不同煤种升温氧化过程中气体产物特征研究

以不同煤种的煤样为研究对象,对其进行程序升温氧化实验,采集不同温度时煤样所产生的气体,进行气相色谱分析,研究不同煤样升温氧化过程中产生的气体种类以及气体浓度的变化特征。实验结果表明:不同煤样升温氧化过程中产生的气体种类不同,气体产生先后顺序依次是CO、C2H6、C2H4、C3H8,气体产生量与温度都近似呈指数变化关系;随煤变质程度的增高,煤样气体产生率急剧上升的拐点温度也变高,煤样氧化能力降低,相同时间段内煤样产生气体量却减少。     

复合式氧化沟工艺处理城市污水

为研究复合式氧化沟对有机废水的处理效能,利用有效容积为120 L的模型反应器,研究了复合式氧化沟工艺处理城市污水的特性.结果表明,当HRT从55 h逐步变为10 h的过程中,复合式氧化沟对生活污水的COD及BOD5去除率分别可以保持在86%和92%以上,对NH 4-N的去除率也达到了83%左右.在HRT为20 h和25 ℃左右的室温条件下,即使COD、BOD5和NH 4-N的质量浓度分别在125.30～492.00 mg/L、56.26～249.44 mg/L和20.00～32.91 mg/L较大范围内波动,系统对它们的去除率都能保持在90%以上,使出水COD、BOD-5和NH 4-N质量浓度分别维持在3.74～47.01 mg/L、0.93～11.45 mg/L和0.28～3.26 mg/L的范围,均达到国家要求的一级标准.因此,复合式氧化沟能有效去除污染物,且能较好地适应水质水量的变化,稳定性好,去除效率高,抗冲击负荷能力强.     

不同变质程度煤自燃特性及低温氧化动力学分析

为了研究不同变质程度煤在低温氧化自燃过程中的特性,以及煤样变质程度对煤自燃过程的影响,利用程序升温试验系统研究了不同变质程度煤在低温氧化阶段气体与特征温度变化规律。通过计算其耗氧速率、放热强度,分析了耗氧速率、放热强度与温度之间的对应关系。同时分析了煤样变质程度对CO、CO₂气体及耗氧速率、放热强度的影响规律。根据程序升温的试验条件和阿伦尼乌斯公式建立了CO与温度的计算模型,分析了该方程的线性回归直线斜率,计算了不同变质程度煤低温氧化活化能,分析并印证了煤样变质程度与活化能之间的关系。根据不同煤质工业分析指标试验结果,进一步阐述了各煤种主要煤质工业分析指标的差别,分析了主要指标与煤程序升温试验自燃氧化参数的相关性,同时分析了主要工业分析指标对各特征参数的影响。结果表明:煤在低温氧化自燃过程所产出的CO和CO₂气体释放量、耗氧速率及放热强度均随温度升高而呈指数级增长;随煤样变质程度增加,CO和CO₂气体、耗氧速率、放热强度变化较小;煤的变质程度越高,特征温度和活化能越大;煤样自燃的可能性越小,危险性越小;结合煤样工业分析与活化能发现,水分、灰分、挥发分含量与活化能呈负相关。     

Guidance to improve the effectiveness of process safety management systems in operating facilities

The Process Safety Management (PSM) systems at the operating facilities in the Oil & Gas and in Chemical manufacturing industries have matured over the years and have become, at most facilities, very robust and sophisticated. These programs are administrated by Process Safety (PS) teams at both the corporate business units and plant levels and have been effective in reducing the number and severity of PS events across the industries over the past 25 years or so. Incidents however are occurring at a regular interval and in recent times several noteworthy PS events have occurred in the United States which have brought into question the effectiveness of the PSM programs at play. These facilities have been applying their PSM programs with the expectation that the number and severity of PS events would decrease over time. The expected result has not been realized, especially in context to those facilities that have undergone the recent incidents. Current paper reviews a few publicly available PS performance reports of Oil & Gas and Chemical manufacturing industries. The authors identified a few factors at play that have led to these PS events based on their experience, literature review, and incident investigation reports. Most of the factors are intertwined with multiple PSM elements and it requires a holistic approach to address them. Each of the factors is described and the path forward is proposed to improve the effectiveness of PSM programs.