大叶藤黄果的大叶藤黄醇

大叶藤黄(Garcinia xanthochymus Hook.f.ex J.Anders.)又名人面果,岭南倒捻子,最近我们从果分泌的树脂中分离、鉴定了大叶藤黄醇(xanthochmol)。 大叶藤黄醇为黄色针状晶,mp 135℃,IRν_(max)~(KBr).(cm~(-1)):3200—3400(OH),1640—1660,1715(>C=O),3079(C=CH基的νc-H振动),890(末端甲烯基)。 ~1H NMR(WH-90MHz.TMS为内标,CDC_3为溶剂)δ(ppm):1.02,1.17(2s,各3H,>CMe_2),且1.54×2,1.70×2(2s,各6H,—CH=CMe_2×2)。     

大叶藤黄叶片的化学成分及其抗氧化活性研究

为了解药用植物大叶藤黄(Garcinia xanthochymus)叶片的化学成分,采用UPLC-QTOF-MS从叶片中得到19个化合物,主要为双黄酮类、黄酮类和间苯三酚类化合物。采用色谱分离法从叶片的80%甲醇提取物中分离得到5个单体化合物,根据理化性质及波谱数据,分别鉴定为二氢山奈酚(1)、dulcisbiflavonoid A (2)、7-去甲基银杏双黄酮(3)、mono-[2-(4-carboxyphenoxycarbonyl)-vinyl]ester (4)、山奈酚(5)。化合物1和2为首次从大叶藤黄中分离得到,化合物3和4为首次从藤黄属植物中分离得到。化合物1和5清除DPPH自由基的IC50值分别为146.8和39.0μg/m L,表明其具有抗氧化活性。     

叶表面角质层在贝母属植物叶鉴定中的意义

叶表面角质层在贝母属植物叶鉴定中的意义李萍，濮祖茂，蒋鑫，刘惠娟，徐国钧（中国药科大学生药学教研室；分析中心电镜室南京２１０００９）ＴｈｅｄｉａｇｎｏｓｔｉｃｖａｌｕｅｏｆｔｈｅｃｕｔｉｃｌｅｉｎｔｈｅｌｅａｖｅｓｆｒｏｍｇｅｎｕｓＦｒｉｔｉｌｌａｒ...     

冷杉属植物叶角质层内表面的观察及其系统学意义

在扫描电镜下,比较观察了冷杉属全世界36种2变种的叶角质层内表面的结构特征,根据叶角 质层内表面胞间凸缘特征的显著差异,将冷杉属植物归为4类:(1)直且发达的单凸缘;(2)双凸缘; (3)不发达的单凸缘;(4)弯曲且发达的单凸缘。并发现这四种凸缘类型在冷杉属中的分布格局与该 类植物的地理分布具有相关性。根据所观察的结果和前人的属下分类系统以及化石资料,认为北美西部是现代冷杉属植物的一个多样性中心。     

华北晚古生代煤中一种科达叶的角质层研究

江苏徐州煤田太原组２０号煤层中一种分散角质层,根据其表皮构造特征及其它证据,认为是科达叶的角质层。利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对这种角质层进行了详细研究,并与国内外研究较详细的几种科达叶的表皮构造进行了比较,表明当前标本是一种新和产达叶表皮构造类型。     

Pilgerodendron uviferum（柏科）及其相关类群叶角质层微形态特征的比较研究

在扫描电镜下观察了分布于南半球的柏科Cupressaceae单种属Pilgerodendron u viferum及其相关类群的代表种Austrocedrus chilensis、Libocedrus plumosa和Papuacedr us papuana叶角质层内外表面的微形态特征。发现Pilgerodendron uviferum叶角质层外表面 光滑,不具Florin环,而其余3个属的代表种均有明显的Florin环;且仅L.plumosa叶角质层外 表面有乳状突起。观察结果支持传统的观点,即将P.uviferum作为独立的属;不支持基于DNA 分析的结果,即将P.uviferum归并到Libocedrus属。发现Papuacedrus papuana叶角质层外表 面有许多明显的小凹陷,与其相对应的叶角质层内表面有凹陷的小狭缝,该性状以前未见报 道。     

大孔树脂分离纯化辣椒叶总黄酮的工艺研究

目的:筛选适合分离纯化辣椒叶总黄酮的一种大孔树脂,同时用响应面法进行优化得到最佳纯化工艺。方法:采用热回流法提取辣椒叶总黄酮,以吸附率和解吸率为考察指标,考察6种不同型号的大孔树脂(HPD100、HPD450、HPD600、HPD826、D101、AB-8)对辣椒叶总黄酮的吸附能力与解吸能力,确定最佳树脂。通过动态吸附解吸实验考察此树脂对辣椒叶总黄酮的最佳分离纯化工艺。结果:通过对辣椒叶总黄酮吸附分离性能的分析显示HPD600为最佳树脂,最优工艺为:上样浓度为10 mg/mL,上样量为10 mL,洗脱体积为4 BV,洗脱液流速为4 mL/min,洗脱液pH为7,依次用水、10%、30%乙醇冲洗树脂柱,50%乙醇为洗脱液。纯化后的黄酮纯度435.4 mg/g。结论:该方法简便,操作简单,对辣椒叶总黄酮的纯化效果较好。     

一种由藤黄微球菌产生的纤溶酶

血栓栓塞性疾病如心肌梗塞、脑栓塞等是危害人类健康、导致死亡率最高的疾病之一.全球每年约1 700万人死于心脑血管病,我国每年约有300万人死于此类疾病.治疗此类疾病的主要手段之一是溶栓疗法,即注射溶栓剂疏通血管,但传统的溶栓药物如t-PA、尿激酶等有半衰期短、使用量大、价格昂贵、易引发出血症等不良副作用,因此开发新型溶栓类药物,提供廉价高效、副作用小、使用方便的溶栓药物,对栓塞性疾病的治疗具有重要意义.     

羊蹄叶过氧化物酶的纯化和酶学性质研究北大核心CSCD

采用磷酸缓冲液浸提法提取羊蹄叶POD,对影响酶提取的主要因素(料液比、浸提液p H、浸提温度和浸提时间)进行单因素实验和正交实验,用p H沉淀和丙酮沉淀对酶进行了纯化,并研究了其酶学性质。结果表明,羊蹄叶POD的最佳提取条件是料液比为1∶40,提取液p H为9,浸提温度是35℃,浸提时间为30 min。调节提取液的p H为5以及用1倍和0.8倍体积的丙酮沉淀提取液时蛋白相对沉淀量多和酶的比活性大。羊蹄叶POD以愈创木酚和H2O2为底物的Km分别是0.12 mmol/L和0.62×10-3mmol/L。Cu SO4对羊蹄叶POD活性有激活作用,而Zn SO4、Mg SO4、Ca Cl2、KCl和Na Cl对POD活性有抑制作用。研究证明羊蹄叶POD的提取和纯化方法简单有效,其酶学性质为理解羊蹄植物的生长特性和酶学应用提供依据。     

Cytotoxic prenylated phenolic compounds from the twig bark of Garcinia xanthochymus

Three new hydroxylated xanthones with prenyl or geranyl substituents, compounds 1-3, were isolated from the twig bark of Garcinia xanthochymus, along with the four known compounds 1,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-7,8-diprenylxanthone (4), 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxy-4,7,8-triprenylxanthone (5), garciniaxanthone E (6), and 6-prenylapigenin (7). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D- and 2D-NMR as well as HR-MS experiments. All compounds showed moderate cytotoxicities against breast cancer (MDA-MB-435S) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines, but lacked antifungal activity against Candida albicans.     

Anti-diabetic xanthones from the bark of Garcinia xanthochymus

An ethyl acetate extract the bark of Garcinia xanthochymus exhibited strong inhibition towards α-glucosidase and PTP1B with IC₅₀ values of 0.3 ± 0.1 μg/mL and 2.3 ± 0.4 μg/mL, respectively. Chemical constituents of the extract were therefore examined, and two new compounds, xanthochymusxanthones A (1) and B (2), along with ten known xanthones (3–12), were isolated. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic methods, mainly 1D and 2D NMR. Inhibitory activity of the isolated compounds was then tested, and subelliptenone F (12) showed significant effect towards α-glucosidase with IC₅₀ value of 4.1 ± 0.3 μM (compared with acarbose, IC₅₀ = 900.0 ± 3.0 μM) whilst xanthochymusxanthone B (2) exhibited remarkable activity towards PTP1B with IC₅₀ value of 8.0 ± 0.6 μM (compared with RK682, IC₅₀ = 4.4 ± 0.3 μM).     

Prenylated xanthones with NGF-potentiating activity from Garcinia xanthochymus

Two prenylated xanthones, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydroxy-7,8-di(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthone (1) and 1,2,6-trihydroxy-5-methoxy-7-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)xanthone (2), were isolated from the wood of Garcinia xanthochymus along with a known xanthone, 12b-hydroxy-des-D-garcigerrin A (3). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Compound 1 (10 muM), 2 (10-30 muM) and 3 (10 muM) showed a markedly enchancing activity of nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated neurite outgrowth on PC12D cells.     

Plant cuticles sorb lipophilic compounds during enzymatic isolation

Abstract Plant cuticles sorb large amounts of hexadecanoic acid, octadecanoic acid and other lipophilic compounds (not identified) when incubated in cell slurries obtained by enzymatically digesting leaves or fruits. These extraneous substances cannot be removed completely and selectively after cuticle isolation, nor is it possible to prevent sorption by optimizing isolation procedures. It is, therefore, impossible to estimate amounts and composition of intracuticular soluble lipids using enzymatically isolated cuticles, as has been done in the past. Extraneous substances sorbed during isolation do not affect water permeability of the cuticles.     

The effect of the environment on the permeability and composition of Citrus leaf cuticles

The constituents of the soluble cuticular lipids (SCL) of the leaf blades of Citrus aurantium L. were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and quantified. Major components were 1-alkanols (C₂₄ to C₄₀), n-alkyl esters (C₃₆ to C₅₆), n-alkanoic acids (C₂₈ to C₃₄), n-alkanes (C₂₂ to C₄₀) and triterpenones, while n-alkanals (C₂₉ to C₃₈), sterols, and alkyl benzenes (molecular weights 260, 274 and 288) made minor contributions. Leaf age and side significantly affected the quantitative composition of SCL. Increased day temperature during the development of leaves led to decreased amounts per unit area of n-alkanes, 1-alkanols, n-alkanoic acids and n-alkyl esters while increased night temperatures resulted in increased amounts of n-alkanes n-alkanoic acids and 1-alkanols. Relative humidity had no effect on the amounts or composition of SCL. The permeability of cuticular membranes to water (described in part I of this paper) and the composition of SCL were not related. A model for the molecular structure of the transport-limiting barrier of plant cuticles and for the transport of water across it is proposed.Abbreviations CM cuticular membrane - GC gas chromatogra-phy - MS mass spectroscopy - TLC thin-layer (planar) chromatography - SCL soluble cuticular lipids The authors are indebted to Dr. R. Winkler and H. Krause, Laboratorium für Strukturchemie des Fachbereichs Chemie, Biologie und Geowissenschaften, Technische Universität München, FRG, for performing the GC-MS analyses and their valuable help in the identification of SCL constituents. This work has been supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Bayerische Staatsministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst.     

Phenolic constituents of tomato fruit cuticles

Chalconaringenin, naringenin, naringenin-7-glucoside, and m- and p-coumaric acids have been identified in the fruit cuticles of three tomato cultivars. The phenolic content of the cuticles increased substantially during fruit development, those from immature green and mature ripe fruits of cv Ailsa Craig yielding respectively 2.8 and 61 μg/cm² (representing 1.4 and 6% of the total membrane wt). Coumaric acids, present only in the ‘cutin-bound’ phenolics, increased from 2 to 24 μg/cm² during fruit development. Flavonoids, synthesized mainly during the climacteric, occurred free in the epicuticular (0.3–7.2 μg/cm²) and cuticular (0.7–5.7 μg/cm²) phenolics but the major part of this class of constituents in ripe fruit cuticles was also ‘bound’ to the cutin matrix (30–43 μg/cm²). The composition of the flavonoid fraction was controlled by the spectral quality of incident radiation, red light favouring the formation of chalconaringenin.     

Cloning capacity helps seeds of Garcinia xanthochymus counter animal predation

Seed predators have the potential to act as agents of natural selection that influence seed traits and seed fates, which in turn affect the whole plant population dynamic. Accordingly, plants deploy a variety of mechanisms (e.g., resistance and tolerance strategies) to lessen the impact of predation on seed crop or on an individual seed. In this study, we described a novel mechanism, seed cloning strategy, in a tropical plant species in countering animal predation. By conducting field‐ and laboratory‐based germination experiments, we found that both rodent damaged and artificially damaged seed fragments of a large‐seeded tree Garcinia xanthochymus (Clusiaceae) could successfully germinate and establish as seedlings. Tissue culture experiments revealed that G. xanthochymus has no endosperm in seeds, and its seed fragments own strong capacity of differentiation and cloning. Seed damage negatively affected seedling growth and germination, but the seed germination rate was remarkably high. Our study suggests that, seed cloning capacity, adopted by the large‐seeded tree G. xanthochymus may act as a novel strategy counteract for seed predation and would play a significant role in stabilizing the mutualism between plant and animals.     

Attenuation of UV radiation by plant cuticles from woody species

Transmittance spectra of isolated plant cuticles were measured in the wavelength range from 270 to 600 nm. The cuticles were enzymatically isolated from the leaves of 27 species (26 evergreen or deciduous woody, one succulent herbaceous) and from four species of fruits. With the exception of subtropical and tropical species all plants were cultivated in the field. The cuticles of the species studied strongly attenuated ultraviolet (UV) radiation at wavelengths < 400 nm while they were practically translucent in the visible range. Relatively broad transmittance minima occurred at wavelengths from 280 to 320 nm (UV-B). Spectral transmittances at 300 nm ranged from 0.004 (Ilex aquifolium) to 0.50 (Prunus avium) for leaf cuticles and from 0.00023 (Cydonia oblonga) to 0.005 (Mains domestica) for fruit cuticles. The constitutive UV protection by cuticular pigments may be supplemented, to varying degrees, by pigments located in the epidermal cell wall and protoplast. Thus, it is concluded that only a small fraction of incident UV-B radiation may actually reach the sensitive tissues of the leaves of non-herbaceous species and of fruits.