一次强暴雨过程地闪活动特征与中尺度对流系统和强降水的关系

利用2007年8月8日18时至9日02时发生在陕西关中强暴雨期间的地闪、卫星TBB、雷达回波和地面加密降水资料,通过统计和对比分析的方法,分析了地闪活动特征及其与中尺度对流系统（MCS）和强降水的关系。地闪活动特征分析显示,暴雨过程中负地闪占绝对优势,为总地闪的97.7%。负闪频数和总闪频数的逐时演变趋势完全一致且呈现两峰一谷的趋势,正闪频数的变化呈现三峰两谷的趋势,但是正闪频数最大值与总闪、负闪频数峰值时间一致。负闪活跃期正负闪6 min演变均表现为多峰结构,正闪的波峰提前于负闪的波峰12 min。负闪频数变化和MCS、雷达反射率因子演变对比分析表明,负闪发生区是未来对流云团和对流发展加强区,负闪频数密集区位于对流云团前部TBB等值线密集区,负闪频数的急剧增加意味着未来对流系统的猛烈发展;负闪主要出现在回波强度大于40 dBz的区域,正闪则落到强回波中心两侧30～40 dBz的回波区,中尺度对流系统快速发展加强期,负闪密集区位于回波单体的前沿,中尺度系统发展稳定少动期,负闪大部分集中在各对流单体的强回波中心附近。对比分析地闪与暴雨发生发展的关系可见,地闪的发生和急剧增加对暴雨发生和发展加强有很好指示意义,初闪的发生提前于强降水发生,地闪急剧增加与降水强度猛增密切关联,负地闪发生密集区是未来强降水发生区。     

吉林省“7.28”强对流暴雨过程地闪活动特征分析

利用2010年7月27日21时至7月28日20时发生在吉林省中东部强暴雨期间的地闪、风云卫星TBB、多普勒天气雷达和地面加密降水资料,采用统计对比方法,分析地闪活动特征及其与强对流系统和强降水的关系。结果表明:此次暴雨过程中负闪占总闪的95.7%,负闪频数和总闪频数的逐时演变完全一致且呈现两峰两谷趋势,正闪峰值与总闪、负闪峰值出现时间基本同步。正负闪6min演变均表现为多峰波动,负闪的波峰提前于正闪波峰6min左右。地闪发生在长春雷达组合反射率大于35d Bz的区域和TBB等值线密集区;正闪主要出现在云顶黑体亮温大值区前部。逐时地闪峰值与逐时降水峰值变化趋势基本一致,地闪峰值提前于降水峰值4h出现,强对流上升阶段降水强中心未出现在地闪密集区,对流性暴雨下降阶段和中间阶段降水强中心位于地闪密集区。     

070729特大暴雨的地闪特征与降水相关分析

利用闪电定位每分钟的实测资料、加密雨量站每分钟的雨量资料,以及卫星云图资料,对2007年7月29-30日,山西南部产生的特大暴雨的地闪特征进行了综合分析。发现：地闪出现在500hPa的5840gpm与5880gpm之间、TBB≤-43℃的区域内;低空急流左侧3个经距、700hPa暖切变南侧2-3个纬距所围区域与TBB≤-63℃的区域或云团南部TBB水平梯度的大值区相叠合的区域是地闪的高频数区和密集区,该区域与暴雨落区有较好的对应关系;3个中-β尺度对流云团和1个MCC是导致特大暴雨产生的主要对流系统。分析结果表明：两个中尺度云团合并的时刻是闪电频次更高的时刻,两个中尺度云团合并的地点是闪电频次更高更密集、降水更强的区域;利用单站每分钟的地闪累积数以及与加密雨量站每分钟雨量的关系,可以识别中-γ尺度对流系统,遥测小尺度强降水,提前35-40分钟预测雨强峰值的到来;只有在有利的高低层系统配置下,局地地闪频数与雨强随时间的变化才有很好的相关性。     

070729特大暴雨的地闪特征与降水相关分

利用闪电定位每分钟的实测资料、加密雨量站每分钟的雨量资料,以及卫星云图资料,对2007年7月29-30日,山西南部产生的特大暴雨的地闪特征进行了综合分析.发现:地闪出现在500hPa的5840gpm与5880gpm之间、TBB≤-43℃的区域内;低空急流左侧3个经距、700hPa暖切变南侧2～3个纬距所围区域与TBB≤-63℃的区域或云团南部TBB水平梯度的大值区相叠合的区域是地闪的高频数区和密集区,该区域与暴雨落区有较好的对应关系;3个中-β尺度对流云团和1个MCC是导致特大暴雨产生的主要对流系统.分析结果表明:两个中尺度云团合并的时刻是闪电频次更高的时刻,两个中尺度云团合并的地点是闪电频次更高更密集、降水更强的区域;利用单站每分钟的地闪累积数以及与加密雨量站每分钟雨量的关系,可以识别中-γ尺度对流系统,遥测小尺度强降水,提前35～40分钟预测雨强峰值的到来;只有在有利的高低层系统配置下,局地地闪频数与雨强随时间的变化才有很好的相关性.     

060814山西省局地大暴雨的地闪特征分析

利用闪电定位每分钟的实测资料和加密雨量站每分钟的雨量资料,对山西省2006年8月13~14日副热带高压东退南压过程中,产生的局地大暴雨过程的地闪特征进行了分析。结果表明:对流风暴中,负地闪出现在强度达40 dBz且与径向速度图的逆风区或附近正速度的大值区相重叠的区域内,正地闪出现在强度达30 dBz风暴后部的正速度小值区;混合性降水云系中,地闪出现在500 hPa 5880gpm与5840 gpm等高线所包围区域内的辐合带或逆风区,且正地闪靠近5840线一侧,负地闪靠近5880线一侧。局地地闪频数与雨强随时间的变化有很好的相关性,负地闪的出现及其频数的增加意味着影响该地区的对流风暴正在发展并向本地移来,地闪频数峰值的出现表示雨强峰值的迅速到来,正地闪的出现表示该对流风暴对本地区的影响即将结束。利用地闪频数峰值准确地预报强对流风暴产生的局地强降水只有30~45 min的提前量,而对于混合性强降水的预报则可有1~2 h的提前量;逆风区的水平尺度、垂直厚度、逆风区附近的正、负速度差值直接影响风暴降水的范围、强度和持续时间。     

一次云南强对流暴雨的中尺度特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及常规观测资料与雷达、卫星等非常规观测资料,综合分析了2014年6月6日云南暴雨过程的天气成因及中尺度对流系统特征。结果表明:500hPa前倾槽、700hPa切变线及地面冷锋是此次暴雨过程的天气尺度影响系统;高能高湿的对流不稳定层结、明显的垂直风向切变是强对流天气形成的有利条件;在Q矢量散度辐合区内多个β中尺度对流系统(MCS)发生发展,短时强降水主要出现在MCS移动方前沿对流活跃的云顶亮温(TBB)等值线密集区,雨强变化与TBB等值线梯度变化密切相关;多普勒雷达及地闪资料显示多个γ中尺度对流系统是强对流暴雨产生的直接影响系统,雷暴易发生于回波强度在35~45dBz、回波顶高超过10km的区域,中尺度辐合线、第二类γ中尺度辐合区附近负地闪密集区与短时强降水、雷暴天气有很好的对应关系。     

内蒙古典型暴雨过程的中尺度雨团观测分析

利用FY-2E逐时云顶黑体亮温资料 (TBB)、闪电定位资料、自动气象站资料和逐时降水资料,对2009—2013年6—8月内蒙古7例暴雨天气过程的中尺度雨团特征进行分析。结果表明:内蒙古暴雨的降水强度在1~3 h即可达到暴雨或大暴雨量级,中尺度雨团活动是内蒙古暴雨过程形成原因,而80%雨团活动是中尺度对流系统 (MCS) 造成的。MCS内TBB不超过-52℃冷云区和地闪密度大值中心对雨团强度和发展具有重要的指示作用,冷锋云系中MCS造成的雨团多原地生成和消亡,TBB不超过-52℃冷云区面积小,维持时间为2~8 h,地闪密度增长缓慢而且发生频次低;冷涡云系中雨团跳跃式出现在MCS冷云区或冷空气流入一侧,出现TBB不超过-62℃冷云区,雨团出现频次高,持续出现时间可长达24 h,地闪密度增长迅速且发生频次高。7次暴雨过程中约有60%雨团伴有地闪活动,地闪密度达到最大值时刻预示未来1~3 h最强雨团出现和MCS发展到成熟。地面加密风场中尺度辐合线先于MCS和雨团出现,中尺度辐合线造成的局地辐合可作为MCS发展的启动机制。     

一次东移高原低涡的天气动力学诊断分析

利用地面和高空常规观测资料、NCEP 1°× 1°再分析资料以及时空分辨率较高的 TBB 资料,对造成我国长江流域强降水的一次高原低涡东移过程进行了天气学和动力学诊断分析.主要分析了低涡移动、降水分布及水汽输送、假相当位温和湿位涡等物理量.分析表明此次高原低涡随其东部低槽移出高原,降水主要发生在低涡的东半侧并在低涡移出高原后增强.当低涡与热带气旋合并时,产生强降水,造成了长江流域的汛情.卫星 TBB 图与降水时段和落区对应较好.水汽通量散度场的分布较好地反映了水汽的集散情况,其辐合区与降水区相对应,强辐合中心与强降水中心一致,且强降水中心位于 850 hPa θse 等值线密集区和 500 hPa 的高能区.低涡降水的发生发展与湿位涡的时空演变有很好的对应关系,湿位涡正负区的叠置是低涡暴雨发展的有利形势,强降雨区发生在对流层低层湿位涡正压项的正值区东北和东南侧零线附近,而湿位涡斜压项的负值区对暴雨的落区和移动有一定指示意义.     

贵州西部地区初夏一次暖区暴雨特征分析

文章对2020年6月1日发生在贵州西部地区的一次暖区暴雨过程进行暖区暴雨特征及物理量诊断分析,结果表明：暴雨发生前贵州西部处于高能、高湿区,低层以偏南暖湿气流为主,大气层结不稳定,不稳定能量积聚,地面辐合线触发中尺度对流单体发展,形成MCS云团,造成此次暴雨天气。MCS云团发展和成熟期在其西南侧云顶亮温梯度迅速增大,对应短时强降水特征明显,强回波单体集中在地面辐合线南侧呈线状排列,具有回波质心低的强降水特征。辐合线上南风的增强和地形阻挡、抬升作用对局地短时强降水有加强作用。通过对水汽、大气层结和动力条件等物理量特征诊断发现,暖区暴雨过程前低层孟加拉湾和南海的水汽输送通道建立,暖区暴雨过程中500 hPa以下大气层结处于弱不稳定状态,强辐合上升高度位于700 hPa附近,斜压涡度发展明显,低层湿位涡中心大值区对强降水中心位置的确定有一定指示意义。     

内蒙古一次暴雨过程中尺度特征及成因分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、自动气象站资料、FY-2E逐时云顶亮温TBB资料和闪电定位资料,对2013年7月14-16日内蒙古暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明,此次暴雨过程58%的暴雨站点在2 h、3 h或6 h即达到暴雨量级,强降水造成的中尺度雨团和中尺度雨带是暴雨主要表现特征。强降水是冷锋云系或涡旋云系中不断生消的中尺度对流系统(MCS)直接造成的,在MCS发展和成熟阶段,雨团和地闪密度大值区位于TBB≤-52℃冷云区冷空气流入一侧,但MCS移出区域,也有雨团的出现,是由层状云引发的。地闪密度增加,MCS发展,雨强增强,地闪频次锐减,MCS开始消亡,雨强减弱。阻塞形势稳定、南亚高压东伸和西太平洋副热带高压位置偏北是MCS发生的有利行星尺度背景条件,低空急流日变化是造成强降水集中出现在前半夜至凌晨的主要原因。对流层低层高温高湿、位势不稳定层结和风垂直切变对MCS形成提供了有利环境场。地面中尺度"人"字形切变线形成的扰动机制先于MCS发生,MCS出现在暖式切变线南侧不稳定区,但对流层高层强辐散中心和低层强正涡度中心滞后于强降水峰值出现时刻3~4 h。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;