在河南省内乡县七里坪乡北湾村,发现1只怀孕雌性斑驳白化毛腿鼠耳蝠(Myotis fimbriatus),斑驳区域包括背部左侧区域及腹部左侧边缘一带。在陕西省柞水县下梁镇,发现1只怀孕雌性斑驳白化亚洲长翼蝠(Miniopterus fuliginosus),斑驳部位包括背部下端、腹部底端股骨边缘、左右股骨、尾骨及小部分尾膜区域。在云南省晋宁县双河乡法古甸村,发现2只斑驳白化雄性栗鼠耳蝠(Myotis badius),斑驳区域分别为背部左下侧和背颈部一侧,区域面积较小。其中,毛腿鼠耳蝠和栗鼠耳蝠的斑驳白化现象为国内首次报道。此外,通过测量蝙蝠体重、前臂长等体型参数,并与同种正常个体进行比较,发现斑驳白化亚洲长翼蝠体重偏大,1只斑驳白化栗鼠耳蝠前臂长偏大,其余斑驳白化蝙蝠体型数据均在正常范围内,表明斑驳白化现象对蝙蝠的正常生存与繁殖未造成严重影响。这为将来斑驳白化蝙蝠的生理生态研究提供科学依据。     

云南蚤类区系及分布特征

【目的】在收集汇总以往野外调查资料以及已经发表的历史文献资料基础上,归纳云南蚤类的分布特点,分析云南地理小区对蚤类的影响。【方法】在实地采集和补充文献记录基础上,对收集到的蚤类进行系统分类整理;运用SPSS13.0的主成分分析及系统聚类对数据进行处理。【结果】本研究共记录云南蚤类9科45属144种,其中古北种15种,东洋种 108种,东洋、古北两界兼有种15种,广布种6种。144种蚤中,属于云南特有蚤类有75种;横断山中部小区记载蚤类122种,横断山南部小区26种,滇东高原小区41种,滇西高原小区28种,滇南山地小区25种。主成分分析和聚类分析结果基本一致,均可聚为两类：一类为横断山南部小区、滇南山地小区、滇西高原小区及滇东高原小区; 另一类为横断山中部小区。【结论】云南省蚤类分布明显受到地理小区环境的影响。云南省蚤类昆虫种类繁多,蚤类的自然分布受到云南省特定地形地貌影响。     

河南内乡晚奥陶世石燕河组牙形石及其地质意义

将河南内乡晚奥陶世石燕河组牙形石自下而上建立了Ｏｕｌｏｄｕｓｕｉｒｉｃｈｉ－Ａｐｈｅｌｏｇｎａｔｈｕｓｓｈｏｓｈｏｎｅｎｓｉｓ带，Ｏｎｏｄｕｓｒｏｂｕｓｔｕｓ带，Ａｐｈｅｌｏｇｎａｔｈｕｓｇｒａｎｄｉｓ带，Ａｐｈｅｌｏｇｎａｔｈｕｓｄｉｖｅｒｇｅｎｓ带和Ａｐｈｅｌｏｇｎａｔｈｕｓｚｕｏｑｕｅｎｓｉｓ带。这个序列与北美中大陆的很相似，两者可详细对比。充分证实了北美中大陆型牙形石动物群以及中国合此类型牙形石的最高奥陶纪地层在华北地台以南的武当地块北缘的存在，并指明了其古生物地理分区和构造意义。     

广东发现濒危鸟类海南鳽

:1 998年 6月 1 7日、1 999年 8月 1 7日、1 999年 8月 2 6日在广东省始兴县车八岭国家级自然保护区范围内三次获得海南幼鸟各 1只 ;华南濒危动物研究所曾于 1 960年 3月 2 2日在英德县滑水山采获雄成鸟标本 1只。至此 ,广东省内存在濒危鸟类海南得到确切证实。近些年内桂南、粤北是国内仅有海南种群分布的地区     

中国动物地理亚区繁殖鸟类地理分布格局与时空变化

以中国动物地理亚区统计了1976年郑作新出版的《中国鸟类分布名录》和2005年郑光美主编出版的《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》中繁殖鸟类的分布数据,结果显示:在1976年前,中国鸟类丰富度最高的动物地理亚区为西南山地亚区,其次为滇南山地亚区,而以羌塘高原亚区鸟类物种丰富度最低,黄淮平原亚区次差。2005年,鸟类丰富度最高、次高及最低的亚区与1976年相同,次差的亚区为台湾亚区。自1976年至2005年,鸟类物种丰富度在不同亚区出现明显的增加,平均每个亚区分布物种数由1976年的232种增至2005年的281种,而且具有很大的相关性;其中滇南山地亚区增加种类最多,而羌塘高原亚区和东部草原亚区增加的幅度最大;在海南岛和台湾亚区则变化较小。这些可能是由于物种在不同亚区间存在的可能扩散通道和岛屿型稳定气候及地理隔离限制了物种与其它亚区间的扩散等造成的。这些变化不仅与Leietal.(2007)提出的"地理隔离"假设结论比较一致,与雷富民等(2006)提出的西南山地-横断山区为中国鸟类特有种物种多样性中心和西南山地为物种分化中心等观点一致,而且进一步显示西南山地亚区鸟类物种有向滇南山地亚区扩散的现象,并且依然在持续中。用聚类...     

Distribution of gamasid mites on small mammals in Yunnan Province, China

An investigation of gamasid mites on the body surface of small mammals was carried out in Yunnan Province of China from 1990 to 2004. The small mammal hosts were captured from 25 counties which represent five geographical subregions, namely Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Southern Subregion of Hengduan Mountains, Eastern Plateau Subregion of Yunnan, Western Plateau Subregion of Yunnan and Southern Moun- tainous Subregion of Yunnan. The captured 10 803 small mammal hosts belong to nine families, 29 genera and 52 species in four orders （Rodentia, Insectivora, Scandentia and Lagomorpha）. A total of 68 571 gamasid mites were collected from the body surface of the captured small mammal hosts and all the gamasid mites were identified to 10 families, 33 genera and 112 species. This paper lists all the mite species, together with their taxonomic position （genera and families） and their corresponding hosts. Much more mite species were found in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains than in other geographical subregions. The total individuals of mites and small mammals in the Middle Subregion of Hengduan Mountains are also the most plentiful in the five geographical subregions. Three dominant mite species and three dominant small mammal hosts were determined as the dominant species in the investigated areas of Yunnan Province. The dominant hosts are Rattus flavipectus （which accounts for 34.85% of the total individuals）, Apodemus chevrieri （13.43%） and Rattus norvegicus （10.40%） while the dominant gamasid mite species are Laelaps nuttalli （Hirst, 1915） （27.84%）, Laelaps echidninus （Berlese, 1887） （18.38%） and Laelaps guizhouensis （Gu et Wang, 1981） （14.79%）. The results showed the high species diversity of gamasid mites in Yunnan Province and the uneven distribution feature in different subregions.     

Demographics and spatio‐temporal signature of the biotoxin domoic acid in California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) stranding records

California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) in otherwise good nutritional condition have been consistently affected by the marine biotoxin domoic acid since the late 1990s. In this study we evaluated the temporal and spatial stranding patterns of suspected and confirmed cases of domoic acid intoxicated sea lions from 1998 to 2006, using records of strandings along the California coast obtained from members of the California Marine Mammal Stranding Network. The majority of domoic acid cases were adult females (47%–82% of the total annual domoic acid cases), a contrast to strandings that were not related to domoic acid, which were generally dominated by juveniles and pups. Exposure to this biotoxin led to a 6.67‐fold increase in adult female strandings in 2000, and a 5.44‐fold increase in adult female deaths in 2006, relative to strandings and deaths of adult female not affected by domoic acid. Domoic acid cases have occurred annually since 1998 (except for 1999) between April and August, with clusters centered primarily at Pismo Beach (San Luis Obispo County), as well as at other beaches in San Luis Obispo, Monterey, Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, Orange, and San Diego counties. The larger ecological and population level implications of increased domoic acid strandings and deaths, particularly among adult female sea lions, warrant further attention and need to be investigated.     

Western equine encephalitis in avian populations in North Dakota, 1975

The involvement of wild birds in western equine encephalitis (WEE) and St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus activity in the Red River valley area of North Dakota (USA) during a WEE epidemic was investigated in August 1975. Free-ranging birds were captured with mist nets and nestlings by hand. Virologic and serologic results indicated that a similar rate of WEE virus activity occurred throughout Richland County and between permanent and summer resident birds. The rate of SLE virus activity in the birds of Richland County was lower than for WEE virus, but the SLE antibody prevalence was greater in rural areas than within urban locations. Seven of the nine WEE virus isolations were from nestling birds of four different species; the remaining two from adults of two different species. Overall prevalence of neutralizing (N) antibody against WEE virus was 5% in nestling and 14% in adult birds but was the opposite for N antibody against SLE virus, 17% in nestling and 5% in adult birds. Differences between the two viruses in the presence and persistence of maternal N antibody or differential mortality in nestling birds may have caused the disparity in antibody prevalences.     

Biological and ecological aspects of Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae): a two-year study from Central Greece

Abstract Biological and ecological aspects of the scale Ceroplastes sinensis are investigated on citrus in central Greece through regular samplings during 1999−2001 on Citrus sinensis (Sapindales: Rutaceae) in Attiki County. The scale was univoltine. Overwintering stages were the third-instar nymph and the adult female. From the end of May until the end of June the population comprised preovipositing females. Oviposition occurred from mid-June until mid-July and hatching took place during July. First- and second-instar nymphs were recorded from the end of July until the end of August, and from mid-August until the end of September, respectively. Third-instar nymphs appeared at the end of August and were present until the beginning of September. Some of the population of third-instar nymphs reached the adult stage during October and November, whilst the remainder completed development in the following April. Small numbers of male nymphs were recorded during October and November. The mean fecundity of adult females was 3260 ± 770 eggs per female. The most abundant natural enemy of C. sinensis was Scutellista caerulea (Fonscolombe) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), whose eggs, larvae and pupae were found in up to 42% of the total live population of the scale. Two predators, Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) and Exochomus quadripustulatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), were also observed.     

中国画眉科鸟类分布格局探讨

中国现有画眉科鸟类122种,隶属于27属,占我国鸟类总种数的9.15%。通过运用GIS技术处理物种分布数据,研究了中国画眉科鸟类的分布格局和多样性中心。中国画眉科鸟类在水平分布上具有不均匀性,省际单元上云南最多(102种),占绝对优势;在动物地理亚区单元上滇南山地亚区分布最多(80种),其次是西南山地亚区(60种)、喜马拉雅亚区(47种);在垂直分布上,则以700～2700m的海拔地带具有最高的物种多样性。中国画眉科鸟类物种多样性最高的地区位于滇南山地亚区与西南山地亚区的交汇地带—横断山区南端。我国画眉科鸟类主要涉及以下3个分布型:东洋型、喜马拉雅-横断山型和南中国型。