罗非鱼片的热风微波复合干燥特性

研究了3mm厚的罗非鱼鱼片分别在40℃和50℃的热风温度条件下干燥4h后,又分别于200、400、600W的微波功率下干燥不同时间的干燥速率变化和热风微波干燥对鱼片品质的影响。结果表明,在热风初干温度和时间不变的条件下,当微波干燥时间一定时,罗非鱼片的含水率随微波功率的增大而降低;当微波功率一定时,罗非鱼片的含水率随微波干燥时间的延长呈现先快后慢的速率下降。在热风初干温度不同时,较高的热风温度有利于鱼片在微波干燥阶段的含水率的降低。罗非鱼片在热风微波后的收缩率和复水率随微波功率的升高而增加,当微波功率一定时,收缩率和复水率随热风初干温度升高而增加。而复原率则随微波功率的增加而降低,当微波功率一定时,热风初干温度如果越高,那么复原率越低。     

微波条件对罗非鱼片渗透-微波联合干燥的影响

为了研究微波条件对渗透-微波联合干燥罗非鱼片水分及品质的影响,将新鲜鱼片(25mm×20 mm×3 mm)在30℃下经质量分数为20%、固液比1:20 g/mL的盐溶液渗透2 h后,置于不同微波功率(100 W~400 W)、微波时间(1 min~5 min)、装载量(5 g~25 g)下进行干燥,得到干燥罗非鱼片含水率、水分活度、白度、收缩率、复水率、复原率等指标的变化曲线。利用正交试验对微波条件进行优化,并与热风干燥进行比较。结果表明:微波功率越大、微波时间越长、装载量越小,干燥后鱼片含水率越小,水分活度越低,复水率越高,复原率越低;白度随各因素增大均呈先升高后降低的趋势;而收缩率随微波功率和微波时间增大先降低后小幅升高,随装载量增大则先升高后降低。经优化得到罗非鱼片渗透-微波联合干燥最佳微波工艺参数为:微波功率400 W,微波时间5 min,装载量10 g。与热风干燥相比,渗透-微波联合干燥能更好地脱除鱼片水分并保持品质,该研究结果为罗非鱼深加工技术提供了理论依据。     

热风干燥和微波干燥对草鱼肉品质的影响

目的 研究微波干燥和热风干燥对草鱼片品质的影响。方法 采用50℃热风干燥和400 W微波干燥对草鱼片进行干燥, 对草鱼片干燥过程中水分含量、质构、色度、脂肪及蛋白质相对含量等进行表征。借助气相色谱-质谱法(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC-MS)研究不同干燥条件对草鱼片挥发性物质的影响。结果 两种干燥过程中草鱼片水分含量下降, 硬度增加, 亮度降低, 同时鱼肉蛋白质和脂肪的相对湿基含量增加。其中, 热风干燥时间6~8 h, 微波干燥时间4~5 min的草鱼片硬度和咀嚼性较大、弹性适中、红度值(a*)较大。两种干燥方式中草鱼片挥发性物质的种类和含量均增加, 微波干燥和热风干燥共分别检出52种和36种挥发性物质。微波干燥产生了较多的醛类、不饱和醇类、酮类物质, 对鱼肉风味有较大影响。结论 400 W微波干燥较50℃热风干燥更适用于实际加工过程中的快速干燥工艺, 且能够较好的改善鱼肉风味。     

基于Weibull函数的超声渗透罗非鱼片真空微波干燥模拟

为建立罗非鱼片干燥过程动力学模型,以超声波辅助渗透处理后的罗非鱼片为研究对象,利用真空微波干燥设备,探讨不同厚度(5、7、9 mm)、微波功率(264、330、396 W)以及真空度(0.05、0.06、0.07 MPa)对罗非鱼片干燥过程的影响,采用3种经典薄层干燥模型和Weibull函数对其干燥曲线进行非线性拟合分析。结果表明:干燥时间对干燥条件的依赖性很大,随着鱼片厚度(T)、微波功率(W)和真空度(V)的改变而变化;Weibull模型拟合优度较好;基于Weibull函数计算求得估算有效水分扩散系数(D_(cal))在1.187 7×10~(-6)～2.052 1×10~(-6) m~2/s范围内随着微波功率(W)与真空度(V)的增加而增大;几何参数R_g与厚度(T)、微波功率(W)及真空度(V)呈负相关;在实验范围内根据Arrhenius方程计算出干燥活化能为0.92 W/g,干燥较易实现。该研究可为真空微波干燥罗非鱼片工艺条件的完善和Weibull函数在罗非鱼片真空微波干燥技术的运用提供参考。     

微波辅助热风干燥预处理对油炸紫薯片品质的影响

为研究微波辅助热风干燥预处理对油炸紫薯片品质的影响,以厚度为3 mm的新鲜紫薯片为对象,首先采用不同微波功率(259、280、358 W)辅助热风(50、60、70 ℃)干燥方式对紫薯片进行预干燥,对不同微波功率(259、280、358 W)干燥后的紫薯片油炸8、3.5、2.5 min,研究紫薯片预处理过程的干燥特性及花青素含量,以及油炸紫薯片产品的色泽、脆度、硬度和脂肪含量等。结果表明:随着微波预处理功率的升高,紫薯片达到干燥终点的时间缩短(90 min以上),平均干燥速率显著提高;并且热风干燥温度越高,微波预处理对干燥效率的促进作用也越明显。而低功率(259 W)的微波辅助50 ℃热风干燥联用更有利于干燥紫薯片花青素的留存;较低功率(259、289 W)的微波预处理不仅在保护产品颜色上具有优势,还可以使得油炸紫薯片更高的硬度和更好的脆性。在不同微波预处理功率下,油炸紫薯片的脂肪含量最低值基本一致。本研究可为微波辅助热风技术在干燥紫薯及其他农产品干燥中的应用提供参考。     

微波热风干燥挤压方便米饭的脱水和复水数学模型的建立

文中采用微波干燥,热风干燥及微波热风组合干燥方法,对挤压方便米饭进行脱水干燥.研究了微波功率在210～560 W,热风温度在70～90℃干燥条件下,挤压方便米饭的干燥动力学、复水动力学及色泽的变化情况,并建立了相应的预测模型.结果表明,微波功率、热风温度及其组合方式对最终产品的品质有很大的影响,干燥速率、复水速率及总颜色变化值随着微波功率、热风温度的提高而显著增加.与单独采用热风或微波干燥法相比,组合干燥法可大大缩短干燥时间,最佳组合干燥条件为:微波功率300 W,热风温度80 ℃.     

微波干燥法生产马铃薯脆片的研究

对微波功率、处理时间、淀粉含量、热风干燥等因素对马铃薯片生产的影响进行了研究,并对影响因素进行了比较。研究结果表明微波功率越强,失水速率越快,干燥所需时间越短;微波功率和微波处理时间的变化对马铃薯片脆度具有显著的影响,淀粉含量对马铃薯片脆度的影响不显著。先用72℃热风将马铃薯片干燥至16%水分,再用功率为640w的微波处理330s可以获得品质优良的马铃薯脆片。     

罗非鱼片的热风干燥模型及能耗研究

对罗非鱼片进行了热风薄层干燥实验,通过实验数据建立了罗非鱼片的热风干燥的水分比与干燥时间关系的数学模型,根据建立的模型进行了拟合检验,结果显示模型的预测值与实测值拟合良好。此外,还研究了罗非鱼片热风薄层干燥过程中的能耗特点,结果表明,热风薄层干燥罗非鱼片的单位能耗降湿量最低为423.4g/kW·h,最高为1147.7g/kW·h。鱼片越小,每批干燥量越少,则单位能耗降湿量越大。     

罗非鱼的热风干燥特性及其主要成分含量变化研究

研究了罗非鱼鱼片在40、50和60℃等不同热风温度下的干燥速度变化和热风干燥对鱼片的主要成分含量的影响。结果表明,当鱼片厚度一定时,温度越高干燥速度越快,同样厚度的鱼片在较高温度下的干燥时间要比较低温度下的干燥时间至少缩短9h;当温度一定时,鱼片的干燥速度明显受其厚度的影响,鱼片越薄,干燥越快,而且鱼片厚度对干燥速度的影响超过了温度。对于厚度一定的鱼片,在温度恒定时,鱼片中的粗蛋白质含量随着干燥时间的延长而下降。     

热泵-微波联合干燥罗非鱼片工艺研究

为提高罗非鱼片热泵-微波联合干燥效率和产品品质,考察热泵干燥温度、热泵干燥风速、微波干燥时间、微波干燥功率对罗非鱼片含水率下降速率、产品复水率及感官品质的影响,讨论热泵-微波联合干燥的转换点含水率。结果表明:前期热泵干燥阶段,为避免罗非鱼片蛋白质严重变性、营养成分损失、色泽变焦黄、质地变硬等,采用低温干燥方式,取热泵干燥温度35℃;为避免鱼片表面"硬壳"效应,取热泵干燥风速3.0m/s。后期微波干燥阶段,为改善干制罗非鱼片口感、保持较好的色泽和减缓蛋白质变性等,采取间歇干燥方式,取微波干燥功率为252W,微波单次干燥时间为1min,单次间歇时间为1min。罗非鱼片热泵干燥至40%含水率以后,干燥速率逐渐变慢,取40%作为热泵-微波联合干燥转换时的含水率。     

蛋白质水解度测定方法综述

对目前国内外常用的蛋白质水解度测定方法进行了综述，其中pH—state方法是通过滴定水解过程中释放的质子测定DH；OPA、TNBS及国内常用的水合茚三酮和甲醛等测定方法是利用游离氨基的反应测定DH。     

SEROLOGIC IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES OF ORIGIN OF SAUSAGE MEATS

SUMMARY: A partially purified immunoglobulin G (lgG) solution prepared from the serum of species to be tested was heated to the specifications for sausages. The resulting supernatant fluid was decanted and the precipitate washed with saline and used to immunize rabbits. The supernatant fluid was used to sensitize tanned sheep red blood cells. The immune serum was rendered monospecific by absorptions with heterologous, heated lgG precipitates. A sample of monospecific immune serum was absorbed with a washed homogenate of sausage. Aliquots of the monospecific immune serum, both untreated and sausage absorbed, were tested with cells sensitized with the homologous heated lgG supematant fluid. A significant reduction of titer by sausage absorption indicated that the sausages contained the meat homologous to the immune serum.     

聚多元羧酸盐的合成及应用

研究了聚多元羧酸盐的合成方法及反应机理,将其应用于洗涤剂和PVC制品中分别代替三聚磷酸钠和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,证明有良好效果。     

BASIS OF STABILITY OF AMINE SALTS OF LINOLEIC ACID

SUMMARY— The mechanism and generality of the known stabilization against autoxidation conferred on linoleic acid by certain basic amino acids, such as lysine and arginine, was investigated. Basic amino acids were the only class of compounds found to confer the effect. However, the smallest basic amino acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, was not effective, nor was αβω-diaminc acid, 3,6-diaminohexanoic acid, although a simple isomer of lysine. The stabilization was observed only in the solid phase. Inclusion of sodium chloride in the solid matrix was deleterious to the effect. A large number of physical and chemical observations were made and correlated but it has not been possible to draw detailed conclusions about the mechanism of stabilization, nor can a detailed structure of the stabilized complex be suggested. The cause of the phenomenon appears to be closely associated with the physical arrangement of the ions in the crystal lattice.     

百年风尚

一场流光溢彩、赏心悦目的展览,一段百年风尚演进的传奇旅程,一次东西方文化艺术的完美对话。2013年9月13日,“博萃臻艺一中西方珍宝艺术展”在辽宁省博物馆举行了隆重的开幕仪式,法兰西共和国驻华大使白林女士、辽宁省文物局局长丁辉先生、辽宁省博物馆馆长马宝杰先生、卡地亚全球总裁兼首席执行官邓阁仕先生、卡地亚区域行政总裁（北亚洲）陆慧全先生、卡地亚中国区首席执行官陆意斯先生、辽宁省文物店总经理张春鹰先生,以及众多文化界与文博界的贵宾齐聚一堂,共同见证了这场文化艺术盛事。     

EFFECTS OF TYPES OF FAT AND OF RATES AND TEMPERATURES OF COMMINUTION ON DISPERSION OF LIPIDS IN FRANKFURTERS

ABSTRACT— The effect of time, temperature and rpm of comminution of emulsions was determined on the dispersion of approximately 25% of beef fat, pork fat or cottonseed oil in frankfurters. The numbers of lipid particles 5 μ or less in diameter increased in frankfurters containing either beef or pork fat as comminution was continued to higher temperatures, with pork fat dispersed more thoroughly. Fat tended to separate from frankfurters containing beef fat in particles 200 μ or more in diameter. In contrast, no specific degree of dispersion of particles 5 μ or less in diameter consistently indicated emulsion stability, or its lack. Increased rpm during comminution produced an increased dispersion of beef or pork fat. Under the same conditions pork fat was dispersed more finely than beef fat. Dispersion of cottonseed oil produced finely dispersed particles beyond the resolution of light microscopy, as was confirmed by electron microscopy which showed a substantial number of particles to be less than 1 μ in diameter.     

STABILITY OF AQUEOUS EMULSIONS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF HOPS

Hop oil emulsions prepared from different varieties of hops have been found to exhibit enhanced physical stability on the addition of blends of the emulsifiers Span 20/Tween 80 or Span 60/Tween 60. Examination of the particle size and volume distributions of an emulsion by use of a Coulter Counter was found to be an excellent method of monitoring its stability. An indication as to the relative efficiency of emulsifiers can be obtained from Coulter Counter measurements on hop oil emulsions after storage for 4 days. The use of an ultracentrifuge provies a rapid means of testing emulsion stability and hence the effectiveness of emulsion stabilizers.     

DEVELOPMENT OF CHAINS OF CELLS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE DURING FERMENTATION

The lengths of chains of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied during fermentation. Pitching yeast generally contained about half of the total number of cells as two-celled chains. The chain lengths varied during the subsequent fermentation and the variations were characteristic of the strain. Electronic counting assessments of chain length were unreliable.     

ANALYTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PRODUCTS OF NONENZYMATIC GLYCOSYLATION OF LYSOZYME

The quantitative analysis of the reaction products of the water activity dependent nonenzymatic glycosylation of lysozyme was not straightforward. Difficulties arose in the determination of the number of bound glucose molecules because glycosylation leads to glucose mediated protein aggregation, and the likely presence of a mixture of relatively labile Schiff-base intermediates, and the more stable ketoamine products generated by Amadori rearrangement. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was used to monitor protein aggregation; periodate oxidation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and oxalic acid hydrolysis combined with HPLC, emerged as the most promising methods to quantitate the degree of glycosylation. Possible interpretations are advanced to explain the apparent discrepancies in degree of glycosylation suggested by the different analytical methods evaluated.     

矩阵乘积的行式,列式

给出了ｍ×ｍ矩阵与ｍ×ｎ矩阵的行（列）式的表达式．若Ａ＝ａ１１ａ１２…ａ１ｍａ２１ａ２２…ａ２ｍ……ａｍ１ａｍ２…ａｍｍＢ＝ｂ１１ｂ１２…ｂ１ｎｂ２１ｂ２２…ｂ２ｎ……ｂｍ１ｂｍ２…ｂｍｎ分别是ｍ×ｍ，ｍ×ｎ矩阵，则｜Ａ｜｜Ｂ｜＝｜ＡＢ｜＋∑ｉ１＜ｉ２＜…＜ｉｔｊ１＜ｊ２＜…＜ｊｔ１≤ｔ≤ｍｎ－ｔ≥ｍＮＢｉ１ｉ２…ｉｔｊ１ｊ２…ｊｔＮＡＢ１…ｍ（－１）ｓｔ＋１ｊｔ＋１…（－１）ｓｎｊｎ其中ｉ１，ｉ２，…，ｉｔ是１，２，…，ｍ中ｔ个数码；ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｔ＋１，…，ｊｎ是１，２，…，ｎ的一个排列；ｓｒ＝π（ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ）（ｒ＝１，２，…，ｎ）是排列ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ的反序数．