甲状腺肿瘤10年1862例临床分析

目的:探讨甲状腺肿瘤的治疗效果。方法:回顾性分析1995年2004年十年间1862例甲状腺肿瘤(1524例甲状腺良性肿瘤,338例的甲状腺癌)的临床资料及随访结果。结果:外科手术操作技术一律采用包膜解剖技术(除峡部外),即常规显露喉返神经及逐一结扎进人甲状腺的三级血管分支,既避免损伤喉返神经,又保留了甲状旁腺血供。局限于一侧的良性肿瘤以甲状腺腺叶切除,双侧甲状腺良性肿瘤,以较大一侧的甲状腺腺叶切除加对侧肿块切除术;T1-T3期分化性甲状腺癌,行一侧的甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除,对T4期分化性甲状腺癌,则进行全甲状腺切除或近全甲状腺切除术;对甲状腺髓样癌行全甲切除+功能性颈清术;临床NO分化型甲状腺癌行甲状腺腺叶+峡部切除+中央区淋巴结清扫术。手术并发症包括术后出血2例(0.1%),乳糜漏1例(0.05%)2例暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下,无喉返神经损伤及永久性甲状腺功能低下。结论:严格掌握甲状腺肿瘤外科的治疗原则及熟悉包膜解剖技术是甲状腺外科手术的关键。     

甲状腺外科专业化的临床资料分析

目的 评价耳鼻咽喉头颈外科医师手术治疗甲状腺良性疾病的结果。方法回顾性分析北京朝阳医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2001年1月-2004年4月手术治疗496例甲状腺良性疾病的方式、术后并发症的发生、手术耗时、颈部切口长度、住院时间和术后复发的情况。结果甲状腺一侧腺叶加对侧腺叶部分切除314例，甲状腺一侧腺叶加峡部切除76例，甲状腺双侧腺叶次全切除29例，单纯甲状腺峡部切除3例，甲状腺全切除46例，颈部低位领式切口入路切除胸骨后结节性甲状腺肿28例。术后一侧喉返神经损伤发生率为0．2％(1／496)，无双侧喉返神经损伤。术后暂时性低钙血症发生率为1．8％(9／496)，无永久性低钙血症。术后出血发生率为0．6％(3／496)，无切口感染。手术耗时平均为66min，颈部切口长度平均为5．2cm，住院时间平均为6．3d。术后复发率0．2％(1／496)。结论受过严格头颈外科培训的耳鼻咽喉科医师行甲状腺良性疾病手术可降低喉返神经损伤的发生。     

喉返神经三分段在甲状腺被膜解剖技术中的应用

目的探讨在甲状腺被膜解剖术中,采用喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN)三分段的方法对降低RLN损伤的意义。方法 112例良性甲状腺疾病患者采用被膜解剖技术施行单侧腺叶切除术,经中间入路,在RLN三分段的不同部位采用相应的方法进行解剖操作。结果 112例单侧甲状腺腺叶切除后检查甲状腺后方假被膜完整109例(97.3%),在Berry韧带平面透过甲状腺后方假被膜可见到RLN走行91例(81.2%),无神经裸露病例,术后无1例声音嘶哑,随访3个月无声音改变病例。结论良性甲状腺疾病患者采用被膜解剖技术行腺叶切除,术者对RLN三分段的认识有助于降低神经损伤的风险。     

甲状旁腺原位保护技术在甲状腺全切除术中的应用

目的 评估甲状腺全切术中甲状旁腺原位保护对术后甲状旁腺功能的意义.方法 同一医疗手术组连续实施的1019例甲状腺全切除术患者,术中在解剖游离甲状腺的过程中注意原位保护甲状旁腺,包括:正确辨认甲状旁腺,精确解剖甲状腺被膜,最大限度保护甲状旁腺血供,并记录保留甲状旁腺数目.检测并对比术前、术后24～48 h的血清钙离子和甲状旁腺激素(PTH)水平,对术后出现低钙血症以及甲状旁腺功能低下者进行1～6个月的支持治疗及随访.结果 1019例接受甲状腺全切除术的患者均原位保护至少1枚甲状旁腺.术后出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下者89例(8.7%),出现有症状低钙血症者42例(4.1%);治疗及随访6个月～2年甲状旁腺激素以及血钙水平均恢复正常.原位保护甲状旁腺3和4枚的患者术后出现PTH降低者(69/999)较保护1和2枚的患者(20/20)显著减少,低钙血症症状的发生比率也显著减少(分别为25/999和17/20),差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.01).结论 甲状旁腺的原位保护是预防术后永久性甲状旁腺功能低下的有效手段.     

结合超声刀的精细化解剖技术在甲状腺外科中的应用

目的总结超声刀联合甲状腺精细化解剖技术在甲状腺手术中的应用体会,分析其安全性和疗效。方法2010年7月至2015年12月,采用超声刀联合甲状腺精细化解剖技术治疗甲状腺疾病患者333例。本文对本组患者进行回顾性分析,评估术后出血、低钙血症及喉返神经麻痹等并发症的发生概率。结果所有患者中,实施甲状腺全/次全切除57例,单侧腺叶切除276例。其中发生术后出血2例,暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下3例,暂时性喉返神经麻痹1例,均经相应处理痊愈出院。结论结合超声刀的甲状腺精细化解剖技术,能较好地原位保留甲状旁腺及其血供,避免喉返神经损伤。该技术安全可靠,值得临床推广应用。     

甲状腺全切除术中甲状旁腺及其功能的保护

目的 探讨甲状腺全切除术中甲状旁腺的显露定位及其血供的保护方法.方法 回顾性分析辽宁省肿瘤医院头颈外科1990年2月至2009年12月期间296例甲状腺全切手术患者资料,术中显露并保护甲状旁腺及其血供,检测并对比术前、术后血清钙离子和甲状旁腺激素(parathyroid hormone,PTH)水平,对术后出现低钙症状和甲状旁腺功能低下者行支持治疗.结果 296例甲状腺全切手术中见上甲状旁腺共542枚,其中444枚(81.9%)位置恒定于甲状腺背面甲状软骨下缘水平;确切显露104枚上甲状旁腺的血管,其中71枚(68.3%)由甲状腺下动脉上行支供血.下甲状旁腺共467枚,位置变异较大,231枚(49.5%)位于甲状腺背面下1/3部分,116枚(24.8%)位于甲状腺侧叶最下端近甲状腺下动脉入腺体处;确切显露142枚下甲状旁腺的血管,其中114枚(80.3%)的血供来自甲状腺下动脉或最下动脉的分支.术后发生低钙血症13例,无一例发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下.结论 甲状旁腺血供来源与其位置有密切关系.甲状腺全切除及近全切除术中辨认和保护甲状旁腺及其血液供应,可有效防止术后甲状旁腺功能低下的发生.     

超声加绘图技术在甲状旁腺定位中的应用

目的 探讨超声辅加绘图技术对甲状腺切除过程中甲状旁腺术前定位的效果,提高甲状旁腺辨认阳性率,有效保护甲状旁腺,降低术后低钙血症发生率。方法 将头颈外科拟行甲状腺手术的160例患者按甲状腺拟全切除、单侧叶切除及年龄段平均分为A、B两组,A组患者术前采用甲状旁腺超声定位辅加手绘图标记技术,B组未采用。术中记录A组定位甲状旁腺与术中位置符合率及漏诊率、两组术中辨认率,两组甲状旁腺误切情况;术后记录两组患者血钙、甲状旁腺素（PTH）实验室检查,分析比较两组术中辨认阳性率、甲状旁腺误切率、术后第1天与术前实验室检查指标。结果 A组术前定位甲状旁腺176枚,与术中位置符合率为92.63%（176/190）,另有14枚旁腺超声未检测到,漏诊率7.37%（14/190）;A组术中辨认阳性率86.36%（190/220）,B组术中辨认阳性率77.27%（170/220）,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;A组中有2枚甲状旁腺误切除,B组中有9枚甲状旁腺误切除,A组误切率低于B组（P<0.05）;术后第1天与术前血钙及PTH实验室检查两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 甲状腺切除术前实施超声辅加绘图技术定位甲状旁腺,对甲状腺外科手术中寻找并保留甲状旁腺及降低术后低钙血症方面有一定的临床应用价值。     

甲状腺全切及近全切术中甲状旁腺的原位保护

目的：探讨甲状腺全切及近全切木中甲状旁腺及其功能的保护。方法：对131例行甲状腺全切、近全切木及甲状腺腺叶及峡部切除术患者在术中显露甲状旁腺。必要时在显微镜下识别、结扎甲状腺下动脉第3级血管，原位保护甲状旁腺。观察术后甲状旁腺功能情况。结果：4例（3％）木后出现暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下；26例（20％）血钙明显降低无症状；73例（56％）术后3d内血钙水平较术前一过性降低；28例（21％）甲状腺腺叶加峡部切除或甲状腺腺叶加对侧部分切除患者，术后血钙均在正常范围。所有患者均未发生永久性甲状旁腺功能低下，无死亡患者。结论：甲状腺全切及近全切术中辨认和保护甲状旁腺及其血液供应，术后对血钙明显降低者适量应用扩血管药物及补充钙剂，可有效防止术后永久性甲状旁腺功能低下的发生。     

甲状腺良性病变手术与喉返神经损伤

目的 探讨甲状腺良性病变的手术致喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve,RLN)损伤的主要相关因素。方法回顾分析586例甲状腺良性病变的手术资料,探讨RLN损伤与手术方式、RLN在手术中是否预先分离保护的关系。结果586例手术病人发生RLN损伤者为34例,占5.80％,其中以甲状腺次全切除术RLN受损率最高,占88.24％(30/34);术中明确预先解剖出RLN并予以保护者,术后暂时声带麻痹的发生率为0.91％,无永久性声带麻痹。结论 甲状腺次全切除术RLN损伤率最高,可能与缝合殁体时RLN被误伤有关。术中先行游离RLN并予以保护,缝合甲状腺残体时,应尽量在食管沟平面以上注意保留后包膜的完整是减少医源性RLN损伤的重要措施。     

分化型甲状腺癌外科治疗的术式选择

目的 :探讨分化型甲状腺癌外科治疗术式的选择。方法 :对 6 6例分化型甲状腺癌病例行患侧腺叶、峡部加对侧次全切除术 49例 ,患侧腺叶及峡部切除术 7例 ,一侧腺叶次全切除及对侧部分切除术 6例 ,全甲状腺切除术 4例。行患侧功能性颈清扫术加对侧功能性颈清扫术 43例 ,双侧功能性颈清扫术 1例及患侧传统性颈清扫术 10例 ,患侧传统性颈清扫术 5例。结果 :3年生存率 96 % (2 5 /2 6 ) ,5年生存率 94% (17/18) ,1例死于白血病 ,1例失访。 4例行全甲状腺切除术的病例术后均出现甲状腺功能减退 ,其中 2例出现甲状旁腺功能减退(5 0 % ) ,其他病例均未发生甲状腺功能和甲状旁腺功能减退。无一例发生喉返神经麻痹。结论 :对分化型甲状腺癌 ,主张行患侧腺叶切除加对侧次全切除或大部切除 ;如术前发现颈淋巴结肿大 ,应同时行患侧淋巴结清扫术。而N0 患者 ,除了对高危组 (男 >41岁 ,女 >5 1岁 )患者腺体外乳头状瘤或明显侵犯包膜的滤泡型腺癌者应行功能性颈清扫术 ,其他随访容易的N0 患者可以不必常规行颈清扫术 ,并提倡长期密切随访。     

Value of recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring in the operative strategy during total thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the role of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) monitoring in the operative strategy during total thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. Due to the risk of serious respiratory complications of bilateral recurrent nerve paralysis, two-stage surgery may be considered in the case on negative stimulation of the first side.Patients and methodsThis prospective study was conducted in 100 consecutive patients between May 2007 and March 2011. Translaryngeal monitoring was performed. When stimulation of the RLN on the first side dissected was negative, dissection of the other side was deferred to avoid the risk of bilateral RLN paralysis.ResultsThe main surgical indications were thyroid carcinoma (34%), Graves’ disease (27%), multinodular goitre (27%) and parathyroid hyperplasia (9%) with seven cases of redo surgery. Four RLN identified on the first side gave a negative response to stimulation and surgery to the other side was therefore deferred. Transient unilateral RLN paralysis was observed in these four patients and two cases of RLN paralysis were observed among patients with positive RLN stimulation. Among the 96 contralateral RLNs tested, two were not visualized (one case of transient RLN paralysis, one case of permanent RLN paralysis), two gave a negative response to stimulation (two cases of permanent RLN paralysis) and 92 gave a positive response to stimulation (nine cases of transient RLN paralysis, including two cases associated with transient paralysis of the first side, and one case of permanent RLN paralysis). The incidence of RLN paralysis by nerve was 9.6% for transient RLN paralysis and 2% for permanent (unilateral) RLN paralysis.ConclusionWhen bilateral RLN dissection is planned, RLN monitoring is particularly useful to limit the risk of bilateral RLN paralysis. Two-stage thyroidectomy, following functional recovery of the damaged RLN, can therefore be proposed. The risk of bilateral RLN paralysis was avoided in four patients, while transient bilateral RLN paralysis was observed in two patients despite positive stimulation.     

Assessment of the morbidity and complications of total thyroidectomy

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence and predictive factors for complications after total thyroidectomy. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of a national database on total thyroidectomy cases. METHODS: The National Hospital Data Survey database was examined and all cases of total thyroidectomy performed during 1995 to 1999 were extracted. In addition to demographic information, postoperative complications including hypocalcemia, recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, wound complications, and medical morbidities were identified. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine potential predictive factors for postoperative complications. RESULTS: A total of 517 patients were identified (mean age, 48.3 years). The most common indications for total thyroidectomy were thyroid malignancy and goiter (73.9% of cases). Eighty-one patients (15.7%) underwent an associated nodal dissection along with total thyroidectomy, and 16 patients (3.1%) underwent parathyroid reimplantation. The mean length of stay was 2.5 days (95% confidence interval, 2.3-2.8 days). The incidence of postoperative wound hematoma was 1.0%, wound infection was 0.2%, and mortality rate was 0.2%. The incidence of postoperative hypocalcemia was 6.2%. Younger age was statistically associated with an increased incidence of hypocalcemia (P =.002, t test), whereas sex (P =.48), indication for surgery (P =.32), parathyroid reimplantation (P>.99), and associated neck dissection (P =.21) were not. The mean length of stay was 2.5 days and was unaffected by occurrence of postoperative hypocalcemia. The incidences of unilateral and bilateral vocal cord paralyses were 0.77% and 0.39%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative hypocalcemia is the most common immediate surgical complication of total thyroidectomy. Other complications, including recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis, can be expected at rates approximating 1%.     

Incidence of vocal cord paralysis with and without recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during thyroidectomy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of postoperative vocal cord paresis or paralysis in a cohort of patients who underwent thyroidectomy with and without continuous recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) monitoring by a single senior surgeon. We hypothesize that continuous RLN monitoring reduces the rate of nerve injury during thyroidectomy DESIGN: Retrospective medical chart review. SETTING: Academic tertiary care medical center. PATIENTS: A total of 684 patients (1043 nerves at risk) who underwent thyroid surgery under general anesthesia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Incidence of vocal cord paresis or paralysis in patients who underwent thyroid surgery with continuous RLN monitoring vs those undergoing surgery without continuous RLN monitoring. RESULTS: The incidence of unexpected unilateral vocal cord paresis based on RLNs at risk was 2.09% (n = 14) in the monitored group and 2.96% (n = 11) in the unmonitored group. This difference was not statistically significant. The incidence of unexpected complete unilateral vocal cord paralysis was 1.6% in each group. Two of the 5 paralyses in the unmonitored group and 7 of the 11 paralyses in the monitored group had complete resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Monitoring of the RLN does not appear to reduce the incidence of postoperative temporary or permanent complete vocal cord paralysis. There appeared to be a slightly lower rate of postoperative paresis with RLN monitoring, but this difference was not statistically significant.     

Sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve stimulation in predicting postoperative nerve paralysis

Bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis after thyroidectomy is infrequent, but serious when it occurs. Intraoperative knowledge of the status of the nerve after dissection could potentially provide the surgeon with important decision-making information. The current study examines the sensitivity and specificity of intraoperative stimulation of the RLN during thyroid surgery for predicting postoperative RLN deficits. Eighty-one RLNs in 55 patients were identified to be at risk of injury during thyroidectomy or parathyroidectomy performed between January 1998 and February 2000. Intraoperative determination of RLN function was evaluated with a disposable nerve stimulator (Xomed, Jacksonville, Florida) set at 0.5 mA. Injury was assessed by palpating for a contraction of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle while the stimulus was applied. Postoperative assessment of RLN integrity was determined by using indirect or direct laryngoscopy to visualize vocal fold mobility. Nine RLNs failed to elicit a posterior cricoarytenoid contraction after nerve stimulation, and 4 RLNs were determined to be deficient in the postoperative evaluation. The calculated sensitivity and specificity were 75% and 92.2% with a positive predictive value of 33.3% and negative predictive value of 98.6%. The RLN injury rate was 4.94%. We conclude that intraoperative RLN stimulation is a relatively safe and useful method of determining what RLN function will be after thyroid or parathyroid surgery.     

经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术在甲状腺乳头状癌中的安全效用分析

目的 探究经口腔前庭入路腔镜甲状腺手术在甲状腺乳头状癌中的安全性及效用。 方法 回顾性分析2017年06月~2020年01月期间青岛大学附属烟台毓璜顶医院行经口腔镜甲状腺手术患者146例,将139例PTC患者纳入研究,总结建腔经验、术后视觉疼痛评分、住院时间、清扫淋巴结数目、并发症及术后随访情况。 结果 完成经口腔前庭入路单侧甲状腺癌手术135例,平均手术时间(132±34.9)min;经口腔前庭入路双侧甲状腺癌4例,平均手术时间(168±38.5)min。平均中央区淋巴结清扫数目(7.1±4.6)枚,中央区淋巴结转移率47.5%(66/139),术后平均住院天数(1.9±0.7)d。暂时性喉返神经损伤率1.4%,暂时性甲状旁腺功能低下为0.7%。颏神经损伤7例(5.0%),暂时性下唇运动功能障碍9例,暂时性面神经下颌缘支分损伤2例。 结论 经口腔镜前庭入路腔镜手术可以进行标准的加速康复外科理念管理,在单侧甲状腺乳头状癌中具有良好的肿瘤治疗效果及手术安全性。     

甲状腺肿瘤外科手术2228例临床分析

目的探讨甲状腺肿瘤外科治疗效果，总结甲状腺肿瘤的诊疗经验。方法回顾性分析1992年-2004年间2228例甲状腺肿瘤(2072例甲状腺良性肿瘤，156例甲状腺癌)的临床资料及随访结果。结果2072例甲状腺良性肿瘤中，术后喉返神经损伤4例，永久性喉返神经损伤率是0．1％，暂时性喉返神经损伤率为0．1％；55例复发行二次手术，复发率为2．6％。术后无甲状旁腺功能低下和出血。甲状腺癌156例，8例复发，3例死亡，直接法统计5年生存率为95．50k，(64／67)，Kaplan-Meier法统计5年生存率为98．0％。60例微小癌中无1例复发或转移，5年生存率为100．0％。156例甲状腺癌中1例喉返神经损伤，发生率为0．6％，术后无出血和甲状旁腺功能低下。结论遵循甲状腺肿瘤正确外科治疗原则能有效降低甲状腺疾病患者手术并发症、复发率等，并改善预后。     

甲状腺近全切除术切口双侧侧下方引流切口的临床应用

目的探讨甲状腺近全切除术切口侧下方引流切口的方法及其效果。方法于1998年12月～2004年7月间对63例甲状腺双侧肿块行甲状腺近全切除术,引流采用切口双侧侧下方分别做一切口置引流管进行引流。结果甲状腺近全切除术采用切口双侧侧下外方引流,最少引流量10 ml,最多120 ml,平均38 ml,所有病例引流通畅且术后引流口易被衣领掩盖,美学效果较好,无1例感染和死亡。结论甲状腺近全切除术采用甲状腺切口双侧侧下外方引流切口方式引流通畅,引流口隐蔽,易被领角掩盖,美学效果较好。     

The effect of lateral neck dissection on complication rate for total thyroidectomy

PurposeTo determine the complication profile for total thyroidectomy with and without concomitant lateral neck dissection using a large administrative database.Materials and methodsThe IBM MarketScan® Commercial Database (2010–2014) analytic cohort was queried for patients ≥18 years or older undergoing total thyroidectomy (or equivalent procedures) from January 1, 2010 to June 30, 2014. Subgroup analysis was performed for patients undergoing concomitant unilateral and bilateral lateral neck dissection. The complication profiles were described.Results55,204 patients underwent total thyroidectomy or equivalent procedures. Hypoparathyroidism or hypocalcemia was coded in 20.3% overall, with 4.7% having permanent hypoparathyroidism. Vocal cord paralysis was coded in 3.3% overall with permanent rate of 0.7%. Tracheotomy was performed in 0.3% of patients. 2743 underwent total thyroidectomy with concomitant unilateral lateral neck dissection, and 560 of these patients underwent bilateral lateral neck dissection. In patients undergoing unilateral lateral neck dissection, 30.5% of patients have hypoparathyroidism/hypocalcemia coded, with a permanent rate of 8.8%. Vocal cord paralysis was coded in 8.3% of patients, with a permanent rate of 1.9%. Tracheotomy was performed in 1.2% of patients. In patients undergoing bilateral lateral neck dissection, 39.6% had hypoparathyroidism/hypocalcemia coded, with a permanent rate of 10.9%. These patients had vocal cord paralysis coded in 10.2% of cases, with a permanent rate of 2.1%. Tracheotomy was performed in 2.5% of patients.ConclusionThe addition of unilateral and especially bilateral lateral neck dissection increases both overall and permanent complication rates for total thyroidectomy. These data may help to inform preoperative discussions with patients.     

采用改良L型切口行甲状腺癌颈清扫术

目的：探索更加美观隐蔽的甲状腺癌颈清扫术手术切口。方法将2009年1月～2012年12月在我院接受颈清扫术的72例甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移患者采用改良L型切口进行手术。其中22例患者行甲状腺全切术＋患侧Ⅰ～Ⅵ区颈清扫术;另50例患者单纯行颈清扫术,清扫范围主要为Ⅰ～Ⅴ区淋巴结。颈清扫切口行于斜方肌表面发际前缘自乳突尖后向下行至锁骨上约1.5cm处循皮纹横行向前至颈前中部或与原甲状腺手术切口相连。其中根治性颈清扫术4例,功能性颈清扫术68例。结果72例患者共行83侧颈清扫术,均行改良L型切口。手术过程均顺利,术野暴露满意,手术时间为128～196min,平均145.3±23.8min。共11例患者出现术后并发症,其中颈部积液6例、副神经损伤3例、乳糜漏2例。无皮瓣坏死、切口感染等并发症发生。术后患者颈部切口瘢痕隐蔽,外观影响小。术后随访6个月～4年,淋巴结复发率为0.0%。结论采用改良L型切口行颈清扫术暴露满意,手术并发症少,术后切口隐蔽,是甲状腺癌颈清扫术一种较为理想的手术入路。