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1.
利用NO2—对对硝基苯胺的褪色作用光度法测定污水中NO2— 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在006 m ol/ L 的盐酸介质中, N O2- 与对硝基苯胺(10×10- 4 m ol/ L)反应生成无色的重氮盐使对硝基苯胺溶液褪色,于382 nm 处测量吸光度的变化。 N O2- 在006~40 m g/ L 内服从比耳定律,回收率为95% ~104% 。本法选择性好,操作简便,适用于污水中 N O2- 的测定。 相似文献
2.
meso-四(3-氯-4-甲氧基苯基)卟啉二阶导数分光光度法测定废水中痕量汞(Ⅱ) 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文基于Hg(Ⅱ)meso四(3氯4甲氧基苯基)卟啉(T(3Cl4MOP)P)Twen80显色体系,提出一种高灵敏度二阶导数分光光度法测定工业废水中的痕量汞(Ⅱ),研究了汞配合物的形成条件。在pH72~79的中性介质中和Tween80的存在下,沸水浴加热6min,反应进行完全。汞(Ⅱ)量在18~104μg/L范围内符合比尔定律,二阶导数分光光度法测定汞(Ⅱ)的表观摩尔吸光系数ε4526,4616=988×106L·mol-1cm-1,检出限为18ng/ml。方法用于工业废水中痕量Hg(Ⅱ)的测定,结果满意。 相似文献
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本文研究了硝酸高氯酸体系消解火焰原子吸收法测定烟尘颗粒物中镉的方法。方法的检测限为3×10-6mg/m3(采样体积10m3)。实际样品测定的相对偏差小于10%,加标回收率大于88% 相似文献
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应用全差示光度法测定水和废水中的微量氰化物 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
在pH80时,CN-与3甲基1苯基5吡唑啉酮、吡啶及氯胺T反应形成稳定的蓝色产物,最大吸收波长为617nm,表观摩尔吸收系数为12×105L/mol·cm。实验了采用全差示光度法测定微量氰化物的条件。通过蒸馏富集,建立了改进的吡唑啉酮法测定氰化物的分析方法,并对实际样品进行了测定。本方法的检出限为0001mgCN-/L,检测范围为0001~025mgCN-/L,可应用于水和废水中微量氰化物的测定。 相似文献
8.
按考核样说明进行稀释后取50ml移入500ml分液漏斗中,加缓冲液20ml,使pH=10±02,加4氨基安替比林溶液150ml、铁氰化钾15ml,充分混匀呈浅绿色放置10min,加1000ml三氯甲烷,剧烈振摇2min,待有机相与水相充分... 相似文献
9.
纵向塞曼恒温平台石墨炉原子吸收法测定土壤,底质中镉和砷 总被引:5,自引:3,他引:5
为准确测定土壤中低含量元素镉和砷,研究了集恒温平台石墨炉(STPF)一体的纵向塞曼效应背景校正,最大功率升温,钯作基体改进剂和吸收峰面积积分的最新分析方法。方法测定结果,镉和砷的检测限(3σ)分别为35×10-13g和54×10-11g;相对标准差(n=6)分别为41%~52%和26%~45%;回收率分别为865%~109%和912%~105% 相似文献
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DDTC—TX—100胶束增溶直接光度法测定水中低含量铜 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
TritonX100对DDTC(二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠)与铜反应生成的络合物Cu(DDTC)2有增溶增敏作用,建立了低含量铜直接光度测定法。操作简便快速,选择性、精密度和回收率均较好,相对标准偏差为08%~43%,回收率为96%~106%,摩尔吸光系数ε=64×103L/(mol·cm 相似文献
11.
Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
John S. Rieuwerts Margaret Farago Vladimir Bencko 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,59(1):1-13
The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g>
-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees. 相似文献
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An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Bruce Thompson Rainer Hoenicke Jay A. Davis Andrew Gunther 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,64(1):409-419
The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated. 相似文献
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Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Henny CJ Kaiser JL Grove RA Bentley VR Elliott JE 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,84(3):275-315
A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed. 相似文献
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Achim Lohmeyer Wolfgang Baechlin Matthias Ketzel 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,65(1-2):381-387
The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently. 相似文献
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The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species. 相似文献
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火焰原子吸收光谱法测定苏州开发区26种蔬菜中铜锌铁锰镍 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定了苏州开发区26种蔬菜中的铜、锌、铁、锰和镍的含量。蔬菜样品用硝酸高氯酸混合酸进行消解。4次测定值的相对标准差<5%,加标回收率在92%~107%之间。26种蔬菜中铜、锌、铁、锰、镍的含量基本均在世贸组织规定的范围内。 相似文献
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Raymond J. O'Connor Tracey E. Walls Robert M. Hughes 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2000,61(2):207-229
Biological indicators of communitiestypically reflect a common environmental signalreflecting the general condition of the ecosystem, as well asindividual signals by indicators differentiallysensitive to particular environmental conditions. Wedescribe here a method of integrating and interpretingsuch indicators from 19 New England lakes for fivetaxonomic groups (diatoms, benthos, zooplankton, fish,and birds). Our approach provides a systematicstandardized way to integrate multiple metrics fromdifferent taxonomic groups by addressing four elementscrucial to analyzing data from multiple indicators: covariate control, re-scaling of data, standardizing the sign of responses, and dimensional reduction. We evaluated the biologicalmetrics against individual environmental stressors andagainst multivariate physicochemical metricscharacterizing general anthropogenic stress among thelakes. The method detected a response to variationin the gross environmental condition of the lakes thatwas correlated across taxa and metrics. In addition,a differential response to near shore conditions wasdemonstrated for fish. The success of the approach inthis study lends support to its general application toecological monitoring involving complex data sets. 相似文献
18.
M. Wayland A. J. Garcia-Fernandez E. Neugebauer H. G. Gilchrist 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2001,71(3):255-267
We determined concentrations of selected trace elements inlivers, kidneys and blood samples from common eiders (Somateria mollissima borealis) from the eastern Canadianarctic during 1997 and 1998. Concentrations of totalmercury and organic mercury were generally low in the liversof these birds (less than 6 and 4 g g–1 dry wt,respectively). Selenium ranged between 11–47 g g–1 inlivers. Renal cadmium concentrations were among the highestever published for this species (range: 47–281 g g–1). The regressions of log-transformed concentrations ofthese trace elements in blood samples on those in liver orkidney were significant (all P-values < 0.05) andpositive. However, except for organic mercury (RM
2 = 0.83), the co-efficients of determination were low tomoderate (range of R
2: 0.26–0.52), suggesting poorto moderate predictive capability. Furthermore, therelationships between total mercury in blood and liverchanged between 1997 and 1998, suggesting that it would notbe possible to predict consistently, concentrations ofmercury in blood from those in liver based on samples takenin one year. Blood samples can be used to determineconcentrations of these trace elements in common eiders (andprobably other sea duck species as well). The use of bloodsamples is especially warranted when it is undesirable tokill the animal such as when working with rare or endangeredsea duck species or when the objective is to relate traceelement exposure to annual survival rates. However, thepredictive equations developed here should not be used topredict expected concentrations in one type of tissue fromthose in the other. 相似文献
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Gongalsky KB 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2003,89(2):197-219
Thirty years of mining and milling activities of the Priargunsky Mining-Chemical Production Company (South-Eastern Siberia, Russia) have resulted in an enrichment of uranium in adjacent steppe soils by a factor of up to 600. A number of attendant pollutants (thorium, arsenic and heavy metals) also have high concentrations in the soil. To estimate the effects of this pollution on soil-living macroinvertebrates, pitfall trapping and core sampling were applied. The element composition of four beetle species was analysed. Soil macroinvertebrates had 3–37 times lower abundance and biodiversity at the contaminated sites compared with the control. Ground beetle communities at the contaminated sites were reduced compared to the control site. The concentrations of uranium and arsenic in beetles collected at the contaminated sites were 2–41 and 2–26 times higher, respectively, than at the control site. There is strong evidence that the contamination caused by uranium production has severe negative biological effects on important groups of the soil food web. 相似文献
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Eutrophication and Sedimentation Patterns in Complete Exploitation of Water Resources Scenarios: An Example from Northwestern Semi-arid Mexico 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sánchez-Carrillo S Alatorre LC Sánchez-Andrés R Garatuza-Payán J 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,132(1-3):377-393
Water requirements to supply human needs lead water stakeholders to store more water during surplus periods to fulfil the
demand during – not only – scarcity periods. At the reservoirs, mostly those in semi-arid regions, water level then fluctuates
extremely between rises and downward during one single year. Besides of water management implications, changes on physical,
chemical and biological dynamics of these drawdown and refilling are little known yet. This paper shows the results, throughout
a year, on solids, nutrients (N and P), chlorophyll-a, and sedimentation changes on the dynamics, when the former policy was applied in a reservoir from the semi-arid Northwestern
Mexico. Water level sinusoidal trend impinged changes on thermal stratification and mixing, modifying nutrient cycling and
primary producer responses. According to nitrogen and phosphorus concentration as well as chlorophyll-a, reservoir was mesotrophic, becoming hypertrophic during drawdown. Nutrient concentrations were high (1.22 ± 0.70 and 0.14 ± 0.12 mg
P l−1), increasing phosphorus and lowering N:P significantly throughout the study period, although no intensive agricultural, no
urban development, neither industrial activities take place in the watershed. This suggests nutrient recycling complex mechanisms,
including nutrient release from the sediment–water interface as the main nutrient pathway when shallowness, at the same time
as mineralization, increases. Outflows controlled nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the ecosystem while organic matter
depended on river inflows. As on other subtropical aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen limited primary productivity (Spearman correlation
R = 0.75) but chlorophyll-a seasonal pattern showed an irregular trend, prompting other no-nutrient related limitants. Shallowness induced a homogeneous
temporal pattern on water quality. This observed temporal variability was mainly explained statistically by changes on solids
(mineral and organic), chlorophyll-a and flows (62.3%). Annual sedimentation rates of total solids ranged from 11.73 to 16.29 kg m−2 year−1 with organic matter comprising around 30%. N:P ratio on sedimentation rates were as high as could be expected in a resuspension
dominated ecosystem, and spatially inverse related with N:P ratio on bottom sediments. Distance from river inlet into the
reservoir reveals a marked spatial heterogeneity on solid and nitrogen sedimentation, showing the system dependence on river
inflows and supporting resuspension as the main phosphorus pathway. Accretion rates (2.19 ± 0.40 cm year−1) were not related to hydrological variability but decreased with the distance to the river input. Total sediment accumulation
(9,895 tons km−2 year−1) denotes siltation as other serious environmental problem in reservoirs but possibly not related with operational procedures. 相似文献