水冷壁管外壁大面积氧化皮形成原因分析

本文对某电厂样品水冷壁管和样品氧化皮进行了宏观检查、化学成分分析、力学性能检测、金相组织分析、SEM/EDS分析和XRD分析.试验结果和综合分析表明,水冷壁管发生了高温硫腐蚀,外壁形成大面积氧化皮.伴随着冷热循环和烟灰冲刷等综合作用,疏松氧化皮容易脱落.导致高温腐蚀的原因可能为燃烧时烟气中有较多含硫介质,并且处于还原性...     

300 MW墙式切圆锅炉水冷壁超温的数值模拟与燃烧优化

某300 MW四墙切圆燃烧锅炉在实际运行过程中一直存在着燃烧器区域的火焰刷墙与高温腐蚀现象,导致燃烧器区域水冷壁易超温,严重影响机组的安全运行.通过现场试验与数值模拟,分析了产生以上问题的原因,并针对性地提出了相应的燃烧器改造与优化方案.结果表明:造成水冷壁超温与高温腐蚀的主要原因是燃烧时火焰产生的切圆过大、火焰气流距...     

锅炉水冷壁结焦分析及处理措施

超临界墙式切圆锅炉投用后,不久发生了水冷壁管结焦现象,针对燃烧器布置特点,对一次风燃烧器喷口偏向炉心偏转19°,使假想切园直径变小.使煤粉充分燃烧,解决水冷壁结焦现象.     

锅炉不同配风方式下炉内高温腐蚀影响特性研究与运行防控

切圆燃烧锅炉不同配风方式对锅炉热效率和NO_x排放浓度的研究文献很多,但其对炉内整个燃烧区域高温腐蚀的影响特性的报道较少。以某660 MW超临界机组锅炉为研究对象,通过现场测试,研究了不同配风方式对NO_x排放浓度和炉膛水冷壁高温腐蚀的影响特性,并给予了炉内水冷壁高温腐蚀运行防控方面的指导。额定负荷运行工况下,建议AA托底风风门挡板开大,有利于控制冷渣斗区域水冷壁的高温腐蚀;开大周界风门挡板以及关小紧凑燃尽风(CCOFA)和分离燃尽风(SOFA)风门挡板,将缓解主燃烧器与燃尽风之间区域水冷壁、主燃烧器区域水冷壁和冷渣斗区域水冷壁的高温腐蚀,这将为同类型机组运行提供指导和借鉴。     

华能玉环电厂1000MW超超临界锅炉水冷壁超温分析与应对方案

高参数大容量燃煤锅炉水冷壁超温的主要原因是煤水比失调,水冷壁结焦、火焰偏斜以及水冷壁节流孔圈被金属氧化皮堵塞或异物堵塞造成流经该水冷壁管的给水量减少也是造成水冷壁超温的原因。从运行调整的角度主要采用调整配风、稳定燃烧、降低升降负荷的速率、防止燃烧剧烈变化等多种手段来控制水冷壁超温。     

负荷变化对900 MW超临界锅炉炉内燃烧影响的数值模拟

利用Fluent软件对1台900 MW四角切圆燃烧锅炉在不同负荷下炉内燃烧过程进行了数值模拟,分析了负荷变化对炉内流动和传热的影响规律.结果表明:在高负荷工况下运行时,炉内燃烧充分且稳定,但是炉内火焰更容易冲刷水冷壁,可能发生局部结渣现象;在低负荷工况下运行时,炉内火焰充满度较差,切圆燃烧的稳定性显著下降,炉膛水冷壁灰污表面温度也相应降低,水冷壁表面结渣的倾向弱化,沿高度方向水冷壁吸热不均匀性增大.由于该锅炉的低NOx燃烧器采用了分离燃尽风,使得高温区扩展,火焰中心高度比采用有关标准推荐的方法计算所得结果高4~5 m.     

超超临界锅炉燃烧器区水冷壁组件制造工艺研究

锅炉燃烧器区水冷壁的结构复杂,尤其是超超临界压力锅炉在该区域选用了新的材料,需要进行相关的焊接、工装设计等方面的研究.通过对外高桥项目的锅炉燃烧器区水冷壁制造工艺难点的分析,进行了针对性的工艺研究,从而制订专用工艺方案.通过控制工艺流程中的关键环节,调整工艺参数,保证了产品的制造进度和质量.另外,还就制造实践进行了总结,提出了可改进的方面,可为今后相似结构的燃烧器区水冷壁组件的制造积累经验.     

对冲燃烧锅炉侧墙水冷壁高温腐蚀原因的空气动力研究

空气分级对冲燃烧是电站锅炉的主要燃烧方式之一.实践表明,部分燃用优质烟煤的对冲燃烧锅炉运行中出现了严重的侧墙水冷壁高温腐蚀问题.分析研究了2种不同的主流对冲燃烧布置方案及其燃烧器特点,结合锅炉冷态空气动力场试验、燃烧调整试验,对2种低NOx旋流燃烧器煤粉气流的着火、混合、燃烧过程以及对硫分反应途径的影响进行对比分析,得...     

贴壁风对300MW锅炉炉内燃烧影响的研究

为了防止燃烧器下流水冷壁发生高温腐蚀现象,在主燃区上部布置二次风喷口两侧布置贴壁风。利用流体仿真软件,对锅炉贴壁风工况下的炉内速度、温度及组分分布进行了数值模拟计算,重点分析贴壁风对切圆、侧壁区还原性气氛的影响。结果表明,贴壁风扩大了水冷壁区域的氧气覆盖范围,提高了氧气的浓度,降低了还原性气氛的浓度。贴壁风引入后速度场分布无明显变化,对燃烧无明显影响。     

350 MW对冲燃烧锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀分析与治理

针对某发电有限公司2×350 MW对冲燃烧锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀及结焦的问题进行分析,燃烧器烧损导致炉内动力场不均火焰刷墙、硫分含量高、二次风压低、吹灰器蒸汽吹损等是引起高温腐蚀的主要成因.通过贴壁风改造及后续的优化改造后,锅炉两侧墙的主燃烧区水冷壁得到保护,H2S和CO浓度明显降低,水冷壁高温腐蚀情况缓解.优化改造后20...     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。