烷基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷的合成与性能

以葡萄糖为原料,经乙酰化、选择性脱C1位乙酰基、转化成三氯乙酰亚胺酯、与受体醇偶联和脱保护5步反应合成了11种不同碳链长度的烷基β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷。 利用核磁共振、偏光显微镜和热失重分析法对其进行结构表征和性能测试。 结果表明,当烷基β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷疏水烷基链长n为 6~10时,均具有发泡和乳化性能,特别是正壬基β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(n=9)具有更加优异的发泡和乳化性能;当烷基β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷疏水链的长度n≥7时,均具有热致液晶行为,特别是正十二烷基β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(n=12)和十四烷基β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(n=14)能够形成更加稳定的液晶态。     

十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵结构修饰及性能研究

以苯胺、十二酸、N,N-二甲基乙醇胺等为原料合成了十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵(1227)结构修饰的阳离子表面活性剂(I_(10),I_(12),I_(14),I_(16))。利用~1H-NMR和FT-IR对目标产物结构进行表征。在25℃条件下,分别用电导率法和表面张力法测定目标产物的临界胶束浓度(CMC)和表面张力(γ)。结果表明,I_(16)的CMC值最小,为4.29×10~(-5) mol·L~(-1),γ_(CMC)值为38.08 mN·m,并计算目标产物在空气-水界面上的饱和吸附量(Γ_(max))、单个吸附分子的最小截面积(A_(min))、降低溶液表面张力的效率(pC_(20))和降低溶液表面张力的能力(π_(CMC))。在25℃条件下,测试了目标产物的泡沫性能和乳化性能。分析结果表明,I_(16)的稳泡性能达到100%,并且乳化能力最好,分出10 mL水的时间为2 505 s。对目标产物的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)进行测试,结果表明I_(12)对枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌的MIC分别为13.5μg·mL~(-1)和32.5μg·mL~(-1),具有较高的抑菌活性。     

基于氨基柱的高效液相色谱-示差折光检测器方法分析媚丽葡萄香气糖苷的糖基组成

建立了基于氨基柱的高效液相色谱分析媚丽葡萄香气糖苷的糖基组成的方法.媚丽葡萄果皮经提取缓冲液(0.1 mol/L Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4,pH 7.0,13%(V/V)乙醇)浸提,葡萄香气糖苷提取物在柠檬酸-磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 5.0)中用AR2000糖苷酶水解,释放出糖基,经氨基柱分离,用高效液相色谱-示差折光检测器(HPLC-RID)分析.色谱分析条件为:柱温35℃,RID温度35℃,进样量20 μL,流动相为乙腈-乙酸乙酯-水(60∶25∶15,V/V),流速1.0 mL/min.结果表明,鼠李糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖、芹菜糖和葡萄糖在线性范围内线性关系良好(R2>0.996),检出限为93~123 mg/L,定量限309~409 mg/L, 5 g/L各单糖的峰面积的精密度(n=10)为2.3%~6.4%;糖基样品的各单糖加标回收率在73.8%~125.7%之间.以糖基类别划分的媚丽葡萄各类香气糖苷的摩尔百分比为: 6-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,4.1%~6.1%;6-O-β-D-吡喃木糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,2.3%~8.8%;6-O-α-L-呋喃阿拉伯糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,0.1%~3.9%;6-O-α-L-呋喃芹菜糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,5.5%~9.8%;6-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷,76.3%~86.8%.媚丽葡萄成熟过程中,各类香气糖苷的含量及其总量与浆果成熟度之间没有明显的相关性.     

以葡萄糖为极性头基的表面活性剂的合成及苯基酮在手性胶束中的不对称还原

合成了三种长链烷基葡萄糖苷即1-O-十二烷基-β-D-葡萄糖(β-DG)、1-O-十二烷基-α-D-葡萄糖(α-DG)以及1-O-十二烷基-β-D葡萄糖醛酸钠(Sβ-DGU)、三种化合物在水中均能形成胶束, 在上述胶束中, 用硼氢化钠对一系列苯基烷基甲酮进行了还原. 在β-DG和α-DG胶束中所得到的还原产物苯基烷基甲醇均具有不同程度的光学活性, 其中苯基乙基甲酮在β-DG胶束中的还原可达到98%e.e.的立体选择性. 根据高疏水性受物不能被还原以及在阴离子胶束(Sβ-DGU)中受物难以还原的实验结果. 得出还原反应在靠近胶束极性头基层的内侧进行, 并提出了二分子糖苷与BH4^-形成的分子间负氢离子配合物是不对称还原得以产生的关键. 上述推论被加入适量的非手性阳离子表面活性剂(CTAB)与β-DG所形成的混合胶束可充分抑制还原反应的立体选择性这一实验事实所证实.     

苦玄参化学成分的研究——Ⅶ.-苦玄参苷IA和IB的结构

本文报道从具有抗肿瘤活性的苦玄参(Pic(?)afel-tarraeLour)提取物的 B 部分中分得两个新四环三萜苷——苦玄参苷(picfeltarraenin)ⅠA(1)和ⅠB(2).1和2经酸水解均得苦玄参苷元Ⅰ(3),经稀酸水解分别得次生苷4和5.根据1,2,4,5及它们衍生物的~1HNMR,~(13)CNMR 和 NICIMS 数据,证明1为3的3-O-β-D-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-吡喃木糖苷,2为3的3-O-β-D-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖基(1→2)]-吡喃葡萄糖苷.     

十二烷基β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1→3)-[β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1→6)]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1→6)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷的合成

本文以3-O-烯丙基-6-O-乙酰基-2,4-二-O-苯甲酰基-α-D-葡萄糖三氯乙酰亚氨酯1为原料,设计合成了尚未见报道的十二烷基β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1→3)-[β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1→6)]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基-(1→6)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖苷6。其组成和结构已由元素分析、1H NMR、13C NMR表征。     

[n—CnH2n＋1NH3]2ZnCl4配合物相变研究

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)和热重法(TG),研究了〔n-C_nH_(2n 1)NH_3〕_2ZnCl_4(n=9～12)配合物的热稳定性和固-固相变。该系列配合物的分解反应活化能和热稳定性基本上不随烷基链长而变化。配合物在280～370K存在固-固相变。相变数目表现出奇偶效应。相变热焓ΔH和熵ΔS随着烷基链长的增加而线性增大。主转变的峰值温度随烷基链的增长而升高,相应的相变被归属为烷基铵链的结构相变。     

C, O, S, N-苷的高效立体选择合成

研究了正氟乙酸糖苷和三甲基硅烷基糖苷醚作为糖苷给予体。在路易士酸存在时应用1-O-三氟乙酰基-2,3,4,6-四-O-苄基-α-D-吡喃葡萄糖和芳香醚合成C-芳基-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷的方法。在十分温和的条件下以81-99%的得率获得β-异构体, 这一方法被扩展到O, S, N-苷的合成。     

藿香的化学成分分析

从藿香茎叶的乙醇提取物中共分离鉴定出5个化合物:异鼠李素-3-O-β-D-半乳糖苷(1)、金丝桃苷(2)、3,5,8,3,′4′-五羟基-7-甲氧基黄酮-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(3)、尼泊尔鸢尾异黄酮-7-O-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖苷(4)和正三十烷酸(5).其中化合物3和4为首次从该属植物中分离得到.     

九子参中三个糖链上带乙酰基的新三萜皂苷-九子参苷B,C, D

从石竹科植物九子参(Silene rubicunda)根中得到四个糖链上带乙酰基的新的三萜皂苷-九子参苷A, B, C, D(rubicunosides A~D, 1~4)。前文已详细报道了九子参苷A的结构研究, 本文报道九子参苷B, C, D的结构。通过FAB-MS和NMR,分别确定九子参苷B, C, D为糖链上带单乙酰基的三萜九糖苷、七糖苷和糖链上带双乙酰基的三萜八糖苷, 分别命名为皂树酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-[β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→4')-β-D-吡喃鸡纳糖-(1→2)]-[3'-O-乙酰基]-β-D-吡喃夫糖苷(九子参苷B, 2), 皂树酸-3-O-β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)]-β-D-吡喃萄淘糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-[4"-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-(1→2)]-β-D-吡喃夫糖苷(九子参苷C, 3), 皂树酸-3-O-β-D－吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃半乳糖-(1→2)-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)]-[6'-O-正丁基]-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→3)-β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→4)-α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→4)-[2"-O-乙酰基-β-D-吡喃鸡纳糖-(3'-O-乙酰基]-β-D-吡喃夫糖苷(九子参苷D, 4)。     

三氟丙炔基类液晶的合成及性能

合成了16个三氟丙炔为端基的液晶化合物,以苯甲醛衍生物与1,1,1-三氯三氟乙烷的有机锌试剂进行加成脱水成烯,再通过Suzuki偶联反应后脱去HCl制得目标产物,总产率67%,气相色谱(GC)纯度99.5%,通过红外光谱(IR)、核磁共振谱(NMR)和质谱(MS)确定其结构。利用DSC和POM对该类化合物的热性能进行了测试,结果表明,联苯类的化合物不具有液晶相,而三联苯类的化合物具有近晶A相,且熔点随烷基链碳原子的增加呈下降趋势。物理性能测试结果表明,该类化合物的Δε值为12.61~21.94,末端三氟甲基基团和侧氟的引入可以有效的增加Δε值;Δn值0.19~0.29,随分子内苯环数目的增加而变大;γ1值为49.9~468.0 m Pa·s,随分子内苯环数量的增加而增加。化合物4n具有高Δε(19.2)、高ε_⊥(10.3)及低Δε/ε_⊥(1.9)。通过模拟计算讨论了炔键位置对此类液晶材料性质的影响。该类化合物在调节混合液晶介电各向异性和双折射率方面有很好的应用价值,同时通过分子结构的改进也可以很好地应用于FFS(fringe-field switching)显示模式。     

Synthesis and properties of Alkyl α-D-Galactopyranoside

Alkyl α-D-galactopyranosides are sugar-based nonionic surfactants, and it is necessary to research their structure–property relationships since it is not quite clear that the change of the alkyl chain length has effects on a series of physicochemical properties. Here, alkyl α-D-galactopyranosides were prepared by galactose and alcohols through three steps including acetylation, coupling with alcohols in the presence of a catalyst stannic chloride, and deprotection. Furthermore, their water solubility and other properties were investigated. Alkyl α-D-galactopyranosides (4a ～ 4e, n = 6 ～ 10) were water soluble, and their dissolution process in water was an endothermic process. Nonyl α-D-galactopyranoside (4d) showed excellent foaming ability and foam stability. Octyl α-D-galactopyranoside (4c) had the strongest emulsifying ability for toluene and nonyl α-D-galactopyranoside (4d) had the strongest emulsifying ability for rapeseed oil. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values and surface tension at the CMC were decreasing with increasing alkyl chain length. Their standard free energy of adsorption (ΔG_ads) was more negative than their standard free energy of micellization (ΔG_mic). The moisture-absorption abilities were weakening with increasing alkyl chain length. Alkyl α-D-galactopyranosides (4a ～4f) were thermally stable below 280°C. Alkyl α-D-galactopyranosides (4c ～4f) had the optical texture of the thermotropic liquid crystal smectic A phase.     

Quasi-binary picture of thermotropic liquid crystals and its application to cubic mesophases

A quasi-binary (QB) picture of thermotropic liquid crystals is proposed on the basis of thermodynamic observations. The experimental conformational entropy of long alkyl chains attached to a (semi)rigid core of mesogenic molecules indicates that the chain is highly disordered in liquid crystalline states. These disordered chains serve as ‘intramolecular solvent’ or ‘self-solvent’ judging from a close resemblance between phase diagrams of neat (against chain length) and binary (against composition) systems. The application of the QB picture to the classic examples of thermotropic cubic mesophases (in ANBC series) shows that the essential structural motif is triply periodic minimal surface.     

烷基链长及肽链电荷分布对脂肽双亲分子自组装及水凝胶化的影响

为阐明脂肽分子烷基链长及肽链电荷分布对其自组装及水凝胶化的影响, 设计合成了C_nV₃K₂ (n=12, 14, 16) 和C_mKV₃K (m=14, 16)两个系列的脂肽分子. 原子力显微镜(AFM)和透射电镜(TEM)结果表明, 两个系列的脂肽分子都可以自组装成一维纳米带结构. 圆二色(CD)光谱结果表明, C_nV₃K₂系列自组装体的二级结构为β折叠; C_mKV₃K系列自组装体中包括α螺旋和β折叠两种二级结构, 其中C14KV3K的α螺旋结构较多, C16KV3K的β折叠结构占优. 烷基链疏水作用的增强会抑制β折叠结构侧向堆积, 使纳米带随烷基链的变长而变窄; 电荷分布于肽链部分的两端有利于纳米带结构的侧向生长. 流变性测试结果表明, 在浓度10 mmol·L^-1、pH 8.4下, 脂肽分子可以形成自支撑水凝胶, 相比烷基链长度, 肽链部分的电荷分布对水凝胶性能影响更大.     

Antiferroelectric liquid crystals derived from a new optically active (R)-3-ethylmercapto-2-methylpropionic acid

A new optically active (R)-3-ethylmercapto-2-methylpropionic acid has been synthesized using D(-)—2,10-camphorsultam as a chiral auxiliary. The optical purity of the acid obtained was greater than 98 per cent. Its derivatives, (R)-4-(3-ethylmercapto-2-methylpropionyl)phenyl 4'-alkoxybiphenyl-4-carboxylates (EMMPPmBC; m = 7-16), have been prepared for the investigation of liquid crystalline properties as a function of peripheral alkyl chain length. Optical studies showed that all members exhibited an antiferroelectric S*c_A phase. The results also indicate that a lengthened alkyl chain length is favoured for S_cA* phase formation.     

Mesomorphic properties of liquid crystalline polysiloxanes and elastomers based on a tri-vinyl crosslinker

A series of crosslinked liquid crystalline polymers and the corresponding uncrosslinked liquid crystalline polymers were prepared by graft copolymerization; their liquid crystalline properties were characterized by DSC, POM and X-ray measurements. The results show that the crosslinking obtained in the isotropic state leads to a reduction of the clearing point (T_c) of the crosslinked polymers, as compared with the corresponding uncrosslinked polymers. The crosslinked polymers with low crosslinking density (P₁-P₇) exhibit nematic mesogenic phases, as do the uncrosslinked polymers. In contrast, a high crosslinking density leads to the crosslinked polymers P₈ and P₉ losing their thermotropic liquid crystalline phases; they instead exhibit stress-induced orientation.     

二茂铁基β-二酮锌(Ⅱ)配合物的制备及液晶性质

金属配合物液晶的分子设计与合成,是近10年来液晶学科的一个新的研究领域^[1,2]. 文献已报道的过渡金属液晶配合物多为单核或同核,而异核过渡金属液晶的研究甚少。     

Synthesis and mesophase behaviour of rigid rod‐like phenylthiophene‐based amphiphilic diol derivatives

Novel amphiphilic block molecules consisting of a rigid 2‐phenylthiophene or 5‐phenylbithienyl core, with a polar glycerol group attached to the phenyl ring and one or two alkyl chains attached to the thiophene ring on the other side, have been synthesised by using Ni(0) and Pd(0) catalyzed coupling reactions as key steps. The thermotropic and solvent‐induced liquid crystalline behaviour of these compounds was investigated by polarising optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The influence of the length, number and position of the alkyl chains, and the length of the rigid core, on their mesophase behaviour was investigated. Compounds with one alkyl chain in the terminal 5‐position on the thiophene ring form only smectic A phases, compounds with two adjacent alkyl chains attached in the 4‐ and 5‐positions of the thiophene ring exhibit thermotropic columnar mesophases, and those with two long alkyl chains attached to the 3‐ and 5‐positions form columnar LC phases only in the presence of water. Another compound containing the longer 5‐phenylbithienyl core unit and two alkyl chains attached in lateral positions to each of the thiophene rings is not mesogenic.     

Thermotropic behavior of asymmetric chain length catanionic surfactants: the influence of the polar head group

Catanionic surfactants formed by the pairing of two ionic amphiphilic chains of opposite charge are now recognized as an important class of amphiphiles. Many aspects of their phase behavior have yet to be explored. In this work, two homologous series of catanionic surfactants were synthesized, based on the cationic headgroups trimethylammonium and pyridinium. Within each series, the headgroup and chain length of the cationic counterpart remains constant while for the anionic counterpart the headgroup is varied, while its alkyl chain length is also kept constant. Thus, one can directly monitor the influence of headgroup chemistry on the thermal behavior of these compounds. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarizing light microscopy show that these compounds bear a rich and often complex thermotropic behavior, with the headgroup chemistry in some instances having a rather dramatic influence on phase behavior. Several liquid crystalline phases appear between the solid crystalline phase and the isotropic liquid phase. A qualitative correlation between the observed thermotropic behavior and the chemical nature of headgroup is presented.