尿液核基质蛋白22在膀胱移行上皮癌筛检中的价值

目的：评价尿核基质蛋白22(NMP22)在膀胱移行上皮癌筛检中的意义。方法：采用酶联免疫法检测28例膀胱移行上皮癌、25例泌尿系良性疾病和10例泌尿系非移行上皮癌患者尿NMP22水平，并与尿脱落细胞学检查进行比较。结果：膀胱移行上皮癌患者尿NMP,,中位值为66．5u／ml，明显高于泌尿系良性疾病和非移行上皮癌，与肿瘤分期、分级、数目无关，以10u／ml为临界，诊断膀胱癌敏感性为85．7％，特异性为60％，尿脱落细胞学检查敏感性为32．1％，特异性为100％。结论：尿NMP22检测膀胱移行上皮癌敏感性、特异性均较高，可用于膀胱移行上皮癌的筛选和术后随访。     

尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测在膀胱癌中的诊断价值

目的：探讨通过检测尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性早期诊断膀胱癌。方法：采用改进的银染－TRAP（端粒重复序列扩增）法,分别对45例膀胱移行细胞癌患者,10例膀胱良性病变患者及8例正常人尿脱落细胞进行了端粒酶活性检测。结果：24例G1级（分化良好）的膀胱癌患者,端粒酶活性强阳性12例,弱阳性6例（阳性率75．0％）,21例G2,G3级膀胱癌患者,强阳性16例,弱阳性3例（阳性率94．5％）,膀胱良性病变患者及正常人尿脱落细胞只有1例端粒酶活性呈弱阳性,其余全部阴性。结论：尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测特异性强,敏感性高,与病理分类,组织分级等无明显关系,提示有可能成为膀胱癌临床早期诊断指标之一。     

联合检测尿液Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶活性在膀胱移行细胞癌中的诊断价值

目的：探讨尿液中Survivin浓度检测联合尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测在膀胱移行细胞癌诊断中的应用价值。方法：收集膀胱移行细胞癌患者尿液64例及非膀胱癌对照组患者尿液42例,应用ELISA方法检测各尿液标本中Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶的活性。结果：尿液中Survivin在膀胱癌诊断中的敏感度为82.8%,特异度为85.7%;尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测对膀胱癌诊断的敏感度为84.4%,特异度为69.0%;两种方法联合应用,两者均为阴性时诊断为阴性,否则为阳性,诊断膀胱癌的敏感度为95.3%,特异度为64.3%。结论：应用ELISA方法对尿液中Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶活性联合检测可显著提高膀胱移行细胞癌诊断的敏感度,而特异度变化不大,因此,两种指标联合检测较单一检测对膀胱移行细胞癌诊断更有价值。     

RT-PCR法检测尿脱落细胞中XIAP的表达在膀胱癌诊断中的价值

目的:比较膀胱癌患者尿液脱落细胞中XIAP表达的RT-PCR检测法和常规尿脱落细胞病理学检测在膀胱癌诊断中的临床价值。方法:采用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术(RT-PCR)检测51例膀胱尿路上皮癌患者尿液脱落细胞中XIAP-mRNA的表达,同时行常规尿脱落细胞病理学检测,20例非肿瘤人员作为对照组。结果:实验组51例尿脱落细胞XIAP-mRNA RT-PCR检测阳性27例(53%),尿脱落细胞学病理学检测阳性12例(24%),对照组20例尿脱落细胞XIAP-mRNA检测阳性1例(5.0%),对照组尿脱落细胞病理学检测阳性0例(0%)。实验组RT-PCR检测膀胱尿路上皮癌患者尿脱落细胞中XIAP表达的敏感性高于尿脱落细胞病理学检测,差异有极显著统计学意义(P<0.01),实验组RT-PCR检测膀胱尿路上皮癌患者尿中XIAP表达的敏感性显著高于非肿瘤对照组,差异有极显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:膀胱尿路上皮癌患者尿脱落细胞中XIAP表达的RT-PCR检测法较常规尿脱落细胞病理学检测更敏感,临床上作为膀胱癌的筛选方法,有一定的临床价值。     

联合检测尿液Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶活性在膀胱移行细胞癌中的诊断价值

目的:探讨尿液中Survivin浓度检测联合尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测在膀胱移行细胞癌诊断中的应用价值。方法:收集膀胱移行细胞癌患者尿液64例及非膀胱癌对照组患者尿液42例,应用ELISA方法检测各尿液标本中Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶的活性。结果:尿液中Survivin在膀胱癌诊断中的敏感度为82.8%,特异度为85.7%;尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测对膀胱癌诊断的敏感度为84.4%,特异度为69.0%;两种方法联合应用,两者均为阴性时诊断为阴性,否则为阳性,诊断膀胱癌的敏感度为95.3%,特异度为64.3%。结论:应用ELISA方法对尿液中Survivin浓度及脱落细胞端粒酶活性联合检测可显著提高膀胱移行细胞癌诊断的敏感度,而特异度变化不大,因此,两种指标联合检测较单一检测对膀胱移行细胞癌诊断更有价值。     

尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性检测在膀胱癌早期诊断中的价值

目的 探讨膀胱癌早期诊断的新的无创性检查方法。方法 应用端粒酶活性ＰＣＲ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法和细胞学方法对５３例膀胱癌、２６例良性膀胱疾病和１７例正常人尿脱落细胞进行检测,并对２种方法检测的阳性率以及病理检查结果进行比较。结果 ＰＣＲ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测膀胱癌患者尿脱落细胞端粒酶活性的总阳性率（６４．２％）明显高于尿细胞学检查的总阳性率（３９．６％）;在早期、低给别膀胱癌（Ｔ１、Ｇ１）中,端粒酶活性阳性率     

RT-PCR法检测尿脱落细胞中XIAP的表达在膀胱癌诊断中的价值

目的：比较膀胱癌患者尿液脱落细胞中XIAP表达的RT-PCR检测法和常规尿脱落细胞病理学检测在膀胱癌诊断中的临床价值。方法：采用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术（RT-PCR）检测51例膀胱尿路上皮癌患者尿液脱落细胞中XIAP-mRNA的表达,同时行常规尿脱落细胞病理学检测,20例非肿瘤人员作为对照组。结果：实验组51例尿脱落细胞XIAP-mRNA RT-PCR检测阳性27例（53%）,尿脱落细胞学病理学检测阳性12例（24%）,对照组20例尿脱落细胞XIAP-mRNA检测阳性1例（5.0%）,对照组尿脱落细胞病理学检测阳性0例（0%）。实验组RT-PCR检测膀胱尿路上皮癌患者尿脱落细胞中XIAP表达的敏感性高于尿脱落细胞病理学检测,差异有极显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）,实验组RT-PCR检测膀胱尿路上皮癌患者尿中XIAP表达的敏感性显著高于非肿瘤对照组,差异有极显著统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：膀胱尿路上皮癌患者尿脱落细胞中XIAP表达的RT-PCR检测法较常规尿脱落细胞病理学检测更敏感,临床上作为膀胱癌的筛选方法,有一定的临床价值。     

端粒酶活性检测在膀胱肿瘤早期诊断中的应用

目的：探讨检测端粒酶活性在膀胱癌早期诊断中的临床意义。方法：采用TRAP-PCR-ELISA法检测32例膀胱癌患者尿液和膀胱冲洗液中脱落细胞、膀胱癌组织、20例正常膀胱组织及14例非膀胱肿瘤患者尿液脱落细胞中端粒酶活性，并行尿脱落细胞学检查。结果：32例膀胱癌患者尿液脱落细胞、膀胱冲洗液脱落细胞、膀胱癌组织中端粒酶活性阳性率分别为65．6％（21／32）、71．9％（23／32）和84．0％（27／32），20例正常膀胱组织端粒酶活性均为阴性，14例非膀胱肿瘤患者尿液中1例端粒酶活性阳性。端粒酶活性阳性表达与肿瘤的分级、分期之间差异无明显相关性（P〉0．05），敏感性明显高于脱落细胞病理学检查。结论：尿液、膀胱冲洗液脱落细胞端粒酶活性测定敏感性较高．可用于膀胱癌的早期诊断。     

CD15在膀胱癌尿脱落细胞学检测中的应用价值

目的：探讨CD15在膀胱癌尿脱落细胞学诊断中的应用价值。方法：采用EnVision免疫细胞学染色方法，检测52例膀胱尿路上皮癌和16例非肿瘤病人尿脱落细胞标本中CD15的表达情况，并与细胞病理学检测相比较。结果：以5％尿脱落上皮细胞CD15染色阳性为膀胱癌诊断阈值，其敏感性和特异性分别为84．6％和87．5％，敏感性显著高于细胞学检查。结论：尿脱落细胞CD15免疫染色，有助于膀胱尿路上皮癌的诊断。     

环氧化酶-2 在膀胱癌组织及尿脱落细胞中的表达和意义

 目的 探讨COX-2在膀胱癌组织中的表达，了解尿脱落细胞COX-2表达在膀胱癌早期诊断中的价值。方法 应用免疫组化技术检测48例膀胱移行细胞癌组织、免疫细胞化学技术检测40例膀胱移行细胞癌患者和30例非肿瘤患者尿脱落细胞COX-2的表达。结果 膀胱移行细胞癌组织COX-2阳性表达率为72．9％，对照组正常膀胱黏膜无表达。COX-2的表达与膀胱癌临床分期显著相关(P<0．05)，不同病理分级膀胱癌的表达差别无显著性意义。非肿瘤患者尿脱落细胞无COx-2表达，膀胱癌尿脱落细胞COX-2免疫细胞化学检测阳性率为67．5％，明显高于常规尿细胞学的37．5％(P<0．05)，尤其对于G1级和Ta～T1期的低级、早期肿瘤，尿脱落细胞COX-2免疫细胞化学检测与常规尿细胞学检查相比，具有显著性意义(P<0．05)。结论 COX-2在膀胱移行细胞癌的发生发展中起重要作用，与肿瘤的浸润、转移相关。尿脱落细胞COX-2表达检测特异性高，可作为早期诊断膀胱癌的一种标志物。     

Ringworm in animals in a farm in Assiut

Bericht über das Auftreten von Hautmykosen bei Tieren auf der Farm der Landwirtschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Assiut. Von 70 Kälbern waren 42 pilzkrank, davon 22 durch T. mentagrophytes, 20 durch T. verrucosum. Von 180 Kühen waren 8 pilzbefalien, sämtlich durch T. mentagrophytes. Von 2 kranken Bullen wurde T. verrucosum isoliert. Auch die 3 Pferde und 2 Maultiere der Farm waren pilzinfiziert; Erreger war in diesen Fällen T. equinum. Auch ein Kalb war von T. equinum befallen. Die gleiche Pilzart wurde ferner von 3 Tierpflegern isoliert, die Pilzherde am Hals und an den Armen aufwiesen.     

Statistical challenges in preprocessing in microarray experiments in cancer

Many clinical studies incorporate genomic experiments to investigate the potential associations between high-dimensional molecular data and clinical outcome. A critical first step in the statistical analyses of these experiments is that the molecular data are preprocessed. This article provides an overview of preprocessing methods, including summary algorithms and quality control metrics for microarrays. Some of the ramifications and effects that preprocessing methods have on the statistical results are illustrated. The discussions are centered around a microarray experiment based on lung cancer tumor samples with survival as the clinical outcome of interest. The procedures that are presented focus on the array platform used in this study. However, many of these issues are more general and are applicable to other instruments for genome-wide investigation. The discussions here will provide insight into the statistical challenges in preprocessing microarrays used in clinical studies of cancer. These challenges should not be viewed as inconsequential nuisances but rather as important issues that need to be addressed so that informed conclusions can be drawn.     

Trends in zygomycosis in children

Zygomycosis, or mucormycosis, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in both children and adults. Studies in adults have shown an increase in the incidence of zygomycosis, particularly among haemtopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients and patients with haematologic malignancies. There is a paucity of data on the epidemiology of zygomycosis in children. We performed a retrospective analysis to describe trends in zygomycosis between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2010. We used the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database to identify paediatric patients who were diagnosed with zygomycosis during the study period. Administrative data on diagnoses, demographics, underlying conditions and clinical experiences were collected. Summary statistics were calculated and tests for trend were conducted. We identified 156 unique patients with zygomycosis. The prevalence of zygomycosis did not significantly increase over time (P=0.284). The most common underlying condition was malignancy (58%) and over half received intensive care. Voriconazole utilisation among all hospitalised children significantly increased during the period (P=0.010). Our study demonstrates that the incidence of zygomycosis is not significantly increasing. During the time period there was a significant increase in the use of voriconazole among children.     

Dermatomycosis in Goats in India

Summary: In an extensive survey involving 2176 goats 1.56% of goats manifested clinical lesions of ringworm infection. Animals below the age of 6 months were affected most (4.20%). The incidence of infection was higher during the winter months. T. verrucosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum were isolated from the skin scrapings of 12, 4, and 2 goats respectively. It is suggested that the infected animals could be a source of disease to human population in which the zoophilic dermatophyte invasion is characterized by severe inflammatory lesions of the skin. The zoonotic importance of different dermatophytes is stressed.
Zusammenfassung: In einer ausgedehnten Untersuchung an 2176 Ziegen wurden bei 1,56% klinische Zeichen einer Hautmykose festgestellt. Tiere, die jühger als 6 Monate alt waren, zeigten mit 4,20% am häfigsten Krankheitssymptome. In den Wintermonaten war die Erkrankungshäufigkeit am gröBten. T. vermcosum, T. mentagrophytes and M. gypseum wurden jeweils von 12,4 bzw. 2 Ziegen isoliert. Die inflzierten Tiere köinnen eine Infektionsquelle für die menschliche Bevölkerung darstellen und dort Mykosen mit stark entzündlichen Veränderungen auslösen. Die Bedeutung verschiedener Dermatophyten als Erreger von Zoonosen wird hervorgehoben.     

Hemoglobin in lymphogranulomatosis in children

The peculiarities of hemoglobin content and properties in lymphogranulomatosis were studied in children by different methods. In most patients the content of fetal hemoglobin and methhemoglobin was found to increase and the rate of ferricyanide oxidation of hemoglobin also increases. Simultaneously, the rate of non-homogenicity of basic hemoglobin fractions was observed to increase on account of immunologically different components.     

Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain

Plasma concentrations of certain hormones linked to breast cancer risk were measured in age-pooled samples from 3,250 rural Chinese women in 65 counties, and 300 British women, all aged 35-64. In age-groups 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64 respectively, mean oestradiol concentrations were 36% (P = 0.043), 90% (P less than 0.001) and 171% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women, and mean testosterone concentrations were 48% (P less than 0.001), 68% (P less than 0.001) and 53% (P = 0.001) higher in the British than in the Chinese women. The difference in testosterone concentrations between the two countries appeared to be due largely to the lower average body weight in the Chinese women. Sex hormone binding globulin did not differ significantly between the two countries in age groups 35-44 and 45-54, but was 15% (P = 0.002) lower in the British than in the Chinese women at ages 55-64. Prolactin concentrations did not differ significantly between the two countries in any age group.