等通道径角挤压纯钛的力学性能

采用自行设计的模具对TA1进行二道次等通道径角挤压(ECAP)实验。采用B路径在温度400℃⁴20℃、挤压速度1mm/min的条件下对边长10mm的方形棒材进行处理,研究挤压变形后微观组织对力学性能的影响。结果表明,工业纯钛经过二道次ECAP变形后,晶粒明显细化,由初始的等轴晶逐渐演变为拉长的晶粒、孪晶交割、板条状组织和细晶组织,且道次增加,板条间距越细小;抗拉强度显著提高,二道次ECAP后的抗拉强度达1240MPa,同时硬度达到319HV,且塑性为16.7%。疲劳极限强度由原始的220MPa提高到280MPa,提高了27.3%。     

Deformation mechanisms of pure Ti during equal channel angular pressing

The microstructural development of commercially pure titanium was investigated to elucidate the mechanisms of grain refinement and strain accommodation during equal channel angular pressing. The samples were processed at 623 K via route C, in which the sample was rotated 180° around its longitudinal axis between the passes. TEM micrographs of the sample undergoing the first pass revealed that the strain imposed by the pressing is accommodated mainly by {1011} deformation twinning. During the second pass, the deformation mechanism was changed to dislocation slip. TEM analysis indicated that the slip system consisted of alternating twin bands containing dislocations ofa slip on a prismatic plane and ofa+c slip on a pyramidal plane. Microstructural evolution in commercially pure titanium subjected to equal channel angular pressing was discussed based on the preferred orientation formed during the first pass and resolved shear stress for the slip systems.     

Deformation twins in pure titanium processed by equal channel angular pressing

The structure of $\text{{1}\text{0}\text{1}\text{̄}\text{1}}$ deformation twins in commercially pure titanium processed by equal channel angular pressing was examined by high resolution electron microscopy in an attempt to explain the accommodation of shear strain imposed by the pressing. The results indicate that various twinning dislocations were activated to produce twins that accommodated the imposed shear strain.     

Refinement and consolidation of pure Al particles by equal channel angular pressing and torsion

Consolidation of pure Al powder was conducted at 200 °C by equal channel angular pressing and torsion (ECAPT) method. The grain refinement and consolidation behavior were deeply investigated by scan electronic microscopy (SEM) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The density, hardness and room temperature compression properties of the deformed samples were measured. The experiment results show that ECAPT is an effective method of consolidating powders at relatively low temperatures. Pure Al particles are successfully consolidated into dense bulk material after 4 passes of ECAPT at 200 °C. The consolidated material possesses fine grain structure and excellent mechanical properties. The refinement and consolidation mechanisms were analyzed. ECAPT is a promising method to produce the high-performance bulk materials from particles.     

纯铜等通道转角挤压工艺有限元分析与实验

利用数值模拟和实验研究方法分析圆形纯铜挤压件多道次等通道转角挤压(ECAP)工艺,发现多道次挤压获得的挤压件形变充分,形变分布较为均匀。通过分析挤压件截面的等效应变值与分布,发现模具的内角对挤压后材料等效应变值的影响较大,当内角为90°时,材料单次挤压的等效应变值达1.40,是内角为135°时的2.3倍,但材料的均匀性相对较差;挤压路径和通道形状对挤压后材料的形变均匀性至关重要,Bc路径和圆形通道效果最佳,不易形成应力集中等现象;挤压次数增加,材料的累积应变值和均匀性显著提高。实验中,挤压后棒材的横截面与表面的显微硬度值分别由原始的99HV上升至145HV和148HV,变化趋势与有限元模拟结果吻合。     

等径角挤压过程的计算机模拟

等径角挤压可以在不改变材料横截面的情况下使其反复产生严重的塑性变形,从而降低材料的晶粒尺寸,是制备块体超细晶材料的新工艺。该文采用DEFORM程序对等径角挤压过程进行了模拟,分析了挤压过程中材料的应力、应变、挤压力等的变化及其分布,为今后的研究打下了基础。     

A modified die for equal channel angular pressing

Tensile stress occurs in the vicinity of upper surface of the specimen in the severe plastic deformation zone, which increases the cracking and fracture tendency of the specimen and impedes the further ECAP processing. In this paper, the conventional ECAP die (Ψ = 16° and Φ = 90°) was modified to eliminate the tensile stress and enhance the compressive stress in the severe plastic deformation zone, therefore reducing the cracking and fracture tendency of the specimen. Finite element analysis demonstrated that the stress state changes from tensile to strongly compressive when using the modified die. A modified die was made and employed to extrude the commercially pure aluminum to verify its effectiveness experimentally. The billet was successfully extruded for 20 passes without obvious surface defects with the modified die, compared to 13–14 passes at most for the conventional die. Consequently, much more fine and uniform microstructure was obtained with the average grain size of 200–300 nm, while the average grain size is ～500 nm in the case of using the conventional die.     

等通道角挤压中纯铜的晶粒取向演变及织构起伏效应

用XRD和EBSD对等通道角挤压(ECAP)过程中纯铜(99.9%)的晶粒取向变化进行研究,对挤压后的组织和晶粒取向变化机理进行分析。结果表明:纯铜经路径A挤压时,随着应变量的增大,晶粒在细化的同时原始〈101〉织构逐渐减弱,材料均匀性提高;从小角度向大角度晶界转变过程中,晶界取向差分布的峰值不断向大角度晶界的均值(40°)移动,逐渐呈现正态分布特征,取向差梯度逐渐减小;挤压过程中,织构的形成是动态过程,存在织构起伏效应,其强度和方向与材料的应变状态密切相关。认为织构起伏效应是材料晶体结构、晶界特征以及晶粒聚集状态在一定的温度和外力作用下的综合应变反映;材料内部新织构的产生与消失是晶群在受到外力作用后偏聚方向发生变化、内应力向相邻晶界传递的过程中,原来的聚集状态被破坏所致。     

纯铝等径角挤扭新工艺变形

等径角挤扭(ECAPT)是结合等径角挤压(ECAP)和挤扭(TE)两种典型的大塑性变形(SPD)工艺而产生的一种新型细晶材料制备技术。利用刚塑性有限元技术对纯铝1100ECAPT工艺变形特征进行模拟研究,获得了等效应变和等效应力的大小及分布规律,分析了挤压载荷随变形时间的变化规律及其对试样变形的影响。结果显示,在模具拐角和螺旋通道处,等效应变得到有效积累,最终呈层状分布,且相对较为均匀,应变分布均匀性也得到一定改善,等效应力在上述两处区域达到最大。采用纯铝进行室温3道次ECAPT实验,测量试样显微组织和力学性能的变化。结果表明,实验结果与模拟结果具有较好的一致性;晶粒得到了明显细化,屈服强度、抗拉强度与显微硬度等力学性能得到明显提高,但试样塑性略有降低。     

纯钨闭塞式双通道等径角挤压数值模拟及实验研究

采用数值模拟的方法分析单道次纯钨闭塞式双通道等径角挤压工艺的变形特点,并对比等径角挤压工艺和双通道等径角挤压工艺经过Bc路径4道次变形后的应变积累和分布特点。同时,为验证有限元模拟的准确性,开展了物理实验。结果表明,闭塞式双通道等径角挤压变形过程可分为初始阶段、镦粗成形阶段、剪切变形阶段和最终成形阶段。3种工艺经4道次变形后均发生较大的应变积累,但是由于闭式模膛对试样头部的镦粗作用,闭塞式双通道等径角挤压经过4道次变形后等效应变量最大,且等效应变分布最均匀。通过对模具应力的分析,闭塞式双通道等径角挤压和双通道等径角挤压工艺可以有效解决等径角挤压工艺冲头偏载问题,且试样经闭塞式双通道等径角挤压变形后具有较大的静水压力,提高了纯钨塑性,有利于进行多道次变形。闭塞式双通道等径角挤压工艺变形后的试样可分为4个区域:剪切变形区、伸长变形区、头部小变形区和尾部未变形区。     

Improving the properties of magnesium alloys by equal channel angular pressing

Some aspects of grain refinement in the process of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) are considered. Characteristics of strength, fatigue, and superplasticity of magnesium alloys AZ31, ZK60, and AS21X are studied. The possibilities of increasing the rate of hydrogen absorption by alloy ZK60 after ECAP treatment are discussed.     

等径角挤压制备CuCrZr合金的抗软化性能

研究了CuCrZr合金等径角挤压(ECAP)后的微观组织演变及软化温度.结果表明,固溶态CuCrZr合金经路线B_c(每挤一道次后试样沿同一方向旋转90°)等径角挤压10道次后组织细化至亚微米级,超细晶晶粒较为等轴、均匀.等径角挤压10道次后合金的软化温度约为530℃,但550℃时,合金的硬度仍高达161HV,这说明ECAP后合金的抗软化能力并没有降低.因为ECAP促进了时效时析出相的析出,使得析出相更为弥散、细小,从而提高了合金的力学性能.     

挤压和等通道角挤压制备高强度Mg_(97)Y_2Zn_1镁合金

采用常规挤压和等通道角挤压工艺加工得到高强度Mg97Y2Zn1镁合金。结果表明:常规挤压后,镁合金晶粒尺寸为0.5～2.0μm,屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率分别达到352MPa、413MPa和10%。常规挤压后再经过等通道角挤压,晶粒尺寸被进一步细化到300～400nm,屈服强度和抗拉强度进一步提高到400MPa和450MPa。在铸态、常规挤压态和等通道角挤压态的Mg97Y2Zn1合金中,都发现有长周期有序的精细层状结构存在,其产生与基体中溶有少量Y和Zn元素有关。晶粒细化和精细层状结构的存在是材料高强度的原因。     

旋锻对等径弯曲通道变形纯钛的显微组织及力学性能的影响

在室温下经4道次等径弯曲通道变形(ECAP)及旋锻复合变形制备超细晶纯钛。利用透射电子显微镜、拉伸试验测试和显微硬度测试等方法对比研究了旋锻对ECAP变形纯钛的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:ECAP变形后形成宽度约为400 nm的板条组织,板条边界位错密度明显较高,硬度值急剧增加;旋锻使ECAP剪切变形形成的板条组织消失,晶粒显著细化、晶界逐渐清晰,获得平均晶粒尺寸约为200 nm的等轴状超细晶组织,旋锻变形后的组织更均匀,位错密度较低,硬度值略有下降;旋锻变形使ECAP变形纯钛屈服强度和抗拉强度明显增大,增幅分别为26. 3%和17%,塑性降低,伸长率约为12. 3%。     

等通道转角分流模挤压AZ31镁合金管材

采用等通道转角挤压(ECAP)技术改良了传统挤压模具分流孔;通过螺旋槽焊合模腔,挤出了壁厚2 mm的管材。研究了镁合金的组织变化及材料的性能。结果表明:挤压态合金组织均匀,晶粒细小(平均晶粒尺寸约为12.5μm)。等通道转角挤压的细化晶粒过程、动态再结晶以及退火再结晶使合金具有良好的组织结构和力学性能。挤压态试样断口呈现为脆性解理断裂方式,退火态试样断口则表现为脆性和韧性混合断裂机制。     

连续ECAP技术制备超细晶铝

探讨一种连续等通道角挤压(ECAP)新技术,实现了纯铝的无限长度连续大变形,制备出具有超细晶结构的金属材料。组织和性能检测表明:在连续ECAP变形一道次后,在晶粒内部形成了直径为650~900 nm且内部基本无位错的亚晶,但部分大晶粒内部仍存在高密度的位错网,材料硬度提高了87%;经过4道次连续ECAP变形后,亚晶并未进一步细化,但亚晶界趋于平直、清晰,且亚晶内部基本未见位错组织,材料硬度提高也不显著;与传统ECAP相比,连续ECAP工艺由于具有较高的变形区温度,促进了晶内位错的反应即动态回复过程,较早形成了平直清晰的亚晶结构,同时伴随每道次变形过程的动态回复也降低了最后晶格中累积的能量,使变形两道次后的组织和性能变化不显著。     

纯铝粉末材料单道次等径角挤扭变形的微观组织

对纯铝粉末材料进行200℃单道次等径角挤扭(ECAPT)变形实验研究。采用光学显微镜(OM)、电子背散射技术(EBSD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察和分析变形组织微观结构的变化规律,获得有关晶粒形貌、晶粒尺寸以及晶粒取向分布的信息。结果表明：ECAPT工艺对粉末材料具有强烈的致密和细化效果,1道次ECAPT变形后组织接近完全致密,晶粒细化效果明显,平均晶粒尺寸约为5.2μm;晶粒尺寸分布不均匀,亚晶界和小角度晶界所占比例较高;变形组织内部形成了明显的择优取向,沿剪切方向均匀对称分布,以剪切织构类型为主;200℃条件下,纯铝粉末材料单道次 ECAPT 变形过程中,晶粒的显著细化主要得益于材料组织所承受的剧烈剪切变形和内部所累积的大量有效应变。