银纳米线初始结构对拉伸形变和断裂分布的影响

采用分子动力学方法模拟了4种初始结构的银纳米线沿[1 1 1]晶向拉伸的行为.考察了初始结构对位错产生和发展的影响,并进一步讨论其与最终断裂位置分布的关系.结果显示,单晶银纳米线的初始位错产生于表面并向两端发展,滑移面到达固定层后受阻,产生反射.应力持续集中于纳米线两端,进而产生颈缩,并最终导致在两端近似对称的断裂分布.与其相比,单孪晶界阻碍滑移发展,缩短了塑性形变的过程.位错在孪晶界迅速聚集形成局域熔融团簇,进而形成颈缩,而体系的其他位置则没有足够的应变响应时间,因此断裂集中在孪晶界,并呈理想的高斯分布.相对能量较高的小尺寸缺陷对纳米线初始位错的产生和发展无明显影响,仅在形变中期起到加强作用.单晶中的小尺寸缺陷没有改变应力分布,其对断裂分布的相对峰高略有影响.含缺陷的孪晶纳米线中,两者相互作用加强了应力集中,使最终断裂位置分布的半峰宽变窄.不同初始结构对金属纳米线的影响呈多样性,其相互作用的强弱也与具体微结构密切相关.     

单晶铜线材在冷拉拔变形过程中的组织演化

采用光学金相、电子背散射衍射和透射电子显微镜对单晶铜线材拉拔变形的组织演化进行了分析. 发现单晶铜线材除了有少量的晶界之外, 还有枝晶和少量生长孪晶, 但凝固过程中所产生的枝晶在变形组织中却很难观察到. 在室温下拉拔变形过程中, 单晶铜线材的组织演化可分为 3 个阶段, 当真应变小于0.94时, 宏观尺度上晶粒没有发生明显的分裂, 从微观尺度上讲, 组织的演化为位错胞形成以及沿拉丝方向拉长的变形阶段; 真应变为0.94~1.96时, 宏观上出现晶粒分裂, 微观上胞块和沿{111}的MBs开始增多; 真应变大于1.96时, 宏观上晶粒分裂加剧, 形成纤维状组织, 微观上出现剪切变形的S带. 随变形量的增加, 由晶粒竞争生长形成的á100ñ丝织构转变为á100ñ, á111ñ以及比较弱的á112ñ丝织构, 剪切变形是织构组分转变的原因. 变形形成的界面, 其角度随变形量增加而增大. 真应变为0.94时, 界面属于小角度界面; 真应变为1.96时, 界面角度超过50°, 并在25°~30°高角度范围出现了由织构演化所形成的第2个峰.     

钢的氢致沿晶断裂理论

氢通过应力诱导扩散富集在晶界降低沿晶裂纹形核表面能;与此同时通过氢促进局部塑性变形使应变局部化,从而降低塑性变形功.由此可导出氢致沿晶断裂规一化门槛值(K_(IH)/K_(IC))~2=1-0.162×10~(-3))β_HCσ(H)G_H/(2r_S-r_b-0.16×10~(-3).∑β_iC_iG_i),其中β_H和β_i是氢和其他元素在晶界的富集系数,Cσ(H)是应力诱导扩散富集的氢浓度,C_i是钢中各元素平均浓度,G_H和G_i是氢和其他元素的沿晶断裂功参数,r_s是Fe的表面能,r_b是Fe的晶界能.对油管钢,实验测出K_(IH)/K_(IC)=0.26.根据实验测出的β_i值,按上式所算出的K_(IH)/K_(IC)=0.23,这与实验值基本一致.     

Room temperature ferromagnetism of Ni,(Ni,Li),(Ni,N)-doped ZnO thin films

Ni-doped ZnO thin films (Ni concentration up to 10 mol%) were generated on Si (100) substrates by a sol-gel technique. The films showed wurtzite structure and no other phase was found. The chemical state of Ni was found to be bivalent by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results of magnetic measurements at room temperature indicated that the films were ferromagnetic, and magnetic moment decreased with rise of Ni concentration. The magnetization of Ni (10 mol%)-doped ZnO film annealed in nitrogen was low...     

Boltzmann's ergodic hypothesis

Summary Boltzmann's ergodic hypothesis is usually understood as the assumption that the trajectory of an isolated mechanical system runs through all states compatible with the total energy of the system. This understanding of Boltzmann stems from the Ehrenfests' review of the foundations of statistical mechanics in 1911. If Boltzmann's work is read with any attention, it becomes impossible to ascribe to him the claim that one single trajectory would fill the whole of state space. He admitted a continuous number of different possible mechanical trajectories. Ergodicity was formulated as the condition that only one integral of motion, the total energy, is preserved in time. The two reasons for this are external disturbing forces and collisions within the system. Boltzmann found it difficult to ascribe ergodic behavior to a single system where the theoretical dependence on initial conditions, though never observed, has to be admitted as possible. To circumvent the dependence, he invented the concept of a microcanonical ensemble.     

Micromechanical analysis of interaction energy for SMA reinforced composite

The energy of the interaction between the matrix and the inclusions in shape memory alloy (SMA) reinforced composite is one of the most important and complicated parts in thermodynamic constitutive theory.In this paper,the interaction energy is derived based on the classical theory of micromechanics and the thermodynamic theory.The SMA composite is treated as three phases,namely the austenitic phase,the martensite phase and the matrix phase.The interaction among the three phases is analyzed in a way close t...     

高纯铝再结晶晶界面的择尤取向

相比于传统的晶体择尤取向（晶体织构,简称织构）,晶界面择尤取向是一个新的科学问题.系统地研究晶界面择尤取向的形成规律和演化机制对合理调控显微组织结构以显著改善材料的各种使用性能具有非常重要的科学意义和应用价值.本文利用基于体视学原理和电子背散射衍射技术的晶界特征分布五参数表征分析方法,研究了冷轧变形高纯铝（99.99%）再结晶晶界面的择尤取向问题.结果表明,在再结晶及晶粒长大过程中,晶界面择尤取向由最初的{2 2 3}晶面转变为{1 1 1}晶面,最后取向在{1 0 0}晶面上.分析指出,冷轧变形高纯铝再结晶组织中,小角度晶界（取向差介于2°~15°）是其晶界构成的主体部分;在晶粒长大过程中,晶体织构由{1 1 0}〈1 1 2〉黄铜织构为主转变为以{0 1 1}〈1 0 0〉高斯织构和{0 2 3}〈1 0 0〉织构共存为主,受晶面能和晶体织构的影响,小角度晶界一般择尤取向于可形成能量较低的倾侧型小角度晶界所对应的晶面上.这是导致高纯铝再结晶晶界面择尤取向随晶粒长大而发生上述规律性变化的主要原因.     

Comparison of exogenous cell fusion induced by a wild and two mutant strains of sheep Visna virus]

Exogen cell fusion induced in vitro by a wild strain of Visna virus of Sheep is compared with two mutant strains isolated from the precedent. One of them produces large plaques in vitro (strain LPF), and the other produces small plaques (strain SPF). These strains behave in different ways according to infection multiplicity, type of cells, temperature and timing of fusing activity. Taking the wild strain K 796 as a base of reference, the strain SPF seems to have a higher rate fusing activity and the strain LPF lower rate of fusing activity.     

三维正压非线性潮汐潮流伴随同化模型开边界反演研究

在数学物理反问题的框架下,基于渤海、黄海M2分潮波的数值模拟,本文设计孪生实验研究了三维正压非线性潮汐潮流模型中开边界条件的伴随法反演问题,以验证所建立的伴随模型的有效性和正确性。本文同时讨论了开边界条件的空间分布、初值、观测误差以及观测数量对开边界反演的影响,对此参数估计反问题的适定性进行了初步研究.     

Evidence for plasmidic localization of "beta-lactamase" gene in a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain, highly resistant to carbenicillin]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain HL, isolated in Besan?on (France), shows a high level of resistance for carbenicillin, as proved in preliminary studies. In this paper, we report the transfer of carbenicillin resistance from Pseudomonas aeruginosa HL1 carrying helper plasmids to other strains of the same species. Comparative study of beta-lactamase activity in the HL1 strain and in the conjugated strains allows confirmation of the transfer of an R-factor from the HL1 strain: in all these strains, the beta-lactamase has the same pI (5.3) and the same Vmax (relative to benzylpenicillin) for ampicillin, carbenicillin and cephaloridin.     

Studies of the dose-effect relation

Dose-effect relations and, specifically, cell survival curves are surveyed with emphasis on the interplay of the random factors--biological variability, stochastic reaction of the cell, and the statistics of energy deposition--that co-determine their shape. The global parameters mean inactivation dose, D, and coefficient of variance, V, represent this interplay better than conventional parameters. Mechanisms such as lesion interaction, misrepair, repair overload, or repair depletion have been invoked to explain sigmoid dose dependencies, but these notions are partly synonymous and are largely undistinguishable on the basis of observed dose dependencies. All dose dependencies reflect, to varying degree, the microdosimetric fluctuations of energy deposition, and these have certain implications, e.g. the linearity of the dose dependence at small doses, that apply regardless of unresolved molecular mechanisms of cellular radiation action.     

Nonmuscle myosin-2: mix and match

Members of the nonmuscle myosin-2 (NM-2) family of actin-based molecular motors catalyze the conversion of chemical energy into directed movement and force thereby acting as central regulatory components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. By cyclically interacting with adenosine triphosphate and F-actin, NM-2 isoforms promote cytoskeletal force generation in established cellular processes like cell migration, shape changes, adhesion dynamics, endo- and exo-cytosis, and cytokinesis. Novel functions of the NM-2 family members in autophagy and viral infection are emerging, making NM-2 isoforms regulators of nearly all cellular processes that require the spatiotemporal organization of cytoskeletal scaffolding. Here, we assess current views about the role of NM-2 isoforms in these activities including the tight regulation of NM-2 assembly and activation through phosphorylation and how NM-2-mediated changes in cytoskeletal dynamics and mechanics affect cell physiological functions in health and disease.     

Microorganism-associated variation in host infestation efficiency in a parasitoid wasp,Trichogramma bourarachae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

InTrichogramma bourarachae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), the infestation efficiency presents important variation among strains: 60 eggs/5 days/female in the High (H) strain and 25 eggs/5 days/female in the Low (L) strain. Crosses show that between-strains variation is inherited by the matrocline route. Antibiotic and heat treatments reduce infestation efficiency in the H strain and have no effect on the L strain. The hypothesis of cytoplasmic-symbiotic microorganisms accounting for the higher infestation efficiency in the H strain is supported by microscopic observations. The origin and the significance of this between-strains variation are discussed.