六自由度机械臂的运动规划

为了使六自由度机械臂完成特定的动作,需要设计计算相应的指令序列.首先计算了机械臂位姿与指尖位置之间的关系公式,然后针对机械臂的到达问题、沿曲线运动问题和避障问题,分别提出目标位姿预测、曲线离散到达和受限目标到达三种解决方法,其中涉及的关键算法是自适应搜索法,该方法具有效率高、精度高、适用范围广的特点.在产生指令序列时采用贪心算法.通过以上方法得到的执行结果误差很小(<0.8mm),同时搜索收敛速度也很快.     

基于几何分析的机械臂运动路径规划问题研究

设计了分步-搜索逼近算法,解决了六自由度机械臂的位姿逆运算问题,使机械臂完成指尖到达指定目标点、沿指定曲线轨迹移动等动作.针对避障问题,设计了扫描截面的避碰算法.在此基础上,给出了机械臂作业的通用算法,并对所建模型和算法进行了实际检验.最后,分析了机械臂的设计参数,并提出了改进建议.     

机械臂运动路径设计

采用D-H方法推导出了机械臂角度姿态与指尖空间位置的关系,以距离偏差为目标,建立了给定位置求机械臂参数的优化模型,并提出了二分步长接近式搜索算法求解该模型.进一步从实际工程精度要求出发,提出了确定精度求指令的方法.针对按照确定曲线运行的问题,采取了离散曲线而且相邻离散点之间一条指令可达的方法,并用改进的二分步长接近式搜索算法来求解.提出了解决避障问题的启发式算法和位姿空间变换法.还对机械臂结构进行了理论分析及论证,根据分析结果,针对旋转角度范围、角度量化、杆长选择等方面提出了一些建议.     

基于DMP-RRT的机械臂轨迹学习与避障方法

针对机械臂在工作空间中运动轨迹规划难的问题,文章提出了一种基于示教学习的轨迹学习与避障方法,该方法融合了高斯混合模型(GMM)、动态运动基元(DMP)和快速扩展随机树(RRT)方法.通过GMM表征预处理后的轨迹数据集,提取运动特征,优化轨迹点分布并回归生成示教轨迹.利用DMP模型对优化轨迹进行编码,学习生成复现轨迹,并...     

平面常宽凸体的构造

该文首先定义了一类平面曲线"杠杆轮"与它的臂函数,并利用臂函数给出杠杆轮的参数表示.其次,证明了杠杆轮是平面常宽曲线的一种等价刻画.最后,表明Reuleaux多边形是臂函数为分段常函数的一类杠杆轮,进而构造出偶数边的Reuleaux多边形.     

基于遗传算法的串联机械臂运动学参数标定

对机械臂的连杆参数进行标定可以有效减小由运动学参数不准确引起的机械臂定位误差.文章提出一种基于遗传算法的机械臂关节参数标定方法.首先建立机械臂运动学模型和误差模型,得到关节变量误差的表达式.通过NDI三维动态位移测量系统检测机械臂末端执行器的真实位姿以及各个关节实际旋转角度,作为样本.构建遗传算法的适应度函数,采用遗传算法计算出各关节变量的误差.最后,将该误差用于补偿六自由度串联机械臂真实的连杆参数,多组实验数据证明应用标定后的连杆参数完成机械臂的定位控制可以有效提高机械臂的绝对定位精度.     

六关节机械臂运动路径设计

就关节式机械臂指尖在任意两点间移动、沿固定曲线移动、机械臂绕开障碍物执行任务以及参数优化等问题展开研究.首先确定了自由度组合到指尖空间位置的映射,建立了求解上述问题的最小二乘模型、泛函条件极值模型,并给出了数值解法.最后,结合图像处理等技术,对各参数的优化设计提出了改进措施.     

移动机械臂的层级聚合建模方法研究

移动机械臂因机械臂在动态作业过程中的耦合效应会影响移动平台的运动特性，增加了整个系统的复杂度和非线性，给系统建模带来了极大挑战.为此提出了一种新的层级聚合建模方法.该方法依据分析力学中Udwadia-Kalaba(U-K)理论的层级属性，首先将移动机械臂划分为3个子系统，并分别利用Lagrange方程建立各自的无约束动力学模型，然后基于移动机械臂机械结构上的约束利用Udwadia-Kalaba基本方程(UKE)建立整体系统模型.此外，针对系统存在初始条件偏差的情况，利用基于Lyapunov稳定性理论来补偿初始条件偏差，以达到收敛理想轨迹的目的.仿真结果验证了该文所提出的建模方法的可行性.     

区域约束环境下柔性关节机械臂的一致性控制

文章研究了柔性关节机械臂在区域约束条件下的一致性控制问题,提出了一种基于区域势函数约束环境下的柔性关节机械臂一致性控制算法,该算法能够有效控制柔性机械臂同步态的范围,无需计算最终的同步态,因而适用于实际多柔性关节机械臂区域内的协同控制和应用.进一步地,基于网络拓扑结构特征,给出了实现柔性关节机械臂区域可达一致性控制的充分条件.最后,文章给出了数值模拟以验证所提算法的有效性和正确性.     

机械臂运动路径设计问题

主要运用最优化的思想对机械臂运动路径的设计问题进行了讨论.首先利用空间几何知识,得出了机械臂末端的空间位置与各关节角度间的关系,然后就不同问题进行具体分析后分别建立了最优化模型并设计了相应算法,根据模型和算法并采用逐步缩小搜索范围等方法对各个问题进行了求解.最后,从提高机械臂灵活性和扩大其适用范围方面提出了改进建议.     

Mathematical modeling and trajectory planning of mobile manipulators with flexible links and joints

This paper is concerned with mathematical modeling and optimal motion designing of flexible mobile manipulators. The system is composed of a multiple flexible links and flexible revolute joints manipulator mounted on a mobile platform. First, analyzing on kinematics and dynamics of the model is carried out then; open-loop optimal control approach is presented for optimal motion designing of the system. The problem is known to be complex since combined motion of the base and manipulator, non-holonomic constraint of the base and highly non-linear and complicated dynamic equations as a result of the flexible nature of both links and joints are taken into account. In the proposed method, the generalized coordinates and additional kinematic constraints are selected in such a way that the base motion coordination along the predefined path is guaranteed while the optimal motion trajectory of the end-effector is generated. This method by using Pontryagin’s minimum principle and deriving the optimality conditions converts the optimal control problem into a two point boundary value problem. A comparative assessment of the dynamic model is validated through computer simulations, and then additional simulations are done for trajectory planning of a two-link flexible mobile manipulator to demonstrate effectiveness and capability of the proposed approach.     

Generating a reference trajectory with defined kinematics for the IRb-6 manipulator

The fundamental problem in industrial robots control concerns algorithms generating reference trajectories.References [1–4] suggest generating algorithms of a reference trajectory, which are based on an arbitrary discretization of the manipulator's internal coordinates. Each point of discretization in the external space approximating a reference trajectory corresponds to known discretized internal coordinates of the manipulator.In [5–7], iteration methods of determining the internal coordinates corresponding to external coordinates of the reference trajectory point have been suggested. In this method of internal coordinates, determining the point of the reference trajectory is being approached in successive steps of an iterative computation. In [5], a modified iterative method of generation of a straight segment reference trajectory has been presented.Analytic formulae, which are the solution of an inverse problem of manipulator kinematics, enable design of trajectory generating algorithms which compute, in one step only, the internal coordinates of points lying exactly on the reference trajectory, with the accuracy resulting from the computer register length.In this paper, the author has presented an original PLAN2 computer algorithm generating reference trajectories of motion for a task. The kinematics of those trajectories is defined at selected points through which a task is to be passed, the distances between them being optional. The algorithm is based on formulae which are analytic solutions to an inverse problem for an IRb-6 manipulator kinematics.     

Hermite G 1 rational spline motion of degree six

Applying geometric interpolation techniques to motion construction has many advantages, e.g., the parameterization is chosen automatically and the obtained rational motion is of the lowest possible degree. In this paper a G ¹ Hermite rational spline motion of degree six is presented. An explicit solution of nonlinear equations that determine the spherical part of the motion is derived. Particular emphasis is placed on the construction of the translational part of the motion. Since the center trajectory is a G ¹ continuous for an arbitrary choice of lengths of tangent vectors, additional free parameters are obtained, which are used to minimize particular energy functionals. Thenumerical examples provide an evidence that the obtained motions have nice shapes.     

Energy-Optimal Multi-Goal Motion Planning for Planar Robot Manipulators

In this work, the energy-optimal motion planning problem for planar robot manipulators with two revolute joints is studied, in which the end-effector of the robot manipulator is constrained to pass through a set of waypoints, whose sequence is not predefined. This multi-goal motion planning problem has been solved as a mixed-integer optimal control problem in which, given the dynamic model of the robot manipulator, the initial and final configurations of the robot, and a set of waypoints inside the workspace of the manipulator, one has to find the control inputs, the sequence of waypoints with the corresponding passage times, and the resulting trajectory of the robot that minimizes the energy consumption during the motion. The presence of the waypoint constraints makes this optimal control problem particularly difficult to solve. The mixed-integer optimal control problem has been converted into a mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem first making the unknown passage times through the waypoints part of the state, then introducing binary variables to enforce the constraint of passing once through each waypoint, and finally applying a fifth-degree Gauss–Lobatto direct collocation method to tackle the dynamic constraints. High-degree interpolation polynomials allow the number of variables of the problem to be reduced for a given numerical precision. The resulting mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem has been solved using a nonlinear programming-based branch-and-bound algorithm specifically tailored to the problem. The results of the numerical experiments have shown the effectiveness of the approach.     

Mathematical modelling and dynamic response of a multi-straight-line path tracing flexible robot manipulator with rotating-prismatic joint

In this study, mathematical modelling and dynamic response of a flexible robot manipulator with rotating-prismatic joint are investigated. The tip end of the flexible robot manipulator traces a multi-straight-line path under the action of an external driving torque and an axial force. Considered robot manipulator consists of a rotating prismatic joint and a sliding flexible arm with a tip mass. Flexible arm is assumed to be an Euler–Bernoulli beam carrying an end-mass. Equations of motion of the flexible manipulator are obtained by using Lagrange’s equation of motion. Effect of rotary inertia, axial shortening and gravitation is considered in the analysis. Equations of motion are solved by using fourth order Runge–Kutta method. Numerical simulations obtained by using a developed computer program are presented and physical trend of the results are discussed.     

基于小波分析的空间机械臂运动规划的最优控制

讨论了空间机械臂系统非完整运动规划的最优控制问题.利用小波分析方法,将离散正交小波函数引入最优控制,由小波级数展开式逼近替代传统的Fourier基函数,提出基于小波分析的最优控制数值算法.仿真结果表明,该方法对求解空间机械臂非完整运动规划问题是有效的.     

Dynamic Modeling and Tracking Control of 2-Joint Manipulators in Ocean Current Environment北大核心CSCD

The hydrodynamic performance of the underwater manipulator is greatly influenced by the current load. The underwater environment is assumed to be a still water environment and the current load is only considered as a simple random disturbance in the current control research, and the traditional control precision is usually rather low. Based on the Lagrange method and the Newton-Euler method, a dynamic model for 2-joint manipulators in the uniform ocean current environment was derived. In view of the relative motion of the ocean current and the manipulator, the Morison formula was introduced to calculate the water resistance and the inertia force of the ocean current on the manipulator. Based on this dynamic model, the sliding mode control strategy was used to achieve accurate tracking of the ideal trajectory of the manipulator. The simulation results show that, compared with the PD (proportional derivative) control, the sliding mode control strategy has better control effects. © 2023 Editorial Office of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. All rights reserved.     

An adaptive sliding mode backstepping control for the mobile manipulator with nonholonomic constraints

To solve disturbances, nonlinearity, nonholonomic constraints and dynamic coupling between the platform and its mounted robot manipulator, an adaptive sliding mode controller based on the backstepping method applied to the robust trajectory tracking of the wheeled mobile manipulator is described in this article. The control algorithm rests on adopting the backstepping method to improve the global ultimate asymptotic stability and applying the sliding mode control to obtain high response and invariability to uncertainties. According to the Lyapunov stability criterion, the wheeled mobile manipulator is divided into several stabilizing subsystems, and an adaptive law is designed to estimate the general nondeterminacy, which make the controller be capable to drive the trajectory tracking error of the mobile manipulator to converge to zero even in the presence of perturbations and mathematical model errors. We compare our controller with the robust neural network based algorithm in nonholonomic constraints and uncertainties, and simulation results prove the effectivity and feasibility of the proposed method in the trajectory tracking of the wheeled mobile manipulator.     

The problem of the time-optimal turning of a manipulator

Two types of manipulator that perform three-dimensional motions are considered, and the control problem in which the manipulator rotation is performed in minimum time is studied. The rate of rotation of a rigid body about an axis rises as the moment of inertia about this axis falls. Manipulator control amounts to a problem of the rotation of a system of rigid bodies about an axis. In addition to the angle of rotation, there is a further controlled coordinate, whose variation can vary the moment of inertia about the axis. Assuming that the moment of inertia can be stantaneously “frozen” (that pulse control signals are possible), the in-time-optimal control modes were found in /1, 2/, (see also Akulenko, L.D. et al., “Optimization of the control modes of manipulation robots”, Preprint 218, In-t. Problem Mekhaniki Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow 1983). In these modes, the rotation, occurs in the entire time interval with minimum moment of inertia about the axis of rotation. The rotation when there are constraints on the control (pulse control signals are not permitted) was considered in /3/. Numerical studies there led to the false conclusion that, in the optimal motion, with a finite number of control switchings, the moment of inertia is also a minimum throughout the time interval. Below, for a set of extreme configurations, a control is constructed for the two types of manipulator, which satisfies the Pontryagin maximum principle, when there are constraints on the control signals. During its rotation the manipulator section then performs oscillations about a position corresponding to minimum moment of inertia about the axis of rotation. It is shown that the motion considered in /3/, which contains a singular mode with minimum moment of inertia, is not optimal. The motion which satisfies the maximum principle is compared with it. There can be a singular mode in the optimal motion /4/ only when the number of control switchings is infinite.