磁共振液体衰减反转恢复序列高信号血管征在急性缺血性卒中诊疗中的应用价值

头颅MRI F LAIR序列高信号血管征（hyperintense v essel s ign,HVS）表现为大脑中动脉近端 点状或条状,外侧裂远端线形或蛇形的高信号影。HVS的形成与颅内大动脉严重狭窄或闭塞所致侧支 循环血液顺向或逆向缓慢流动有关。目前研究认为HVS可以作为颅内大血管狭窄或闭塞的标志物,且 提示患者存在良好的脑侧支循环。另外,基线HVS-DWI不匹配可以用来筛选能从再灌注治疗中获益的 缺血性卒中患者。对于未进行再灌注治疗的缺血性卒中患者,HVS与其预后的关系目前存在较大争议。 多种临床因素,特别是发病至影像检查的时间都能影响HVS的显像,应结合临床特点对其结果进行 综合判断。     

烟雾病颅内血流相关性动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的探讨烟雾病患者颅内血流相关性动脉瘤的临床特点及血管内治疗方法。方法回顾性分析11例经全脑血管造影证实的烟雾病合并颅内血流相关性动脉瘤患者的临床表现和血管内栓塞治疗方法。结果 11例中7例表现为颅内出血,4例表现为缺血症状;9个动脉瘤位于Willis环周围,1个位于大脑后动脉顶枕支,1个位于脉络膜后内侧动脉;11个动脉瘤除1例外周型动脉瘤因超选困难外其余10例均成功行血管内栓塞治疗,随访均获良好疗效。结论烟雾病患者颅内血流相关性动脉瘤可有出血或非动脉瘤性临床表现,此类动脉瘤可分为累及Willis环的主要动脉型动脉瘤和累及侧支为主的外周动脉型动脉瘤;血管内栓塞治疗烟雾病患者的颅内动脉瘤是安全有效的,对外周动脉型动脉瘤可予对症保守治疗。     

烟雾病合并颅内血流相关性动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的探讨烟雾病患者颅内血流相关性动脉瘤的临床特点及血管内治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2012年9月至2013年9月采用血管内栓塞治疗的7例烟雾病合并颅内血流相关性动脉瘤患者的临床资料,其中采用单纯弹簧圈栓塞3例,支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞3例,ONYX胶栓塞1例。结果7例患者中3例表现为蛛网膜下腔出血,3例表现为脑室出血,1例表现为顶枕部脑内出血;3例动脉瘤位于基底动脉顶端,1例位于脉络膜前动脉,1例位于大脑后动脉顶枕支,2例位于胼周动脉。7例均成功行血管内栓塞治疗,6例随访均获良好疗效。结论烟雾病合并血流相关性动脉瘤可导致不同类型的颅内出血,血管内栓塞治疗烟雾病合并颅内动脉瘤安全、有效。     

25例烟雾病临床影像特点观察

目的探讨烟雾病的临床特征、影像学特点。方法对25例烟雾病患者首发症状、临床表现及影像学结果进行分析。结果烟雾病发病平均年龄较轻,女性多于男性;少儿烟雾病患者以缺血改变为主(87.5%),成年烟雾病患者缺血改变(58.8%)与出血改变(41.2%)相当;临床以头痛、头晕、肢体无力或偏瘫或交替性瘫痪为主要表现,同时可伴失语、智能下降、视力下降、癫痫发作、小舞蹈发作等表现。14例行头CT检查仅示颅内病灶,均未提示烟雾病;25例均行MRI和MRA检查发现颅内病灶,显示颈内动脉虹吸末段和大脑前或中动脉近段狭窄或闭塞,并有脑基底部异常血管网及侧支循环形成,均被诊断为烟雾病。其中9例又行数字减影血管造影术(DSA),结果与其MRA相符。结论头颅MRI和MRA是诊断烟雾病理想的非介入性检查方法。     

综合术式治疗成年烟雾病的临床作用

目的探讨综合术式(即颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉分支吻合术结合脑-硬脑膜-肌肉血管融合术)在治疗成年烟雾病中的效果。方法 37例成年烟雾病中,出血首发者9例,缺血首发者28例,均接收综合术式的治疗,其中18例接收双侧手术,12例接收同侧两支吻合。结果经该手术治疗后,手术侧血流均有立即改善,缺血症状迅速缓解,随访效果好。手术并发症1例,在吻合区附近出现小梗塞灶。结论本手术方式是将颞浅动脉用作与大脑中动脉分支直接吻合的血管供体,同时又将硬脑膜(脑膜中动脉)、颞肌(颞深动脉)用作血管融合术的血管供体,故综合术式是治疗成年烟雾病患者有效而合理的选择方法。     

脑-脑膜-动脉-肌肉融合术对缺血型烟雾病患者疗效的临床研究

目的 探讨脑-脑膜-动脉-肌肉融合术(EDAMS)对青少年和成年缺血型烟雾病患者的疗效.方法 选择不同年龄组患者共14 名,全部接受EDAMS 手术,术后6 个月复查DSA.根据血管造影情况和治疗效果对两组患者进行评价.结果 两组患者的侧支循环形成和术前症状都有不同程度的改善.两组之间无显著的统计学差异.结论 EDAMS 是一种治疗缺血型烟雾病的有效术式.     

成人烟雾病合并颅内动脉瘤13例临床分析

目的探讨成人烟雾病合并颅内动脉瘤的临床特点。方法回顾分析2015年5月至2018年3月在广东省人民医院神经外科住院确诊的141例成年烟雾病患者(其中合并颅内动脉瘤13例)的临床、影像和介入治疗资料,根据Raymond分级评估术后动脉瘤栓塞效果,依据改良Rankin评分(mRS)评价患者术后随访结果。结果合并动脉瘤的MMD患者的颅内出血发生率(8/13)显著高于单纯MMD患者(24/128)(χ~2=12.315, P﹤0.05)。13例烟雾病合并动脉瘤13个,其中8例为主干型动脉瘤(3例出血,5例表现为缺血症状),5例为周围型动脉瘤(均破裂出血,脑室内出血或脑内出血破入脑室)。烟雾病单侧型4例、双侧型9例,铃木分期2期5例、3期7例、4期1例。主干型动脉瘤行单纯弹簧圈栓塞或支架辅助弹簧圈栓塞;周围型动脉瘤中的4例超选成功予以液态栓塞剂栓塞,1例因超选困难行外科手术血流重建。合并动脉瘤患者获平均随访(11±3)个月,动脉瘤介入栓塞后均未见复发,除1例瘤颈残余外其余均获Raymond I级愈合,所有患者随访时mRS评分预后良好。结论合并动脉瘤的烟雾病患者有更高的颅内出血风险,动脉瘤的位置、形态与烟雾血管特征呈血流相关,介入栓塞是治疗此类动脉瘤安全有效的方法。     

烟雾病颅内外血管参数评估研究进展

烟雾病(moyamoya disease,MMD)的特征性病变为双侧颈内动脉终末段及大脑中动脉、大脑前动脉起始段进行性狭窄闭塞,导致脑缺血及缺血后脆弱的血管破裂引起脑出血。基于脑-颈血管一体化,颅外及颅内不同节段血流状态相互影响,可通过检测特定节段血流参数提示疾病发展进程,从而指导临床策略的选择。深入了解烟雾病不同节段血流状态及疾病发展进程对疾病诊疗有重要作用。本文对烟雾病颅外及颅内不同节段血管参数、侧支循环及其与临床预后的相关性进行综述,为后续针对颅内动脉狭窄或闭塞引起的缺血性及出血性相关脑血管病诊疗与研究提供参考。     

进程崎岖,前途广阔-颅内外血管搭桥术治疗非烟雾病性慢性脑缺血的研究现状及展望

颅内外血管搭桥术是公认的治疗成人烟雾病患者的主要方法,然而,颅内外血管搭桥术治疗非烟雾病性慢性脑缺血的疗效目前尚未完全阐明,其涉及到脑血流自主调节、脑代谢、认知功能、高级神经活动等一系列脑科学相关领域。因此,本文回顾国内外采用颅内外血管搭桥术治疗非烟雾病性慢性脑缺血的相关研究,以期提高临床工作者的认识,更好地促进颅内外血管搭桥术的应用和推广。     

3.0T MRI MRA在烟雾病诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨3.0T MRI、MRA在烟雾病诊断中的价值。方法使用3.0T MRI对13例烟雾病患者进行MRI平扫并行MRA成像检查。结果 13例烟雾病患者中MRI平扫发现脑出血2例,脑梗死7例,脑萎缩及脑血管异常4例。MRI主要表现为闭塞血管流空效应消失,侧支循环血管形成,其典型表现为从鞍上池向基底节区走行的条状迂曲低信号以及由于缺血和出血引起的改变,包括多发脑梗死、脑萎缩、脑室扩大及脑内血肿和蛛网膜下腔出血。MRA直接显示血管,表现为多支、双侧血管受累狭窄、闭塞。丰富的侧支循环血管表现为基底节区交织成网团状模糊血管,呈烟雾状。结论3.0T MRI并MRA成像可以较完整客观显示烟雾病的脑内血管狭窄、闭塞及侧支循环重建情况,确诊率高,且检查安全,简便易行,值得临床推广使用。     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

帕金森病运动症状进展分析

目的分析帕金森病(PD)患者运动症状进展特点。方法采用PD统一评分量表(UPDRS)Ⅲ对912例PD患者进行评估。结果与病程1年的患者比较,除病程1~2年的患者外,其他病程患者的UPDRSⅢ评分、强直分、姿势或步态异常分、轴性症状总分、言语分、步态分显著升高(均P0.05),病程5~6年及14年患者的震颤分,病程5~6年、7~8年、9~13年、14年患者的运动迟缓分、姿势分显著升高(P0.05~0.01)。轴性症状进展速度高于UPDRSⅢ评分。结论 PD患者病程早期UPDRSⅢ评分进展快,震颤症状进展独立于其他症状,轴性症状评分较UPDRSⅢ更敏感地反映疾病加重趋势。     

Frequency of accumulation of filaments in adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells of myelinated fibers of rat spinal roots

Summary The frequency of accumulation of 6-nm filaments in the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cells in the 6th lumbar dorsal and ventral roots was evaluated in 4-, 8-, 26- and 45-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. The frequency was higher in 4- and 8-week-old (growing) rats than in 26- and 45-week old (mature) rats, and also higher in ventral than in dorsal roots in 4-, 8- and 26-week old rats. There were no clusters on certain groups of myelinated fibers according to the size of transverse axonal area, in both the ventral and dorsal roots. Therefore, this accumulation may reflect certain functions of the adaxonal cytoplasm of Schwann cell during natural growth and maturation of the axon and myelin sheath.     

Function of circle of Willis

Nearly 400 years ago, Thomas Willis described the arterial ring at the base of the brain (the circle of Willis, CW) and recognized it as a compensatory system in the case of arterial occlusion. This theory is still accepted. We present several arguments that via negativa should discard the compensatory theory. (1) Current theory is anthropocentric; it ignores other species and their analog structures. (2) Arterial pathologies are diseases of old age, appearing after gene propagation. (3) According to the current theory, evolution has foresight. (4) Its commonness among animals indicates that it is probably a convergent evolutionary structure. (5) It was observed that communicating arteries are too small for effective blood flow, and (6) missing or hypoplastic in the majority of the population. We infer that CW, under physiologic conditions, serves as a passive pressure dissipating system; without considerable blood flow, pressure is transferred from the high to low pressure end, the latter being another arterial component of CW. Pressure gradient exists because pulse wave and blood flow arrive into the skull through different cerebral arteries asynchronously, due to arterial tree asymmetry. Therefore, CW and its communicating arteries protect cerebral artery and blood–brain barrier from hemodynamic stress.     

Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe

BONDY, S. C., M. E. HARRINGTON AND C. L. ANDERSON. Effects of prevention of afferentation on the developmentof the chick optic lobe. BRAIN RES. BULL. 3(5) 411–413, 1978.—The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.     

腺垂体功能减退症临床特征变化分析

目的探讨腺垂体功能减退症患者的病因结构变化及临床表现。方法回顾性分析我院2013-01—2016-12住院及门诊78例腺垂体功能减退症患者的临床资料。结果男32例(41.03%),女46例(58.97%);诊断时年龄11~89岁,平均62.5岁;鞍区占位(包括术前及术后)52例(66.67%),席汉综合征8例(10.26%),空泡蝶鞍9例(11.65%),病因不明8例(10.26%),垂体-下丘脑发育不良1例(1.28%)。首次就诊科室:纳差厌食、恶心呕吐就诊于消化内科36例(46.15%)最常见。ACTH+TSH+Gn+G激素缺乏为19例最多,占24.36%,ACTH+TSH+Gn缺乏15例,占19.23%。结论腺垂体功能减退症病因结构发生变化,发病人群、首发症状及受累激素也不同,患者女性多于男性,发病年龄偏高,症状不典型,分布于临床多个科室,其中以低钠血症为首发临床表现就诊消化内科最多。     

Standards of instrumentation of EMG

Standardization of Electromyography (EMG) instrumentation is of particular importance to ensure high quality recordings. This consensus report on “Standards of Instrumentation of EMG” is an update and extension of the earlier IFCN Guidelines published in 1999. First, a panel of experts in different fields from different geographical distributions was invited to submit a section on their particular interest and expertise. Then, the merged document was circulated for comments and edits until a consensus emerged.The first sections in this document cover technical aspects such as instrumentation, EMG hardware and software including amplifiers and filters, digital signal analysis and instrumentation settings. Other sections cover the topics such as temporary storage, trigger and delay line, averaging, electrode types, stimulation techniques for optimal and standardised EMG examinations, and the artefacts electromyographers may face and safety rules they should follow. Finally, storage of data and databases, report generators and external communication are summarized.     

Modelling of movement of the lamprey: Control of oscillators

This article discusses the control methods of the central pattern generator (CPG). First a control model of the CPG is presented using 2 oscillators, and we suggest that phasic modulation to the CPG by means of phasic information is effective for controlling the phase difference between oscillators. Next, two models for controlling the CPG of a lamprey are proposed. One model describes a control system from the brain stem, in which the reticulospinal neurons control the CPG by receiving feedback signals and sending control signals to the neck region of the CPG. The other is a model for learning an localized control system to generate a desired motor pattern. By means of these models, a role of the efference copy is suggested.     

《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》解读

2018年,国家卫生健康委员会等10部委联合发布《关于印发全国社会心理服务体系建设试点工作方案的通知》,四川省绵阳市被列为全国第一批试点地区。绵阳市人民政府依据《中华人民共和国精神卫生法》等相关法律法规和文件精神,结合前期调查研究和社会心理服务工作的试点实际,编制出台了《绵阳市社会心理服务工作管理办法》,并于2021年12月25日起施行。本文围绕社会心理服务的相关概念、办法总则、重点内容、保障措施等方面进行解读,以期为社会心理服务工作的规范、持续和有效开展提供参考。     

利培酮对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响

目的：比较利培酮与氟哌啶醇对精神分裂症患者生活质量的影响。方法：对门诊72例服用氟哌啶醇及74例服用利培酮的精神分裂症患者用生活质量综合评定问卷（GQOLI）、阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、副反应量表（TESS）进行评定。结果：利培酮组患者治疗后生活质量有所提高,而氟哌啶醇组患者生活质量有所下降。结论：利培酮治疗有利于患者提高生活质量。