肉毒毒素肌注配合综合康复在小儿脑性瘫痪中的应用

目的：探索肉毒杆菌毒素A（BTX－A）肌肉注射配合综合康复矫治小儿脑性瘫痪（脑瘫）功能畸形的疗效。方法：48例脑瘫患儿随机分为两组,观察组24例,运用BTX－A和综合康复治疗;对照组24例,采用综合康复疗法。结果：两组总有效率分别为100％和75％,观察组明显优于对照组（χ^2=4.76:P&;lt;0.05)。结论：BTX－A肌肉注射与综合康复疗法结合治疗小儿脑冷有明显提高疗效。     

肉毒毒素改善痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童肌痉挛和运动功能的效果

目的：评估A型肉毒毒素（BTX－A）治疗小儿痉挛型脑性瘫痪（脑瘫）的临床疗效。方法：28例脑瘫患儿被随机分为两组，治疗组14例，采用BTX－A神经阻滞治疗肌痉挛，剂量为2－3IU／kg；对照组14例，采用综合康复治疗方法。评定方法包括综合疗效分析，马若飞法，Ashowrth量表测定法，关节活动度测量和步态分析。结果：按马若飞标准评估， 治疗组总有效率（92．9％）明显高于对照组（64．3％），前的Ashowrth分级和关节活动度也显优于后（P均＜0．05）。步态分析结果表明，治疗组上肢肌群姿势及下肢步态明显改善显多于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：BTX－A肌肉注射疗法能有效地缓解痉挛型脑瘫儿童的肌肉痉挛，改善四肢运动功能。     

肉毒毒素改善痉挛型脑性瘫痪儿童肌痉挛和运动功能的效果

目的评估A型肉毒毒素(BTX-A)治疗小儿痉挛型脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)的临床疗效。方法28例脑瘫患儿被随机分为两组,治疗组14例,采用BTX-A神经阻滞治疗肌痉挛,剂量为2～3IU/kg;对照组14例,采用综合康复治疗方法。评定方法包括综合疗效分析,马若飞法,Ashowrth量表测定法,关节活动度测量和步态分析。结果按马若飞标准评估,治疗组总有效率(92.9%)明显高于对照组(64.3%),前者的Ashowrth分级和关节活动度也显著优于后者(P均<0.05)。步态分析结果表明,治疗组上肢肌群姿势及下肢步态明显改善显著多于对照组(P<0.05)。结论BTX-A肌肉注射疗法能有效地缓解痉挛型脑瘫儿童的肌肉痉挛,改善四肢运动功能。     

综合康复治疗小儿脑瘫疗效观察

目的 探讨综合康复治疗小儿脑瘫的临床效果及应用价值.方法 回顾性分析118例小儿脑瘫患儿的一般资料,按照随机、对照的原则分为观察组和对照组,各为59例.对照组患儿采用运动治疗,观察组患儿采用神经发育疗法、药物治疗、推拿按摩、物理疗法、运动疗法等综合康复进行治疗,观察两组患儿的临床治疗效果.结果 观察组临床治疗总有效率为98.3％,对照组临床治疗总有效率为86.4％,观察组明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);观察组患儿治疗前评分为(50.1±5.2)分,治疗后为(75.9±5.8)分,治疗后明显提高(P＜0.05);对照组患儿治疗前评分为(50.8±5.4)分,治疗后为(66.1±5.0)分,治疗后明显提高(P＜0.05);两组治疗后评分相比,观察组评分明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 临床采用综合康复治疗小儿脑瘫效果较采用单一的治疗方法更好,能够明显的改善患儿的病情和预后,提高患儿的生存质量和生活质量,值得临床进一步推广应用.     

家长参与下的综合康复治疗对小儿痉挛型脑性瘫痪的疗效分析

目的　观察小儿痉挛型脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)经过综合康复治疗与家长参与治疗相结合的疗效。方法16例小儿痉挛型脑瘫患者予以运动疗法、作业疗法、中医按摩推拿、言语治疗等综合治疗,同时要求患儿家长参与治疗全过程,治疗前后进行比较。结果　效11例,占68.7％;有效4例,占25％;无效1例,占6.3％;总有效率93.7％。结论　合康复治疗与家庭康复结合是治疗小儿痉挛型脑瘫的有效方法。     

小儿脑性瘫痪65例护理效果分析

为探讨小儿脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)康复护理方法的效果，运用康复护理方法与神经发育疗法结合(康复护理组)治疗脑瘫患儿33例。并设单纯神经发育疗法组32例为对照组，两组病例均在治疗两个月后依据Millani-Comparetti小儿运动发育量表评定疗效。结果康复护理疗法组治疗后运动发育率(0．79&;#177;0．39)与治疗前(0．50&;#177;0．41)相比，差异有显著性意义(t=2．92，P&;lt;0．01)。康复护理疗法组的显效率为91％，对照组的显效率为75％。     

作业疗法在小儿脑瘫康复中的作用

目的:观察作业疗法在小儿脑瘫康复中的作用。方法:脑瘫患儿116例,分为A组56例和B组60例,均采用运动疗法,言语、针灸、按摩等综合康复治疗,并指导患儿家属配合家庭康复治疗,B组同时辅以作业疗法。2组治疗前后采用中国韦氏儿童智力量(C-WISC)、修订的小儿脑瘫粗大运动功能测试量表(GMFM)及ADL评定量表(Barthel指数)进行评定。结果:治疗6个月后,2组患儿C-WISC、GMFM及Barthel指数评分均较治疗前明显提高(P<0.01);与A组比较,B组C-WISC及Barthel指数评分提高更显著(P<0.01)。结论:对脑瘫的治疗中增加作业疗法能明显提高患儿的智力及ADL能力。     

小儿脑性瘫痪65例护理效果分析

为探讨小儿脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)康复护理方法的效果,运用康复护理方法与神经发育疗法结合(康复护理组)治疗脑瘫患儿33例,并设单纯神经发育疗法组32例为对照组,两组病例均在治疗两个月后依据Millani-Comparetti小儿运动发育量表评定疗效。结果康复护理疗法组治疗后运动发育率(0.79±0.39)与治疗前(0.50±0.41)相比,差异有显著性意义(t=2.92,P<0.01),康复护理疗法组的显效率为91%,对照组的显效率为75%。     

针刺结合综合康复治疗小儿脑性瘫痪45例疗效观察

目的:观察针刺结合综合康复治疗小儿脑瘫的临床疗效。方法:收集本院小儿脑瘫患儿90例,采用随机分组分为治疗组(45例)和对照组(45例),其中对照组采用运动疗法、作业疗法、推拿按摩等进行训练,治疗组在对照组基础上添加针刺治疗,1月为1个疗程。共治疗3个疗程,以神经发育功能评定和粗大运动功能评定量表(GMFM)评价治疗效果。结果:3个疗程后,治疗组神经发育功能评定及粗大运动功能评定量表有效率分别为93.3%和91.1%,对照组神经发育功能评定及粗大运动功能评定量表有效率分别为80.0%和82.2%,两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.5),治疗组疗效优于对照组。结论:针刺结合综合康复治疗脑性瘫痪有较好的疗效,值得临床应用。     

中医辨证分型治疗小儿脑性瘫痪

目的探讨针刺、穴位注射、推拿按摩、运动训练综合康复治疗小儿脑性瘫痪(脑瘫)的方法和疗效.方法将356例0～9岁小儿脑瘫随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组均接受常规药物治疗和功能训练,治疗组另选穴施术针刺、穴位注射,推拿按摩并在治疗前后进行疗效评价.结果治疗组整体疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.05).结论针刺、穴注、按摩、运动为主的综合康复方法是治疗小儿脑瘫的较好方法.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。