复方烟酸缓释片与烟酸普通片在犬体内药代动力学的比较研究

目的比较复方烟酸缓释片与烟酸普通片中烟酸及其代谢物烟尿酸在Beagle犬体内的药代动力学。方法6只Beagle犬采用随机交叉给药方案,单剂量口服500mg复方烟酸缓释片或烟酸普通片后,用RP-HPLC法同时测定Beagle犬血浆中烟酸及其主要代谢物烟尿酸的药物浓度,计算药动学参数和相对生物利用度。结果Beagle犬单剂量口服500mg复方烟酸缓释片和烟酸普通片后,烟酸主要药代动力学参数tmax分别为(2.17±0.61)h和(1.04±0.49)h,Cmax分别为(30.85±4.50)mg·mL-1和(68.05±20.48)mg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(0.69±0.43)h和(0.43±0.10)h,MRT分别为(2.12±0.62)h和(1.72±0.40)h,AUC0-12h分别为(62.17±21.13)mg·h·L-1和(138.67±44.86)mg·h·L-1;烟尿酸主要药代动力学参数tmax分别为(2.42±0.49)h和(1.50±0.45)h,Cmax分别为(0.76±0.34)mg·mL-1和(1.66±0.63)mg·mL-1,t1/2分别为(1.74±1.24)h和(1.64±1.03)h,MRT分别为(2.42±0.62)h和(1.79±0.38)h,AUC0-12h分别为(1.55±0.76)mg·h·L-1和(3.25±1.16)mg·h·L-1。结论单剂量口服复方烟酸缓释片,测得的Cmax、tmax和AUC与烟酸普通片均有显著性差异,受试缓释片的tmax长于参比普通片,Cmax低于参比普通片,说明受试缓释片无突释现象,有一定缓释效果。     

别嘌醇缓释片人体药物动力学与生物等效性研究

目的　研究别嘌醇缓释片在健康受试者体内的药物动力学和生物等效性。方法　健康男性受试者单剂量或多剂量口服别嘌醇缓释片和普通片。用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中别嘌醇和氧别嘌醇浓度, 计算两药的药物动力学参数。结果　受试者口服单剂量别嘌醇缓释片和普通片后的别嘌醇 AUC0~12 分别为 (4. 58±1. 52) mg·h·L-1 和(4 43±1. 40) mg·h·L-1, tmax分别为 (2 .00±0. 41) h和 (1 .25±0 .41) h, cmax分别为 (1 .75±0 .49) mg·L-1和 (2. 06±0 .40) mg·h·L-1。氧别嘌醇 AUC0~72 分别为 (123. 94±23 .39) mg·h·L-1 和 (126. 52±27. 47)mg·h·L-1, tmax分别为 (6 .42±3. 47) h 和 (4. 18±1. 59) h, cmax 分别为 (3 .70±0 .52) mg·L-1 和 (3 99±0 61) mg·L-1。口服多剂量别嘌醇缓释片和普通片后的氧别嘌醇的稳态谷浓度 cmin分别为 (4. 41±0. 76) mg·L-1和 (4 07±0. 76) mg·L-1, 稳态峰浓度cmax分别为 (7. 33±1 .31) mg·L-1 和 (7 .31±1. 25) mg·L-1, tmax分别为 (2. 58±1. 44) h和 (5 .68±2 .03) h, 波动度 DF分别为 (0 .52±0 .18) 和 (0 .58±0 .13)。结论　每日 1次口服别嘌醇缓释片250 mg与每日2次口服普通片相同剂量在吸收程度上具有生物等效性。     

单剂量与多剂量口服罗红霉素缓释片与普通片的犬体药物动力学研究

目的　研究健康家犬单剂量与多剂量口服罗红霉素(Rox)缓释片的药物动力学。方法　采用健康家犬 6只随机交叉单剂量与多剂量口服Rox缓释片与普通片 ,微生物法测定血药浓度 ,应用 3p97程序计算主要药动学参数 ,对AUC0～∞ 、AUC0～T或AUC0～τ的对数值进行方差分析、双单侧t检验等统计学处理 ,以 80 %～ 12 5 %为等效标准 ,评价缓释制剂与普通制剂的生物等效性。结果　单剂量时Rox缓释片的Tmax、Cmax、AUC0～T、AUC0～∞ 和MRT分别为(2 2 5± 0 99)h、(4 2 6± 1 70 )mg·L-1、(2 8 73± 10 4 6 )mg·h·L-1、(34 6 4± 9 5 7)mg·h·L-1和 (15 84± 1 6 3)h ,普通片的上述参数分别为 (1 33± 0 2 6 )h、(6 32± 2 79)mg·L-1、(2 8 6 8± 8 16 )mg·h·L-1、(34 4 9± 5 6 3)mg·h·L-1和 (12 95± 1 5 6 )h。多剂量达稳态时Rox缓释片的Tmax、Cmax、Cmin、AUC0～τ、AUC0～∞ 、Cav、DF和FI分别为(2 5 0± 0 4 5 )h、(4 38± 1 2 5 )mg·L-1、(0 4 9± 0 0 6 )mg·L-1、(2 4 91± 2 38)mg·h·L-1、(39 71± 6 4 8)mg·h·L-1、(1 0 4± 0 10 )mg·L-1、370 4 2 %± 98 4 1%和 15 7 36 %±11 86 % ,普通片的上述参数分别为 (1 4 2±0 38 )h、(6 13± 1 2 6 )mg·L-1、(0 4 3± 0     

氢溴酸加兰他敏缓释片的人体药代动力学及缓释特性评价

目的研究氢溴酸加兰他敏缓释片和普通片单剂量和多剂量给药后在健康受试者体内的药代动力学特征,并评价缓释片的缓释特性。方法建立以纳洛酮(naloxone)为内标的LC-MS测定方法,测定20名健康男性受试者按双交叉试验单剂量和多剂量服用氢溴酸加兰他敏缓释片与普通片后血浆中加兰他敏的浓度,并计算药代动力学参数和生物利用度,并评价缓释片的缓释特性。结果单剂量给药后,缓释片与普通片的HVD12Cmax分别为(15.4±1.7)h和(5.4±2.5)h;与普通片相比缓释片的延迟商R△为3.4±1.4;缓释片与普通片的Tmax分别为(4.4±1.5)h和(1.3±1.2)h;Cmax分别为(27.5±2.9)μg·L-1和(53.7±12.7)μg·L-1;缓释片的缓释特征明显。缓释片的相对生物利用度为(95.9±14.2)%。多剂量给药后,缓释片与普通片的CmSSax分别为(58.8±9.4)μg·L-1和(52.0±6.9)μg·L-1,CSmSin分别为(16.2±4.0)μg·L-1和(22.5±5.0)μg·L-1,Cav分别为(39.0±3.9)μg·L-1和(37.1±5.0)μg·L-1,DF分别为1.1±0.3和0.8±0.1;双单侧t检验结果表明两制剂的AUCss、CmSSax、Cav生物等效。结论缓释片与普通片吸收程度生物等效,该缓释片显示出明显的缓释特征。     

盐酸二甲双胍缓释片人体相对生物利用度研究

目的:评价盐酸二甲双胍缓释片与普通片的人体相对生物利用度。方法:采用自身交叉试验设计,18名健康男性志愿者单剂量及多剂量口服盐酸二甲双胍普通片或缓释片,血药浓度采用HPLC-UV法测定。研究盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的相对生物利用度,并对缓释制剂的缓释情况进行评价。结果:盐酸二甲双胍缓释片和普通片单剂量给药后的Cmax分别为(0.779±0.368)和(1.189±0.528)μg/mL;Tmax分别为(2.67±1.26)和(1.56±0.56)h;AUC0→t分别为(7.176±3.134)和(7.006±3.016)μg.h.mL-1。盐酸二甲双胍缓释片的相对生物利用度为(103.38±14.68)%。盐酸二甲双胍缓释片和普通片多次给药后的Cmax分别为(0.783±0.192)和(1.037±0.281)μg/mL;Tmax分别为(3.12±0.58)和(1.56±0.29)h;AUC0→t分别为(6.585±1.647)和(4.158±1.033)μg.h.mL-1;波动度DF分别为(2.71±0.68)%和(2.79±0.56)%。结论:盐酸二甲双胍缓释片(每片含盐酸二甲双胍500 mg)每天1次口服与等剂量市售盐酸二甲双胍普通片每天2次口服具有生物等效性。     

复方盐酸二甲双胍片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度

目的研究复方盐酸二甲双胍片在健康人体的药代动力学和相对生物利用度。方法用交叉给药方法,22名健康受试者单次口服盐酸二甲双胍片1000mg加格列本脲片5mg(参比制剂)或复方盐酸二甲双胍片(试验制剂:盐酸二甲双胍1000mg,格列本脲5mg)。用HPLC法测定血清中盐酸二甲双胍浓度,用LC-MS方法测定血清中格列本脲浓度。用3P97程序以房室模型计算药代动力学参数。结果主要药代动力学参数,试验与参比制剂中盐酸二甲双胍的达峰时间tmax分别为(2.36±0.69),(2.41±0.70)h;Cmax分别为(1.42±0.28),(1.36±0.28)mg·L-1;t1/2分别为(5.18±1.62),(6.25±1.42)h;AUC0-24分别为(10.22±1.53),(10.07±1.81)mg·h·L-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(99.3±13.2)%。参比与试验制剂中格列本脲的达峰时间tmax分别为(2.70±0.60),(2.60±0.50)h;Cmax分别为(181.1±58.3),(214.3±8.01)ng·mL-1;t1/2分别为(6.79±1.96),(6.67±1.92)h;AUC0-24分别为(0.99±0.28),(1.14±0.42)mg·h·L-1。试验制剂的相对生物利用度为(113.2±23.9)%。结论参比与试验制剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸安非他酮缓释片的人体生物等效性

目的 :评价盐酸安非他酮缓释片和普通片的人体生物等效性。方法 :用随机交叉试验 ,18名健康男性志愿者口服单剂量 (30 0mg )和多剂量 (15 0mg)盐酸安非他酮缓释片和普通片 ,HPLC法测定血浆中盐酸安非他酮的浓度 ,计算 2种制剂的药动学参数。结果 :受试者口服单剂量盐酸安非他酮缓释片和普通片后 ,AUC0 -48分别为 (176 4 4± 32 4 8)、(170 9 3± 35 2 4 )μg·h·L-1,cmax分别为 (2 17 6 4± 6 4 4 7)、(2 76 91± 6 8 5 6 ) μg·L-1,tmax分别为 (2 94± 0 80 )、(1 4 4± 0 5 1)h ,以AUC0 -48计算 ,盐酸安非他酮缓释片的相对生物利用度为 (10 4 5 4± 14 73) %。口服多剂量盐酸安非他酮缓释片和普通片后 ,AUCss分别为(14 2 4 0± 2 6 0 3)、(14 10 4± 2 2 2 6 ) μg·h·L-1,cmax分别为 (134 83± 31 30 )、(16 6 70± 36 5 0 ) μg·L-1,tmax分别为 (3 0 5± 0 80 )、(1 4 7± 0 5 6 )h ,以AUCss计算 ,盐酸安非他酮缓释片的相对生物利用度为 (10 2 4 5± 19 2 9) %。结论 :盐酸安非他酮缓释片与普通片具有生物等效性     

盐酸奈福泮缓释片药代动力学及生物等效性

目的 :验证盐酸奈福泮缓释片的缓释特性并判定其生物等效性。方法 :18名健康受试者随机分成两组 ,采用双周期交叉试验设计 ,单剂量、多剂量连续给药 ,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度 ,以3p97药代动力学程序求算相关参数。结果 :单剂量给药的结果表明 :缓释片在给药后 2～ 12h内血药浓度维持在 2 0～ 4 0mg·L- 1之间 ,cmax 为 (45 .8±15 .7)mg·L- 1,tpeak为 (3.4± 0 .8)h ;普通片在给药后 0 .5～ 8h内血药浓度维持在 2 0mg·L- 1以上 ,cmax为 (72 .7± 2 6 .0 )mg·L- 1,tpeak为 (1.6± 0 .6 )h。两制剂的AUC分别为 (36 3.4± 10 7.7)及 (374 .8±12 5 .7)mg·h·L- 1,平均相对生物利用度为 1.0 2±0 .2 5。多剂量给药的结果表明 :缓释片和普通片的cmax分别为 (31.5± 12 .7)及 (33.7± 10 .5 )mg·L- 1,cmin分别为 (13.4± 4 .4 )及 (10 .9± 5 .4 )mg·L- 1,tpeak分别为 (2 .6± 0 .6 )及 (1.2± 0 .5 )h ,FI分别为0 .77± 0 .2 6及 1.0 4± 0 .18。结论 :该缓释片具有缓释特征 ,两制剂生物利用度 (AUC)具有等效性     

国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍片生物等效性的研究

目的研究国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍片的生物等效性.方法 12名健康男性志愿者,随机分为两个序列,交叉单剂量口服1g国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍片,给药前及给药后不同时间定时采取血样;以HPLC法测定血浆样本中盐酸二甲双胍的浓度,并对国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍片进行生物等效性评价.结果口服国产或进口盐酸二甲双胍片1g 后,盐酸二甲双胍的Cmax 分别为(2375.71±742.99)和(2341±529.49 )ng·mL-1;Tmax分别为(2.38±0.80)和(2.33±0.58)h;AUC0-∞分别为(15622±3623.91)和(15342±3204)mg·h·L-1; T1/2分别为(7.02 ±2.60)和(6.49±2.85)h.结论国产与进口盐酸二甲双胍片生物等效.     

洛伐他汀缓释片在Beagle犬体内的药动学特性与生物等效性

目的:研究洛伐他汀缓释片在Beagle犬体内的药动学特征及其口服相对生物利用度。方法:Beagle 犬12条随机分为2组,分别单次口服洛伐他汀缓释片和普通片备60 mg,用RP-HPLC法检测血药浓度。药动学参数用3P97软件分析。结果:洛伐他汀缓释片和普通片的tmax分别为(2．7±5 0．8)和(2．8±1．0)h,cmax分别为(137±43)和(176±59)μg·L-1,t1／2分别为(11±4)和(10±5)h;AUC0-(?)分别为(956±146)和(1 005± 147)μg·h·L-1。以AUC0-(?)计算,与普通片相比,洛伐他汀缓释片的相对生物利用度为(95±6)％。洛伐他汀缓释片和普通片AUC0-(?)对数比值的90％可信限为81．6％-112．2％。结论:洛伐他汀缓释片具有一定缓释特性,与普通片相比具有生物等效性。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.