不同浓度饮水型砷暴露人群尿砷代谢产物的研究

目的 结合WHO推荐的饮水砷卫生标准(0.01 mg/L)和我国农村分散式供水采用的饮水砷卫生标准(0.05 mg/L),初步探讨不同浓度饮水砷暴露人群的砷代谢状况和甲基化水平.方法 于2008年10月选择山西高砷地区不同饮水砷浓度暴露的部分成年人为研究对象,高暴露组124人,饮水砷浓度≥0.05 mg/L;低暴露组154人,0.01 mg/L≤饮水砷浓度<0.05 mg/L;对照组70人,饮水砷浓度<0.01 mg/L.采用氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法检测其尿中不同形态的砷代谢产物.结果 随着饮水砷暴露浓度的升高,尿中各种形态砷代谢产物以及总砷含量也逐渐增高(P<0.05) .在同一水砷浓度暴露水平下,高暴露组中女性DMA,TAs含量以及SMR水平显著高于男性(P<0.05);低暴露组和对照组iAs、MMA、DMA、TAs含量、FMR和SMR水平在不同性别间差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).高暴露组中60岁～人群FMR水平显著高于18～39岁人群和40～49岁人群(P<0.05).而低暴露组与对照组内不同年龄段人群FMR和SMR水平均无显著差异(P>0.05).结论 成人在较高饮水砷暴露水平下,女性二甲基化能力高于男性,高年龄组显示甲基化能力增强.在低饮水砷暴露条件下,性别、年龄对机体甲基化能力未见明显影响.     

内蒙古不同浓度砷暴露人群尿砷代谢产物研究

目的 测定内蒙古地区饮用高砷水人群尿砷代谢产物，探讨不同人群砷代谢的特点。方法 采用氢化物发生原子吸收分光光度法检测尿中不同形态的砷代谢产物。结果 2个暴露组人群尿中无机砷（iAs，inorganic arserlic）、甲基砷（MMA，monomethylarsine）、二甲基砷（DMA．dimethylarsine）和总砷（TAs，total arserlic）均高于对照组（P〈0．05）；同样砷暴露水平下，尿中各形态砷含量及其相对比在不同性别问的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05），儿童DMA／MMA和DMA％高于成人（P〈0．05），MMA％低于成人（P〈0．05）；2个暴露组儿童、成人分别与对照组比较，暴露组MMA／ias、DMA／MMA、DMA／iAs、DMA％显降低（P〈0．05），而iAs％、MMA％显增高（P〈0．05）；高暴露组与低暴露组相比，儿童DMA／MMA、DMA／iAs、DMA％显增高（P〈0．05），iAs％、MMA％显降低（P〈0．05）。结论 相同砷暴露水平下，男女对砷的甲基化能力无差别，儿童二甲基化能力高于成人。高砷暴露可能降低人群对砷的生物甲基化能力。[编按]     

砷暴露人群总尿砷浓度与砷甲基化代谢水平关系的研究

目的探讨砷暴露人群总尿砷浓度与砷甲基化代谢水平间的相互关系。方法于2006年7月,选择在某工业性砷污染区居住5a以上并且近6个月内持续生活在该村的村民323人为研究对象,并分为儿童组(6～13岁)和成人组(18岁及以上)。采集空腹晨尿,采用氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定总砷(TAs)浓度,采用离子色谱氢化物发生原子荧光法测定尿中无机砷(InAs)、一甲基胂酸(MMA)和二甲基胂酸(DMA)含量。结果与成人组比较,儿童组尿中TAs含量、MMA相对百分比和MMA/InAs比值均较低,DMA相对百分比和DMA/MMA比值均较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。成人尿中TAs含量与MMA相对百分比和MMA/InAs的比值与尿TAs含量呈负相关(P<0.05),而DMA/MMA的比值与尿TAs含量呈正相关(P<0.01)。但儿童及18～39岁组尿中InAs、DMA、MMA相对百分比及DMA/MMA、MMA/InAs、OrgAs/InAs的比值与尿TAs含量未见统计学相关(P>0.05)。结论尿TAs浓度与砷的总甲基化水平可能呈负相关趋势,但年龄可能是这种相关趋势的混杂因素。     

饮水砷暴露孕期妇女的尿硒尿砷分布

无机砷是在地表水或地下水中发现的世界公认的毒物、致癌剂。砷暴露可以引起皮肤病变、生殖系统损害及癌症。人类砷代谢有2种途径:还原反应和甲基化反应,后者是在砷化物上加上甲基基团,形成单甲基砷酸和二甲基砷酸,单甲基砷酸、二甲基砷酸、In-A s从尿中排出。最近研究表明,尿中的另一种类金属物质硒与尿中砷的排出量和砷的甲基化分布有关。为探讨这种关系,在智利进行了砷和生殖效应的前瞻性研究,问卷调查了93个怀孕妇女,内容包括人口学资料、生活习惯以及其他信息。用ICP-M S方法对她们的尿样进行了砷和硒浓度的检测。双变量回归分析发现尿硒与尿砷存在相关性;多元线性回归分析显示,升高的尿硒水平与升高的尿总砷、升高的二甲基砷酸以及下降的In-A s水平有关。研究结果提示,在砷暴露人群中,硒摄入可能和尿中砷的排出有关,并有可能改变砷的甲基化代谢水平。     

成人饮水砷暴露与尿砷排泄量的关系

调查确定墨西哥北部雅基河流域成人饮水砷暴露与尿砷排泄量的关系。对该地区4个镇的常住户进行流行病学调查,并采集成人晨尿,分析尿中砷、无机砷(A s5 、A s3 )、甲基砷和二甲基砷,同时采集并分析饮用水的含砷量。经统计学分析日饮用水砷含量与尿砷排泄量呈正相关,检测分析尿中二甲基砷、无机砷和甲基砷分别占总砷的47.7%~67.1%、16.4%~25.4%和7.5%~15%,其中二甲基砷和甲基砷比已报道的文献均低。研究认为,该地区人群砷甲基转移酶的基因多态性导致不同砷代谢水平。     

高砷暴露致皮肤损伤人群尿砷代谢产物分析

目的 探讨高砷暴露致皮肤损伤人群尿砷代谢的特点.方法 应用氢化物发生.冷阱捕获.原子吸收分光光度法测定高砷暴露地Ⅸ(水砷浓度分别为0.21、0.24、0.36 mg/L)皮肤损伤组人群(77人)和未见皮肤损伤对照组人群(77人,性别、年龄1:1配比)尿中无机砷(iAs)、一甲基胂酸(MMA)和二甲基胂酸(DMA)含量.以iAs、MMA及DMA的总和表示总砷(tAs)水平;以iAs/tAs、MMMtAs和DMA/tAs分别计算iAs%、MMA%、DMA%;以(MMA+DMA)/tAs及DMM(MMA+DMA)分别计算一甲基化率(FMR)和二甲基化率(SMR)水平.结果 皮肤损伤组人群与对照组人群相比尿中各形态砷化合物及总砷含量差异无统计学意义(JD>0.05),而皮肤损伤组尿iAs%水平高于对照组,DMA%、FMR和SMR水平低于对照组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).皮肤损伤组人群中男性SMR水平显著低于女性,且尿中MMA%显著高于女性(P<0.05).结论 高砷暴露情况下,出现皮肤损伤症状的人群对砷的甲基化能力较低.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the characteristics of urine arsenic metabolism of people with skin lesion. Methods The levels of inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylated arsenic (MMA), dimethylated arsenic (DMA) in urine were detected with hydride generation-cold trap-atomic absorption spectroscopy among population exposed to higher levels of arsenide (0.24 ,0.36,0.21 mg/L), which consisted of skin lesion group(n=77) and non-skin lesion group (n=77,control group) in Apr.,2009 . Total arsenic (tAs) , iAs %, MMA%, DMA%, the first methylation ratio (FMR) and the secondary methylation ratio (SMR) were calculated as iAs + MMA+ DMA , iAs/tAs, MMA/tAs, DMA/tAs, (MMA + DMA)/ tAs and DMA/(MMA + DMA), respectively. Results No significant difference was observed in urinary concentrations of arsenic species and tAs between two groups (P>0.05), iAs% was much higher and the levels of FMR, SMR and DMA% were significantly lower in skin lesion group compared with the control (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in iAs% and SMR between males and females of the skin lesion group(P<0.05). Conclusion The arsenic methylation capacity of the persons with skin lesions is lower at high arsenic exposure.     

长期高砷暴露人群砷甲基化与皮肤损害关系的研究

目的探讨长期高砷暴露人群砷代谢差异与砷致皮肤损害之间的关系。方法随机选取某砷污染村庄常住居民327名,进行问卷调查和体格检查。二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸银比色法检测发总砷含量,离子色谱氢化物发生原子荧光法测定尿中四种砷代谢形态。结果发砷含量总体较高,但不同程度皮肤损害的4组间发砷含量差异无显著性;尿中DMA和MMA浓度随着年龄增加有上升的趋势,且与皮肤损害程度呈显著正相关,而无机砷浓度与皮肤损害未见显著相关;重度组人群尿中MMA相对比例显著高于其它3组,而重度组DMA/MMA比值显著低于对照组和轻度组;MMA比例与皮肤损害程度呈显著正相关,DMA/MMA比值与皮肤损害程度呈显著负相关;男性对砷的蓄积能力高于女性,但对砷的甲基化能力低于女性;40岁以上人群对砷的甲基化能力高于40岁以下成人;吸烟者和饮酒者对砷的甲基化代谢水平分别低于非吸烟者和非饮酒者。结论砷在人体内的甲基化代谢水平受性别、年龄、吸烟和饮酒等多因素影响;砷致皮肤损伤程度与砷在体内的甲基化程度有关。     

饮水型砷暴露对人群甲基化代谢能力的影响

目的探讨饮水型砷暴露对人群甲基化代谢能力的影响。方法以带有砷化物预处理装置的原子吸收分光光度计测定砷暴露人群及无砷暴露对照人群血、尿中无机砷(iAs)、甲基胂(MMA)、二甲基胂(DMA)含量。以iAs、MMA及DMA的总和表示总胂(tAs)水平;以(MMA+DMA)/tAs及DMA/(MMA+DMA)分别计算一甲基化率(PMI)和二甲基化率(SMI)水平。结果砷暴露人群血中iAs、MMA、DMA、tAs及PMI水平均显著高于相应对照人群的水平,而SMI水平显著低于对照人群。尿中MMA水平分别与血中PMI及SMI水平呈显著正相关(r=0.419,P<0.01)及负相关(r=-0.326,P<0.05)。暴露组和对照组血中各种砷化物水平及甲基化率水平在男女间差异无显著性。结论砷暴露人群与无砷暴露人群相比甲基化率有差异,PMI显著增高,SMI显著降低。人群甲基化率无显著性别差异。     

尿形态砷在砷暴露员工职业健康检查中的应用研究

目的通过对职业砷暴露作业工人健康指标及尿总砷(TAs)、尿形态砷水平测定分析,初步揭示人体内形态砷对人体健康的影响。方法选择2家有色金属冶炼企业(铅冶炼、锡冶炼各1)砷暴露作业工人(暴露组)137人为研究对象。暴露组中铅冶炼组40人,锡冶炼组97人;无砷接触者(小学教师)42人为对照组,进行尿总砷及尿价态砷测定及健康监护,并测定作业场所砷化合物浓度。并对尿总砷、尿价态砷与健康检查结果进行分析。结果暴露组锡、铅两冶炼厂检测岗位平均砷化合物浓度均超过国家职业卫生标准,分别为0.52 mg/m3、0.20 mg/m3;暴露组的TAs、DMA(二甲基砷酸盐)含量与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);暴露组及对照组尿中价态砷主要以DMA为主,均占形态砷含量的90%以上;车间空气中的砷化合物浓度与砷暴露工人尿总砷、DMA成正相关关系。随着总砷、DMA浓度的升高,转氨酶升高、血红细胞下降趋势;肝脏B超及心电图异常检出率亦随之升高。结论砷暴露的作业工人随着接触砷浓度增高,体内总砷、DMA随之增高,形态砷(特别是DMA)对肝脏、心脏、肾脏、红细胞等损害作用越明显。说明形态砷(特别是DMA)与砷暴露作业工人身体健康有一定的关系,因此,为进一步阐明形态砷的毒性作用,有必要在砷暴露作业工人职业健康体检中行尿形态砷检查。     

Speciation of Arsenic in Exfoliated Urinary Bladder Epithelial Cells from Individuals Exposed to Arsenic in Drinking Water

Background

The concentration of arsenic in urine has been used as a marker of exposure to inorganic As (iAs). Relative proportions of urinary metabolites of iAs have been identified as potential biomarkers of susceptibility to iAs toxicity. However, the adverse effects of iAs exposure are ultimately determined by the concentrations of iAs metabolites in target tissues.

Objective

In this study we examined the feasibility of analyzing As species in cells that originate in the urinary bladder, a target organ for As-induced cancer in humans.

Methods

Exfoliated bladder epithelial cells (BECs) were collected from urine of 21 residents of Zimapan, Mexico, who were exposed to iAs in drinking water. We determined concentrations of iAs, methyl-As (MAs), and dimethyl-As (DMAs) in urine using conventional hydride generation-cryotrapping-atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-CT-AAS). We used an optimized HG-CT-AAS technique with detection limits of 12–17 pg As for analysis of As species in BECs.

Results

All urine samples and 20 of 21 BEC samples contained detectable concentrations of iAs, MAs, and DMAs. Sums of concentrations of these As species in BECs ranged from 0.18 to 11.4 ng As/mg protein and in urine from 4.8 to 1,947 ng As/mL. We found no correlations between the concentrations or ratios of As species in BECs and in urine.

Conclusion

These results suggest that urinary levels of iAs metabolites do not necessarily reflect levels of these metabolites in the bladder epithelium. Thus, analysis of As species in BECs may provide a more effective tool for risk assessment of bladder cancer and other urothelial diseases associated with exposures to iAs.     

低浓度饮水砷暴露大鼠体内各脏器组织中砷的分布

目的 研究低浓度砷暴露大鼠体内各脏器组织中砷的分布情况.方法 将32只健康成年清洁级Wistar大鼠随机分为4组,分别为对照(自来水)组和低(50μg/L)、中(150μg/L)、高(450μg/L)浓度亚砷酸钠染毒组,每组8只,雌雄各半.采用自由饮水方式进行染毒,连续染毒4周,每只大鼠每日饮水量约37ml.染毒结束后...     

Urinary Excretion of Arsenic Species After Exposure to Arsenic Present in Drinking Water

The water from some drilled wells in southwest Finland contains high arsenic concentrations (min–max: 17–980 μg/L). We analyzed inorganic arsenic (As-i) and organic arsenic (monomethylarsonate [MMA] and dimethylarsinate [DMA]) species in urine and conducted a clinical examination of current users (n = 35) and ex-users (n = 12) of such wells. Ex-users had ceased to use the water from the wells 2–4 months previously. Urinary arsenic species were also analyzed from persons whose drinking water contained less than 1 μg/L of arsenic (controls, n = 9). The geometric means of the concentrations of total arsenic in urine were 58 μg/L for current users, 17 μg/L for ex-users, and 5 μg/L for controls. The excreted arsenic was associated with the calculated arsenic doses, and on average 63% of the ingested arsenic dose was excreted in urine. The ratios of MMA/DMA and As-i/As-tot (As-tot = As-i + MMA + DMA) in urine tended to be lower among the current users and in the higher exposure levels than in controls, suggesting that As-i was better methylated in current users. However, the differences were mainly explained by age; older persons were better methylators of inorganic arsenic than younger individuals. The arsenic content of hair correlated well with the past and chronic arsenic exposure; an increase of 10 μg/L in the arsenic concentration of the drinking water or an increase of 10–20 μg/day of the arsenic exposure corresponded to a 0.1 mg/kg increase in hair arsenic. The individuals were interviewed and complained of muscle cramps, mainly in the legs, and this was associated with elevated arsenic exposure. The present study demonstrates that arsenic methylation has no threshold at these exposure levels. Received: 3 July 1997/Accepted: 20 October 1997     

Arsenic in Mexican Children Exposed to Contaminated Well Water

This cross-sectional study measures the arsenic level in school children exposed to contaminated well water in a rural area in México. Arsenic was measured in hair by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Overall, 110 children were included (average 10 years-old). Among 55 exposed children, mean arsenic level on hair was 1.3 mg/kg (range <0.006–5.9). All unexposed children had undetectable arsenic levels. The high level of arsenic in water was associated to the level in hair. However, exposed children drank less well water at school or at home than unexposed children, suggesting that the use of contaminated water to cook beans, broths or soups may be the source of arsenic exposure.     

接触二硫化碳工人辨色错误得分水平及尿代谢物含量分析

目的为探讨长期接触CS2工人色觉功能及尿2-硫代塞唑烷-4-羧酸(TTCA)水平.方法应用FM100-HUE方法检测工人辨色能力,高效液相色谱测定工人班末尿中TTCA含量.结果CS2暴露组接触CS2时间加权平均浓度为15.53±6.29mg/m3.常规眼科检查未见特异损伤;FM100-HUE检查男、女工主要在5年～工龄段总错误得分水平、绿色及蓝色区带得分水平均显著高于同工龄段对照组(P＜0.05).暴露组女工尿TTCA含量低于男工(P＜0.01);15年工龄以上工人尿TTCA含量显著增高;10～15年工龄段男工尿TTCA含量与绿色区带的错误得分水平有一定相关性(P＜0.05).结论CS2对作业工人辨色力有一定影响,提示FM100-HUE辩色检查可作为低浓度CS2对视觉系统毒作用敏感的健康监测指标.     

Water Hyacinth Removes Arsenic from Arsenic-Contaminated Drinking Water

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) removes arsenic from arsenic-contaminated drinking water. This effect depends on several factors, such as the amount of water hyacinth, amount of arsenic present in the water, duration of exposure, and presence of sunlight and air. On the basis of the present study, the authors suggest that water hyacinth is useful for making arsenic-contaminated drinking water totally arsenic free. Water hyacinth provides a natural means of removing arsenic from drinking water at the household level without monetary cost.     

混凝沉淀法饮水除砷研究

本文采用两种混凝剂—氯化铁和硫酸铝对两种水质中两种价态的砷进行了除砷试验。结果表明:1.氯化铁去除很软水和硬水中0.34±0.01mg/L As~(5+)的适宜剂量分别为10和20mg/L左右;硫酸铝分别为40和60mg/L左右;2.氯化铁去除两种水质中0.33±0.01mg/L As~(3+)的适宜剂量分别为20和65mg/L左右;硫酸铝除As~(3+)的效率极低;3.As~(3+)用2.5mg/L的氯氧化后,其去除率与As~(5+)相似;4.两种混凝剂的除砷吸咐容量与砷平衡浓度的关系非常符合弗兰德利希吸咐等温式,说明其除砷机理是以吸咐沉淀为主。     

利用电吸附技术去除水中过量砷的研究

目的 防治饮用水中过量砷对人体健康的危害，方法 利用电吸附技术（EST）去除水中过量的砷，结果 小试和现场试验结果表明，原水砷含量为0.06-0.33mg/L时，出水砷含量均低于0.01mg/L，符合国家生活饮用水卫生标准的要求。结论 电吸附技术效果稳定，操作简便，成本低于其他离子去除技术，可在高砷地区推广应用。