湍流分散体系中液滴破碎频率模型的黏性修正

在分析研究分散相黏度对液滴变形和破碎影响的基础上,提出了一个改进的液滴破碎频率模型并拓展了液滴破碎判据标准.同时通过Monte Carlo模拟的随机方法,得到了湍流搅拌槽中液-液分散体系的液滴直径分布和Sauter平均直径d₃₂.通过与文献中关于d₃₂的实验结果比较发现,该模型预测的Sauter平均直径更接近实验值,对于黏性分散相改进的液滴破碎频率模型要优于Coulaloglou和Tavlarides提出的模型.计算结果表明对于黏性分散相液滴,其黏度限制了液滴变形,使得液滴破碎频率被大大减少, 液滴直径明显增加,液滴直径分布向右偏移.     

湍流分散系统中液滴尺寸的模拟与研究

在考虑分散相黏度对液滴破碎频率影响的基础上,进一步研究了分散相黏度对液滴聚并的影响.在液膜排液时间的计算式中,引入了分散相黏度,建立了新的液滴聚并频率的表达式.通过数值求解群体平衡方程,得出搅拌槽内液-液湍流分散系统的Sauter平均直径.与实验数据比较发现,改进模型可以较好地预测分散系统的Sauter平均直径,其结果优于Coulaloglou 和 Tavlarides模型.计算结果表明分散相黏度对液滴平均直径有着双重影响,抑制破碎,导致液滴直径增大;抑制聚并,从而导致液滴直径减小.     

振动筛板槽中某些液液分散性质的研究

本文主要对液液分散动力学中的某些重要函数,进行了实验研究.在理论分析及实验数据的基础上,对振动筛板槽中的液滴破碎概率与振动频率、振幅、液滴直径、体系的物理性质以及筛板孔径的关系,进行了关联.探讨了液滴可能发生破碎的临界条件,并根据实验结果,建立了液滴在发生破碎后子滴数的关系式.此外,采用激光平行光技术并与微机结合,在线测量Sauter液滴直径.实验结果与理论计算值相近,并研究了振动频率与振幅对液滴直径的影响.     

大液气质量流量比双通道气流式喷嘴雾化滴径

在气流式雾化过程的有限随机分裂模型基础上,结合液滴分裂时间和液滴运动规律,分析了大液气质量流量比同轴双通道气流式喷嘴的雾化过程,得到了Sauter平均直径（SMD）的一般表达式.实验结果表明,得到的SMD的关系式的形式是合理的,通过实验确定相关模型参数后,可以用来预测大液气质量流量比条件下同轴双通道气流式喷嘴的雾化性能.     

静态混合器中液液分散的实验及CFD模拟

在SK型静态混合器上进行甲苯-水两相混合实验,采用截面直接拍摄法获得分散混合性能指标Sauter平均直径（SMD）。利用Box-Behnken响应面分析设计实验,在Design Expert 7.0平台上拟合实验数据,获得SMD的多项式形式的表达式。建立了与实验相同的静态混合器物理模型,使用Mixture多相流模型、k-ε湍流模型进行了CFD模拟研究,获得了浓度场云图及分布混合指标不均匀系数。模拟所得压降与实验值的相对误差在15%以内,表明模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。结果表明,静态混合器中液液分散过程是分散混合和分布混合共同作用的结果,两种混合经过6～8个混合单元后共同达到充分发展。充分发展后的SMD受表观流速、分散相分率和静态混合器直径三因素影响,且表观流速的影响最为显著;充分发展后的不均匀系数均达0.05以下,表明静态混合器自身具有较好的分布混合性能。     

喷雾过程中雾化液滴尺寸的确定

本文以喷雾试验数据证实,用LPI-2型激光粒径测量仪测出的雾化液滴符合Rosin-Rammler分布。并通过数学推导,确定了雾化液滴平均尺寸——Sauter直径的计算方法。     

三通道气流式喷嘴内粘性流体雾化过程

研究了粘性流体在三通道气流式喷嘴的雾化过程,考察了三通道喷嘴雾化性能的影响因素。实验及数值模拟结果表明,当其他条件不变时,雾化滴径随液体粘度的约0.088次方单调增大,随液体流量的约0.37次方单调增大,随一、三通道气量比α的增加,呈现先增后减的非单调变化趋势,在α≈0.22时Sauter平均直径SMD达到最大值。     

生物柴油浸没喷吹的雾化特性

以生物柴油替代柴油进行浸没喷吹熔池熔炼是发展低碳铜冶炼的重要途径。针对该过程建立生物柴油浸没喷吹雾化流动过程计算模型,本文模拟计算了喷枪在水模型中浸没深度为20mm时不同油气比条件下生物柴油雾化颗粒的雾化特性,并实验验证了计算模型。研究结果表明：油滴颗粒的贯穿距随着空气流速的增加而增大;在气泡内油滴颗粒以一定的雾化半角向前扩散;当油滴颗粒到达气泡底部时,油滴颗粒以气泡底部平面为中心向整个空间扩散;气泡内距离喷枪轴向越远的观察面内大颗粒数目越多;油滴颗粒的索特平均直径（SMD）沿喷枪轴向先增大后减小;气泡内距喷枪口越远油滴颗粒SMD越大,进入水区域的油滴颗粒SMD逐渐减小;雾化空气流速越大,油滴颗粒SMD最大值的位置距喷口越远。     

膜分散微结构反应器制备纳米氧化锌的实验及模型

以硫酸锌和氢氧化钠为原料,在膜分散微结构反应器中通过快速均匀混合制备得到颗粒平均尺寸为10～20 nm的氧化锌,并利用混合尺度模型模拟了微反应器内纳米颗粒的成核、生长和团聚过程。模拟计算结果表明,在最初的0.6 ms内颗粒成核占主导地位,在1.6 ms以后以生长为主,同时由于颗粒数密度较大,颗粒运动碰撞造成团聚效应,使得颗粒尺寸具有一定的分布。混合尺度和反应物浓度对颗粒直径和分布有很大影响。模拟结果表明当混合尺度从50 μm减少到5 μm,纳米氧化锌颗粒从19 nm降低到12 nm。微反应器制备实验结果表明,随着膜孔径的减小,混合强度增加,纳米氧化锌颗粒平均直径从20 nm 降低至11 nm,当初始反应物浓度从0.05 mol·L^-1提高到0.20 mol·L^-1,氧化锌纳米颗粒尺寸由10 nm增大至16 nm。颗粒平均直径及分布的模拟值与实验值相符较好。     

超声场中鼓泡塔内气泡直径分布特征研究

利用自主研发的超声鼓泡塔和双电导探针气泡特征参数测量仪测定了不同频率组合下超声场辐射对鼓泡塔内气泡Sauter直径随表观气速和鼓泡塔径向及轴向位置的分布情况。实验结果表明,在距气体分布板轴向距离250 mm、塔中心处气泡Sauter直径由于超声作用而显著减小,最大减幅达55%;在超声场作用下随着表观气速增大,气泡Sauter直径呈增大趋势,当表观气速大于0.06 m/s时,气泡Sauter直径趋于不变;大气泡在塔中心区域聚集倾向明显,小气泡分布在塔壁面附近,气泡Sauter直径(在径向位置)呈现中心峰分布趋势;随着距气体分布板轴向距离增加,气泡Sauter直径增大,在多频混响声场中,气泡Sauter直径增速小于单频声场中增速,即在多频混响超声场中易形成小气泡。实验结果证实,超声场有利于减小气泡体积,增大气泡比表面积,这对于加强气液相间传质、提高传质效果会有显著作用。     

振动筛板槽中液滴分散动力学的研究——(Ⅱ)实验结果及Monte-Carlo模拟技术的应用

本文根据前文(I)报的理论分析,采用Monte-Carlo方法对实验数据进行模拟.液滴直径的测量采用照相法及透光法.所测得的液滴直径分布数据及平均液滴直径的数据,在微机上进行拟合归纳,得到了振动筛板槽中液滴直径分布模型及液滴平均直径的关联式.模型计算结果与实测值拟合较好.应用Monte-Carlo模拟技术对液滴破碎和凝聚这一随机过程进行了模拟及参数估计,得到了液滴破碎速率及凝聚速率参数.     

Dispersed phase holdup and drop size distribution in pulsed plate columns

Dispersed phase holdup was measured in a pulsed plate column for the kerosene-water system under binary conditions and under solute transfer from dispersed to continuous and continuous to dispersed phases. The experimental data were satisfactorily modelled through a recirculation regime model. The drop size distribution, measured by a photographic technique, exhibited a multinodal character at low agitation rates and high dispersed phase flow rate. Sauter mean drop diameter was found to depend on the agitation rate, the dispersed phase flow rate, the mass transfer direction and the plate free area. Correlations for d₃₂ and the interfacial area were presented using Kolmogoroff's isotropic turbulence model.     

Effect of Emulsification Conditions on the Properties of Microspheres Prepared by a Solvent Extraction Process

Microspheres can be prepared using a hydrocarbon‐perfluorocarbon‐based solvent extraction process. The effect of changing the surfactant amount, emulsification temperature, and stirring speed on the size of microspheres was investigated. The surfactant concentration was found to greatly affect the microsphere size and size distribution. The Sauter mean diameter of the microspheres decreased exponentially as a function of surfactant concentration. The microsphere size distribution became narrower with increasing surfactant concentration. A clear correlation between the Sauter mean diameter of the microspheres and the Weber number was found. A surfactant concentration was identified at which the size of microspheres remained constant although the Weber number was changed. Finally, a lower emulsification temperature decreased the coalescence of the droplets and microspheres with smaller Sauter mean diameter were produced when using a low surfactant concentration.     

Drop size correlation and population balance model for an agitated-pulsed solvent extraction column

Agitated-pulsed column (APC) is a newly designed extraction column with excellent mass transfer performance. In this work, Sauter mean drop diameter d₃₂ and drop size distribution was investigated under different operation conditions in a 25 mm diameter APC. The results show that with an increase in pulsation intensity and agitation speed the drop size distribution is narrowed and d₃₂ is decreased significantly. With increasing dispersed-phase velocity, d₃₂ increased and drop size distribution become narrow, while there was no noticeable change with continuous velocity. The cumulative size distribution was found to be predicted well using the Inverse Gaussian function. A new correlation was proposed to predict the experimental d₃₂ data of the APC column used in this study. Furthermore, population balance model was applied to predict the drop size distribution with refitted parameters in the breakage, coalescence kernels functions.     

Drop size distribution and mean drop size in a pulsed packed extraction column

Drop size distribution and mean drop size are used for calculation of interfacial area available for mass transfer. In this study, the drop size distribution and Sauter mean drop diameter (d₃₂) have been investigated using three different liquid systems in the absence of mass transfer in a pilot plant pulsed packed column. The drop size was measured at four different points along the active column height. Three operating variables have been studied including the pulse intensity (af) and flow rates of both liquid phases. The effect of liquid properties and height of the active column were also investigated. A combination of the pulse intensity and interfacial tension had the largest effect on the drop size distribution while none of the flow rates were of significance. The height of the column played an important role at the bottom of the active column, but the associated effect was reduced with increase of the height. Finally, a normal probability function of number density was proposed for prediction of the drop size distribution with an Average Absolute Relative Error (AARE) of 8.8% for their optimized constant. Furthermore, two correlations were presented involving height or flow rates of the two phases along with operating variables and physical properties of the liquids. These correlations had AARE values of about 8.5 and 7.8%, respectively.     

油水两相分散流液滴粒径预测模型

油水两相分散流的液滴粒径及其分布在很大程度上影响管路压降等流动参数,研究液滴粒径预测模型对揭示油水两相流的流动特性具有重要意义。通过研究湍流脉动动能与乳状液的界面能之间的平衡、管流径向速度脉动与摩擦速度之间的关系以及泵的剪切作用,建立了油水两相管流中分散相液滴粒径预测模型;在水平管道上对油水两相分散流的液滴特性进行了实验研究,采用高速摄像和显微镜拍摄获得液滴数据,探索含油率、流量和温度等因素对粒径的影响。预测模型计算结果与不同流量、温度和含油率条件下的实验数据吻合较好。根据预测模型计算了有泵和无泵情况下分散流液滴粒径,发现泵的剪切和扰动作用使得分散液滴具有更小的粒径,泵对液滴粒径及其分布起到了显著作用。     

Analysis of Cobalt Extraction by DI-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phosphoric Acid in a Continuous Flow Stirred Tank with a Laser Capillary Spectro-Photometer

Abstract

A laser capillary spectrophotometric technique is used to study and quantify the dispersed phase mixing effects on the performance of a one liter continuous flow reactor for the cobalt-di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid extraction system. Bivariate. distribution data show that, as the RPM increases, the drop size and drop concentrations change from widely to narrowly distributed, the former tending toward small drop sizes and the latter tending toward higher concentrations. Comparisons between the Monte Carlo simulation model predictions and experimental results, using an aqueous film reaction model, indicates that the simulation predicts the size distribution closely, the Sauter mean diameter within 10% error, and the extraction efficiency within 15% error.     

Hydrodynamics and droplet size distribution of liquid–liquid flow in a packed bed reactor with orifice plates

A packed bed reactor with orifice plates (PBR@OP) was designed by adding orifice plates periodically in packed beds. Hydrodynamics and droplet size distribution in PBR@OP were experimentally investigated using fatty acid methyl esters (FAME)/water as the model liquid–liquid system. In PBR@OP, the flow pattern was close to plug flow. Droplets with Sauter mean diameter (d₃₂) of 150–550 μm were generated. The pressure drop of orifice, flow velocity and plate spacing were key parameters to control the droplet size. The reactor performance was evaluated by analyzing a FAME epoxidation process. At the same d₃₂ and residence time, the length and total pressure drop of PBR@OP were about 1/3 and 1/4 of those of PBR without orifice plates, respectively. Furthermore, a semi-empirical correlation describing the d₃₂ change in PBR@OP was developed, revealing a relative mean deviation of 8.64%. PBR@OP presents a cost-effective option for the intensification of liquid–liquid medium rate reactions.     

Drop size distribution in a liquid-liquid spray column via a photographic technique

A photographic technique was devised for obtaining drop size distribution in a liquid-liquid (kerosene-water) spray column. Drop sizes were determined with the aid of a reference ball, using a double-flash technique with side lighting. Experimentally analyzed Sauter mean diameters were in good agreement with those predicted by the Kumar and Hartland correlations. The technique was applied up to a holdup of about 6% in this countercurrent flow study