碳纳米管负载Ni2P作为染料敏化太阳能电池对电极的性能研究

本文以碳纳米管(CNTs)与Ni2P纳米晶制备CNTs-Ni2P复合材料,首次研究其染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)的光阴极材料性能.使用X射线衍射(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)测定材料结构,观察材料形貌.结果表明,复合材料由碳纳米管和六方结构的磷化镍构成,无其它磷化物杂相,磷化镍纳米晶(约10 nm)分散于CNTs表面.交流阻抗(EIS)测试显示,与CNTs和Ni2P对电极相比,CNTs-Ni2P对电极的电荷转移电阻和扩散阻抗较低,接近Pt-FTO对电极水平.CNTs-Ni2P对电极的DSSCs光电流达12.9 mA·cm-2,能量转化效率达5.6%,接近Pt-FTO对电极的DSSCs能量转化效率(5.9%).这归因于高电催化活性的磷化镍纳米晶与高电导CNTs的协同效应.     

基于金属有机骨架前驱体制备纳米磷化镍催化剂

采用镍基金属有机骨架化合物(Ni-MOF)为前驱体,通过低温碳化获得Ni@C,并通过磷化成功地制备了不同结构的磷化镍纳米颗粒。将所得材料应用于析氢反应(HER)催化剂,在Ni@C与红磷质量比为1∶1及热解温度为500℃时获得的Ni1P1-500表现出优异的电催化性能,在酸性介质中,电流密度为10 mA·cm-2时,过电位为178 mV,并展现了良好的循环性能。较小的Tafel斜率(62 mV·dec-1)揭示了析氢反应的机理为Desorption-Heyrovsky机制。优异的电催化性能可归因于磷化镍催化剂表面存在的质子受体(P位点)和氢化物受体(Ni位点)活性中心。     

载体对Ni_2P催化剂加氢脱氮反应性能的影响

使用TiO2、Al2O3以及TiO2-Al2O3复合载体考察了载体对磷化镍催化剂活性相和加氢脱氮性能的影响。不同钛铝原子比的TiO2-Al2O3复合载体采用原位-溶胶凝胶法制备,负载的磷化镍催化剂采用等体积浸渍法和H2原位还原法制备。以喹啉为模型化合物在固定床反应器上对催化剂的加氢脱氮性能进行评价,采用XRD、N2吸附、TEM和H2-TPR等技术对催化剂和载体进行了表征。结果表明,制成的复合载体基本保留了最初引入的γ-Al2O3的孔特征,分散在γ-Al2O3表面的TiO2以锐钛矿晶型存在。不同载体对催化剂的H2还原行为有显著影响,所形成的活性物种也不相同。Al2O3中引入TiO2可以减弱P物种和Al2O3之间的相互作用,有利于Ni2P活性相的生成和催化活性的提高。当Ti/Al的原子比为1∶8时,Ni2P/TiO2-Al2O3催化剂比Ni2P/TiO2、Ni2P/Al2O3催化剂具有更高的加氢脱氮活性。     

NiB和NiP超细非晶合金的退火晶化行为及催化性能

 采用X射线吸收精细结构（XAFS）,X射线衍射（XRD）和差热分析（DTA）等方法研究了以化学还原法制备的NiB和NiP超细非晶态合金催化剂在退火过程中的结构变化．XRD结果表明,在300℃下退火时,NiB超细非晶态合金晶化生成纳米晶Ni3B亚稳物相,NiP超细非晶态合金则主要晶化生成金属Ni和部分晶态Ni3P的混合物相;在500℃退火且近于完全晶化的条件下,大部分超细非晶态合金都晶化为金属Ni．XAFS结果定量地说明,对于NiB和NiP初始样品,第一近邻Ni－Ni配位的平均键长Rj分别为0.274和0.271nm,其结构无序度σS很大,分别为0.033和0.028nm,其热无序度σT分别为0.0069和0.0060nm．300℃退火后,晶化生成的Ni3B的Ni－Ni配位的σS降低到初始样品的33％,仅为0.011nm．500℃退火后,NiB样品的结构参数与金属Ni基本一致,但NiP样品的Ni－Ni配位的σS还远大于σT,仍为0.0125nm,表明NiB和NiP超细非晶态合金的退火晶化行为有很大的差别．纳米晶Ni3B催化苯加氢反应的转化率比超细Ni－B非晶态合金或多晶金属Ni更高,表明纳米晶Ni3B中的Ni与B原子组成了苯加氢催化反应的活性中心．     

一种新型高活性加氢脱硫催化剂:二氧化硅担载的磷化镍

 以硝酸镍和磷酸氢二铵为原料,采用程序升温还原方法在823 K和氢气气氛中制备了纯相和 二氧化硅担载的磷化镍催化剂,并采用类似的方法制备了纯相和二氧化硅担载的磷化钼和 镍钼磷新型磷化物. 对这些磷化物及其相应硫化物的加氢脱硫活性进行了考察. 结果表明,Ni2P/SiO2催化剂具有相对较高的二苯并噻吩转化率和联苯选择性, Ni2P/SiO2对二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫的催化活性甚至高于硫化态的Ni-Mo催化剂.     

TiO_2-Al_2O_3载体的制备方法对其负载的磷化镍催化剂加氢脱氮反应性能的影响

采用共沉淀法和原位溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体,其负载的磷化镍催化剂采用等体积浸渍法和H2原位还原法制备.通过N2吸附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、程序升温还原(TPR),X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)表征技术对催化剂进行了表征,并通过喹啉的加氢脱氮反应评价了催化剂的加氢脱氮性能.结果表明,原位溶胶-凝胶法制成的复合载体基本保留了原有的γ-Al2O3的孔特征,具有较大的比表面积和较宽的孔分布,TiO2主要以表面富集的形式分散在管状的γ-Al2O3表面,其负载的磷化镍催化剂还原后所形成的活性相为Ni2P和Ni12P5;而共沉淀法制成的复合载体比表面积较小,孔径分布更加集中,TiO2趋于在块状的Al2O3表面均匀分散,其负载的磷化镍催化剂具有更好的可还原性,还原后所形成的活性相为Ni2P.不同的载体制备方法和不同的钛铝比对催化剂加氢脱氮性能影响较大,当n(Ti)/n(Al)=1/8时,共沉淀法载体负载的催化剂表现出最佳的加氢脱氮性能,在340℃,3 MPa,氢油体积比500,液时空速3 h-1的反应条件下,喹啉的脱氮率可以达到91.3%.     

Ni2P/SiO2/堇青石整体式催化剂的制备及加氢脱硫性能

以硝酸镍为镍源、磷酸为磷源,与硅溶胶按一定比例混合,制成混合物浆料,然后采用浸渍法将混合物浆料负载于处理好的堇青石蜂窝陶瓷载体上,经过干燥、焙烧后制得含磷化镍前驱体的整体式催化剂,再经氢气气氛下程序升温还原,制得一系列不同镍含量的磷化镍/SiO2/堇青石整体式催化剂.采用XRD、N2吸脱附和SEM等现代分析测试手段对催化剂的结构进行了表征.以二苯并噻吩为模型含硫化合物,对催化剂的加氢脱硫活性进行了评价.结果表明,磷化镍/SiO2/堇青石整体式催化剂中,Ni含量小于3.2wt%时,磷化镍在堇青石表面高度分散,Ni含量大于6.4wt%时,催化剂的活性相是Ni2P,催化剂的平均孔径在3.6nm左右.催化活性层平均厚度约为20μm.在液时空速(LHSV)为1.9 h-1时,Ni含量为12.8wt%的催化剂具有最高的加氢脱硫活性,在360℃时二苯并噻吩的转化率为92.0%,联苯的选择性为69.8%,环己基苯的选择性为30.2%,反应主要按直接脱硫机理进行.     

磷镍物质的量比对溶剂热法制备的磷化镍催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

以三苯基膦(PPh3)为磷源,以三正辛胺(TOA)为液相反应体系,采用溶剂热法制备了负载型Ni-P(x)/MCM-41催化剂(x为初始P/Ni物质的量比),并用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2吸附比表面积测定(BET)、CO吸附、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和TEM对催化剂进行了结构表征。以含质量分数1%二苯并噻吩(DBT)的十氢萘溶液为原料,在连续固定床反应装置上,研究了初始P/Ni物质的量比对加氢脱硫(HDS)性能的影响。结果表明,在初始P/Ni物质的量比为0.5时,生成的磷化镍物相为以Ni12P5为主,含有少量Ni2P的混合相;初始P/Ni物质的量比大于0.5时,可得到纯Ni_2P相,且随着P/Ni物质的量比的提高,Ni2P晶粒粒径减小,分散度提高。在反应温度613 K,压力3.0 MPa,H_2/oil体积比500,质量空速2.0 h-1时,Ni-P(6)/MCM-41和Ni-P(10)/MCM-41催化剂的DBT转化率接近100%。     

用原位红外光谱法研究NiB和NiP非晶态合金的还原和苯加氢反应过程

 用化学还原法制备了NiB和NiP非晶态合金催化剂,并用XRD,DSC,SEM和TEM鉴定了样品的非晶性,用ICP测定了样品的组成．在脉冲微反－色谱装置上考察了这两种催化剂催化苯加氢反应的活性．采用在线漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱研究了这两种催化剂的还原及苯加氢反应过程．结果表明,所制备的NiB和NiP合金均为非晶态,且都是纳米尺度．NiB的粒度要比NiP小,晶化温度也比NiP低,表明Ni与B之间同Ni与P之间的相互作用不同．对苯加氢反应,NiB非晶态合金具有更大的优势,原位红外光谱结果证实催化剂的活性中心与还原态镍有关．     

助剂镍/钴对磷化钨催化剂加氢精制性能的影响

在共浸渍法制备磷化钨／γ-Al2O3催化剂基础上，分别加人1％、3％、5％、7％和9％(占活性组分比例)的助剂镍或钴，制得负载30％含助剂镍／钴磷化钨／γ-Al2O3系列催化剂，考察了助剂及其加人比例对催化剂加氢脱硫和加氢脱氮性能的影响．结果表明，加人适当比例的助剂镍或钴，有利于提高磷化钨／γ-Al2O3催化剂的加氢脱硫活性，当助剂含量分别为5％镍或7％钴时，催化剂的噻吩加氢脱硫率最高；助剂镍对磷化钨／γ-Al2O3催化剂的加氢脱氮反应不利，而加人适当比例助剂钴有利于提高催化剂加氢脱氮活性，当助剂钴含量为5％时，催化剂吡啶加氢脱氮率最高．温度对磷化钨／γ-Al2O3催化剂加氢精制性能有一定影响，高温有利于加氢脱硫反应，低温有利于加氢脱氮反应．     

Phase-selective synthesis of nickel phosphide in high-boiling solvent for all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries

Nickel phosphide particles were synthesized by thermal decomposition of a nickel precursor in a mixed solution of trioctylphosphine and trioctylphosphine oxide. The crystal phase and morphology of samples prepared by changing the solvents, the amount of trioctylphosphine as a phosphorus source, the reaction temperature, and the nickel precursor were characterized using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Spherical Ni(5)P(4) particles with diameters of 500 nm were obtained using nickel acetylacetonate as a nickel precursor at 360 °C for 1 h in trioctylphosphine oxide. NiP(2) particles with diameters of 200-500 nm were obtained using nickel acetate tetrahydrate at 360 °C for 5 h in trioctylphosphine oxide. All-solid-state cells were fabricated using NiP(2) particles as an active material and 80Li(2)S·20P(2)S(5) (mol %) glass-ceramic as a solid electrolyte. The Li-In/80Li(2)S·20P(2)S(5)/NiP(2) cell exhibited an initial discharge capacity of 1100 mAh g(-1) at a current density of 0.13 mA cm(-2) and retained a discharge capacity of 750 mAh g(-1) after 10 cycles.     

超细非晶合金Ni催化乙基苯甲酸的加氢反应

首次将非晶合金 (Ni B、 Ni P和 Ni BP)催化剂用于对 -乙基苯甲酸的加氢反应 ,获得了较好的实验结果 .几种催化剂的加氢活性顺序为 :Ni B >Ni BP>Raney Ni>Ni P.Ni B和 Ni P表面 Ni的电子状态不同 ,Ni B中 Ni呈现富电子状态 ,而在 Ni P中 Ni为缺电子状态 ,它们不同的电子状态导致了其催化活性的差异 .     

Autoionization of homogeneous nickel(II) diphosphane hydrogenation catalysts. An NMR study and crystal structures of [Ni(o-MeO-dppe)I2] and [Ni(o-MeO-dppe)I2](PF6)2

The synthesis of a number of nickel(II) complexes containing the didentate phosphane ligand 1,2-bis(di(o-methoxyphenyl)phosphino)ethane (o-MeO-dppe) is reported. Two types of complexes have been synthesized, i.e., the mono(chelate) complex (1) of the general formula [Ni(o-MeO-dppe)X2] (where X = Cl, Br or I) and the bis(chelate) complex (2) of the general formula [Ni(o-MeO-dppe)2]Y2 (where Y = PF6 or trifluoroacetate (TFA)). These complexes have been characterized using electronic absorption and NMR spectroscopy. The structures of the mono(chelate) complex [Ni(o-MeO-dppe)I2] (1c) and of the bis(chelate) complex [Ni(o-MeO-dppe)2](PF6)2 (2e) have been determined by X-ray crystallography. [Ni(o-MeO-dppe)I2] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with Z = 4, a = 12.1309(1) A, b = 16.5759(3) A, c = 17.6474(2) A, beta = 119.3250(10) degrees. [Ni(o-MeO-dppe)2](PF6)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 4, a = 22.5326(3) A, b = 13.6794(2) A, c = 21.7134(3) A, beta = 107.1745(7) degrees. In both structures the nickel ion is in a square-planar geometry with a NiP2I2 and NiP4 chromophore, respectively. Using 1H and 31P[1H] NMR spectroscopy the behavior of the complexes in various solvents has been studied. It appears that in solution these nickel complexes are involved in an autoionization equilibrium: 2[Ni(o-MeO-dppe)X2] <==>[Ni(o-MeO-dppe)2](2+) + ["NiX(4)"](2-). The ionized complex (3) consists of a cationic unit in which a nickel atom is surrounded by two didentate phosphane ligands, and an anionic unit that stoichiometrically consists of a nickel atom and four anions. The position of the autoionization equilibrium is highly dependent on the anion and the solvent used. In a polar solvent in combination with weakly coordinating anions only the ionized complex is observed, whereas in an apolar solvent in combination with coordinating anions only the mono(chelate) complex occurs. A comparison of the behavior of o-MeO-dppe with its unsubstituted analogue dppe in combination with nickel(II) acetate using 31P[1H] NMR spectroscopy shows that the latter is more readily oxidized.     

Preparation,characterization and hydrodesulfurization performances of Co-Ni_2P/SBA-15 catalysts

A series of Co-Ni2P/SBA-15 catalysts with various Co contents, Ni2P contents and P/Ni molar ratios were prepared by impregnating nickel nitrate, diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and then cobalt nitrate into SBA-15 support followed by temperature-programmed reduction in a H2 flow. The catalyst structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), high resolution-transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM)and N2adsorption-desorption techniques and their catalytic performance of the hydrodesulfurization(HDS) of dibenzothiophene(DBT) was evaluated. The effects of Co contents, Ni2 P contents and P/Ni molar ratios on the catalyst structure and HDS of DBT over the Co-Ni2P/SBA-15 catalyst were investigated. The results indicated that the mesoporous structure was mainly maintained and the nickel phosphides were well dispersed in all of the characterized catalysts. The 4Co-25Ni2P/SBA-15(P/Ni = 0.8) catalyst with the Co and Ni2 P contents of 4 wt% and25 wt%, respectively, and the P/Ni molar ratio of 0.8 showed the highest catalytic performance for HDS of DBT. Under the reaction conditions of 380?C and 3.0 MPa, the DBT conversion can reach 99.62%. The HDS of DBT proceeded mainly via the direct desulfurization(DDS)pathway with biphenyl(BP) as the dominant product on all of the catalysts and the BP selectivity was slightly enhanced after the introduction of Co promoters.     

Electrons and Hydroxyl Radicals Synergistically Boost the Catalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Ammonia Borane over Single Nickel Phosphides under Visible Light Irradiation

From the perspective of tailoring the reaction pathways of photogenerated charge carriers and intermediates to remarkably enhance the solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency, we synthesized the three low-cost semiconducting nickel phosphides Ni₂P, Ni₁₂P₅ and Ni₃P, which singly catalyzed the hydrogen evolution from ammonia borane (NH₃BH₃) in the alkaline aqueous solution under visible light irradiation at 298 K. The systematic investigations showed that all the catalysts had higher activities under visible light irradiation than in the dark and Ni₂P had the highest photocatalytic activity with the initial turnover frequency (TOF) value of 82.7 min⁻¹, which exceeded the values of reported metal phosphides at 298 K. The enhanced activities of nickel phosphides were attributed to the visible-light-driven synergistic effect of photogenerated electrons (e⁻) and hydroxyl radicals (^.OH), which came from the oxidation of hydroxide anions by photogenerated holes. This was verified by the fluorescent spectra and the capture experiments of photogenerated electrons and holes as well as hydroxyl radicals in the catalytic hydrogen evolution process.     

Übergangsmetallphosphidokomplexe. XII. Diphosphenkomplexe (DRPE)Ni[η2-(PR′)2] und die Struktur von (DCPE)NiP(SiMe3)2

Transition Metal Phosphido Complexes. XII. Diphosphene Complexes (DRPE)Ni[η²-(PR′)₂] and the Structure of (DCPE) NiP (SiMe₃)₂ LiP(SiMe₃)₂ reacts with the complexes (DRPE)NiCl₂ 1 (DRPE = R₂PCH₂CH₂PR₂; R = Et: DEPE a ; R = Cy: DCPE b ; R = Ph: DPPE c ) to form the diphosphene complexes (DRPE)Ni[η²-(PSiMe₃)₂] 5a–c . Using low temperature nmr measurements the monosubstitution products (DRPE)Ni[P(SiMe₃)₂]Cl 2a–c and the disubstitution products (DRPE)Ni[P(SiMe₃)₂]₂ 3a, 3c can be detected as intermediates. From the reaction of 1b the paramagnetic nickel(I) complex (DCPE)NiP(SiMe₃)₂ 4b can be isolated. Reacting 1a, 1b with LiP(SiMe₃)CMe₃ the complexes (DRPE)Ni[P(SiMe₃)CMe₃]Cl 8a, 8b , which are analogous to 2 , and the nickel(0) diphosphine complex (DEPE)Ni[η¹-P(SiMe₃)CMe₃P(SiMe₃)CMe₃] 9a can be detected n.m.r. spectroscopically, but no diphosphene complexes can finally be isolated. The diphosphene complexes (DRPE)Ni[η²(PPh)₂] 10a-c are available from reactions of PhP(SiMe₃)₂with l a - c. MeP(SiMe,), reacts only with 1b to give a diphosphene complex (DCPE)Ni[η²(PMe)₂] 11 b. Reacting [P(SiMe₃)CMe₃]₂ with 1a-c the diphosphene complexes (DRPE)Ni[η²(PCMe₃)₂] 12a-c can be obtained. 4b crystallizes monoclinic in the space group P2Jc with a = 1228.6 pm, b = 2387.1 pm, c = 2621.8 pm, β = 92.16°, and Z = 8 formula units. The nickel atom is nearly planar coordinated by three phosphorus- atoms, the phosphorus atom of the terminal P(SiMe₃)₂ group is pyramidally coordinated. The Ni? P bond distances of the two four-coordinated phosphorus atoms are with 219.2 pm and 220.2 pm only slightly shorter than the corresponding distance of the P-atom of the P(SiMe₃)₂ group with 223.5 pm. N.m.r. and mass spectral data are reported.     

Negative Charging of Transition‐Metal Phosphides via Strong Electronic Coupling for Destabilization of Alkaline Water

Heterogeneous electrocatalysis typically involves charge transfer between surface active sites and adsorbed species. Therefore, modulating the surface charge state of an electrocatalyst can be used to enhance performance. A series of negatively charged transition‐metal (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu,and NiCo) phosphides were fabricated by designing strong electronic coupling with hydr(oxy)oxides formed in situ. Physicochemical characterizations, together with DFT computations, demonstrate that strong electronic coupling renders transition‐metal phosphides negatively charged. This facilitates destabilization of alkaline water adsorption and dissociation to result in significantly improved H₂ evolution. Negatively charged Ni₂P/nickel hydr(oxy)oxide for example exhibits a significantly low overpotential of 138 mV at 100 mA cm^?2, superior to that without strong electronic coupling and also commercial Pt/C.