小型变桨距风力机的气动优化设计

基于叶素动量理论分析了小型风力机的气动性能分析模型,并提出了叶片的气动优化设计方法.结合叶片制造和应用中的实际要求,设计了10 kW小型变桨距风力机叶片的气动外形.计算结果表明,设计叶片具有良好的气动性能,验证了该设计方法有效实用.     

定桨距风力机气动优化设计优化方向分析

简述风力气动优化设计的模型和方法，分析定桨距风力机桨叶外形变化对气动性能的影响，指出气动优化设计应考虑的优化目标和主要参数，并根据该方法对２００ｋＷ定桨距风力机进行了气动优化设计，给出优化结果并加以分析比较。     

垂直轴风力机叶片变桨距运转模式研究

针对垂直轴风力机自启动性能差和风能利用率低的问题,提出一种新型自动变桨距垂直轴风力机方案。结合垂直轴风力机叶片攻角变化及翼型气动力特性,制定了一种最优叶片桨距角变化模式。根据叶素理论,计算得到了采用该变桨距模式在低叶尖速比和高叶尖速比时的叶轮扭矩系数,结果表明,采用该变桨距模式可有效增大垂直轴风力机的启动力矩以及提高其风能利用系数,为进一步开发自动变桨距垂直轴风力机奠定了研究基础。     

全程变桨距风能转换装置的研究

为了实现风力机的最大能量转换，提出了在整个工作风速范围内采用风轮正面的风压作为变桨距的控制信号，实现最大功率跟踪变桨距。通过计算，设计制造出了风压式全程变桨距风能转换装置。试验结果显示：该风能转换装置的高效运行范围从一个极小的区间扩展为一个较宽的区间；当风速大于额定风速时，风力机仍然能够保持稳定的工作转速，在起动前使桨叶处于阻风状态，起动力矩增大了近20倍。     

复合材料风力机叶片气动/结构一体化优化设计

基于多学科优化理论,提出复合材料风力机叶片气动/结构一体化优化设计方法。采用多岛遗传算法,以叶片的气动和结构性能为约束、质量为目标,对复合材料风力机叶片进行优化设计。气动性能分析采用叶素动量理论,考虑叶梢损失和轮毂损失。结构分析采用有限元方法对风机叶片三维参数化CAD模型进行分析。算例结果证明了该方法的有效性,对实际的工程设计有较强的参考价值。     

风力机优化设计的DSFD方法

简述了进行风力机叶片外形优化设计的转轴直接搜索可行方向法ＤＳＦＤ。根据该方法并参考南澳２００ｋＷ定桨距风力机整体设计参数进行优化设计，给出了一组设计结果，获得了令人满意的叶片外形和气动性能。     

风力机的新型变桨距自抗扰控制系统

采用高速浮点 TMS320F28335(DSP)芯片作为硬件核心控制器,运用自抗扰控制系统算法对风力机桨距角进行精确调整,实现了一种由新型软硬件相结合的风力机变桨距控制系统.结果表明:当风速高于额定风速或者瞬时输出功率大于额定功率时,通过对桨叶桨距角的精确调整,可使输出功率动态维持在额定功率附近.变桨距自抗扰控制系统算法实现简单,具有良好的动态响应特性,能有效保障风力机的安全运行.     

变速风力机变桨距系统建模与仿真

变速风力发电机组一般采用变桨距控制来稳定输出功率,但是桨距角的改变会引起攻角的改变,从而引起叶片气动性能的改变,所以在变桨距控制过程中,必须保证合适的攻角,以确保风力机具有良好的气动性能。采用统一变桨距控制方法,在matlab/simulink环境下,通过预测攻角仿真研究了变速风力发电机组的变桨距控制过程,结果表明,该控制模型能正确模拟各种风速下风力发电机组变桨距的动态过程,为进一步研究变速风力发电机的功率控制奠定了基础。     

基于遗传算法的风力机叶片优化设计

提出了多次迭代优化设定诱导因子初始值的方法,并以功率输出和年发电量最大为优化目标,在遗传算法的基础上对1.5MW风力机叶片进行了优化设计.为了改善风力机在低风速区域内的输出功率特性,对风轮转速进行了优化.结果表明:优化后,风力机叶片的弦长值得到大幅度的降低,达到额定风速后的功率输出情况也满足了定桨距风力机的功率控制要求,说明该优化方法可以加速搜索寻优过程并保证获得全局最优解;转速优化后,当风力机采用二级转速运行时,年最大输出功率比采用单一额定转速运行时可提高1.16%.     

变桨距提高升力型垂直轴风力机性能研究综述

风能是世界存量大、绿色无污染的可再生能源之一。由于风力机旋转工况复杂,翼型的相对攻角变化剧烈,导致翼型容易失速,风机的风能利用率低。变桨距主动控制技术是目前最常用的提高升力型垂直轴风力机性能的方法。针对近年来变桨距技术的最新研究进展情况进行了综述。通过全面的文献检索和阅读,总结和阐述了不同变桨距控制策略的设计与实现方法,并分析了不同变桨距技术的优缺点。     

Shape optimization of wind turbine blades

This paper presents a design tool for optimizing wind turbine blades. The design model is based on an aerodynamic/aero‐elastic code that includes the structural dynamics of the blades and the Blade Element Momentum (BEM) theory. To model the main aero‐elastic behaviour of a real wind turbine, the code employs 11 basic degrees of freedom corresponding to 11 elastic structural equations. In the BEM theory, a refined tip loss correction model is used. The objective of the optimization model is to minimize the cost of energy which is calculated from the annual energy production and the cost of the rotor. The design variables used in the current study are the blade shape parameters, including chord, twist and relative thickness. To validate the implementation of the aerodynamic/aero‐elastic model, the computed aerodynamic results are compared to experimental data for the experimental rotor used in the European Commision‐sponsored project Model Experiments in Controlled Conditions, (MEXICO) and the computed aero‐elastic results are examined against the FLEX code for flow past the Tjæreborg 2 MW rotor. To illustrate the optimization technique, three wind turbine rotors of different sizes (the MEXICO 25 kW experimental rotor, the Tjæreborg 2 MW rotor and the NREL 5 MW virtual rotor) are applied. The results show that the optimization model can reduce the cost of energy of the original rotors, especially for the investigated 2 MW and 5 MW rotors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modal re‐analysis of rotary wind turbine blades in refinement design

A modal re‐analysis approach is proposed for refinement designs of rotary wind turbine blades on the basis of matrix perturbation methods. The approach entails effects of stress stiffening, spin softening, uncertainty of material properties and structural modifications of blades. Three perturbation methods are used to conduct the re‐analysis approach, including the standard perturbation method and two improvements proposed by H. C. Hu and S. H. Chen, respectively. Numerical results of a typical wind turbine blade indicate that the two improved methods deliver better accuracy than the standard perturbation method in terms of eigenpairs. In application to blade designs, Chen's method is suitable for a multi‐step modal re‐analysis with explicit small parameters and cultivates the first‐order and second‐order perturbations of eigenpairs as well. In contrast, Hu's method is a better choice for a single‐step modal re‐analysis without determining any small parameter explicitly and directly offers approximate eigenpairs instead of somehow tedious perturbation processes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

兆瓦级海上风力机叶片设计及模态分析

叶片是风力机的重要构件,对其合理设计十分重要。总结了叶片的设计流程,并选择合理的设计参数,设计出兆瓦级风力机的叶片;在三维绘图软件中建模;应用有限元法,选定叶片的材料参数,在有限元软件中对叶片进行模态分析,确定了叶片的各阶模态振型及各阶频率,并对比分析叶片各阶模态振型结果。结果表明,叶片的固有频率范围与外界的激励的频率范围不重合,因此避免了共振破坏的发生。     

风电场风电机组的接地设计

较系统地介绍了风电场风电机组对接地电阻的要求、接地设计思路及方法,并提供实际工程中接地网布置图实例作为参考。     

Decoupled aerodynamic and structural design of wind turbine adaptive blades

This paper presents a method for decoupled design of bend-twist adaptive blades (BTABs) in which the aerodynamic and structural designs take place separately. In this approach the induced twist is considered as an aerodynamic design parameter, whilst its dependency on the structural characteristics of the blade is taken into account by imposing a proper constraint on the structure design. The main advantage of this method is the significant reduction in evaluation time by replacing a finite element analysis (FEA)-based coupled-aero-structure (CAS) simulation in the aerodynamic objective evaluation by a non-FEA-based CAS simulation. Through a re-design case study an ordinary blade has been converted to a BTAB and the efficiency of the method in performing decoupled design of BTABs has been illustrated.     

大型水平轴式风电叶片的结构设计

风电叶片是风力发电设备的关键部件之一,其制造成本占总成本的20%～30%.叶片结构是叶片捕获风能的保证,并直接影响风力发电设备的运行寿命.因此,叶片结构设计的好坏在很大程度上决定了风力发电设备的可靠性和利用风能的成本.文章从材料、结构形式、铺层设计、结构分析等4个方面详细地阐述了风电叶片结构的设计技术.     

On the structural topology of wind turbine blades

As wind turbines continue to grow in size, it becomes increasingly important to ensure that they are as structurally efficient as possible to ensure that wind energy can be a cost‐effective source of power generation. A way to achieve this is through weight reductions in the blades of the wind turbine. In this study, topology optimization is used to find alternative structural configurations for a 45 m blade from a 3 MW wind turbine. The result of the topology optimization is a layout that varies along the blade length, transitioning from a structure with trailing edge reinforcement to one with offset spar caps. Sizing optimization was then performed on a section with the trailing edge reinforcement and was shown to offer potential weight savings of 13.8% when compared with a more conventional design. These findings indicate that the conventional structural layout of a wind turbine blade is sub‐optimal under the static load conditions that were applied, suggesting an opportunity to reduce blade weight and cost. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Overall design optimization of dedicated outboard airfoils for horizontal axis wind turbine blades

Designing the primary airfoils for the outboard part of wind turbine blades is a complicated problem of balancing structural, aerodynamic, and acoustic requirements. This paper presents an optimization method for the overall performance of outboard wind turbine airfoils. Based on the complex flow characteristics of the rotor blades and the varying requirements along the span of a blade, the design principles of outboard airfoils were investigated. The requirements for improving the structural performance and reducing the aerodynamic noise were combined with the following aerodynamic design considerations: high efficiency, low extreme loads, stability, and a wide operating region. Thus, this paper proposes a new mathematical model for overall airfoil optimization using the airfoil performance evaluation indicators. Then, an integrated optimization design platform is established for outboard airfoils. Through 2 design cases, new airfoils with desirable aerodynamic characteristics and improved overall performance were obtained. Comparisons between the new airfoils and reference airfoils based on numerical predictions indicate that the proposed method with the newly established mathematical model can effectively balance the complex requirements of the airfoil and improve its overall performance. More notably, the design cases also indicate that the established optimization design method can be used to address special designs of outboard airfoils for different blade requirements.     

Aeroelastic design of large wind turbine blades considering damage tolerance

Modern offshore turbine blades can be designed for high fatigue life and damage tolerance to avoid excessive maintenance and therefore significantly reduce the overall cost of offshore wind power. An aeroelastic design strategy for large wind turbine blades is presented and demonstrated for a 100 m blade. High fidelity analysis techniques like 3D finite element modeling are used alongside beam models of wind turbine blades to characterize the resulting designs in terms of their aeroelastic performance as well as their ability to resist damage growth. This study considers a common damage type for wind turbine blades, the bond line failure, and explores the damage tolerance of the designs to gain insight into how to improve bond line failure through aeroelastic design. Flat‐back airfoils are also explored to improve the damage tolerance performance of trailing‐edge bond line failures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Electromagnetic energy harvester for monitoring wind turbine blades

The long composite blades on large wind turbines experience tremendous stresses while in operation. There is an interest in implementing structural health monitoring (SHM) systems inside wind turbine blades to alert maintenance teams of damage before serious component failure occurs. This paper proposes using an energy harvesting device inside the blade of a horizontal axis wind turbine to power a SHM system. The harvester is a linear induction energy harvester placed radially along the length of the blade. The rotation of the blade causes a magnet to slide along a tube as the blade axis changes relative to the direction of gravity. The magnet induces a voltage in a coil around the tube, and this voltage powers the SHM system. This paper begins by discussing motivation for this project. Next, a harvester model is developed, which encompasses the mechanics of the magnet, the interaction between the magnet and the coil, and the current in the electrical circuit. A free fall test verifies the electromechanical coupling model, and a rotating test examines the power output of a prototype harvester. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.