双磺酸基功能化酸性离子液体高效催化甘油醚化

合成具有双磺酸基功能化离子液体[BS2 DABCO][HSO4]2用于甘油与叔丁醇(TBA)醚化反应中,显示出良好的催化活性.采用红外光谱和热重分析对其进行了物理表征,详细考察了反应时间、温度、催化剂用量与甘油/叔丁醇物质的量之比等因素对甘油转化率及单叔丁基甘油醚选择性的影响,得出最佳反应条件.当反应时间为6 h,温度...     

咪唑鎓离子液体协同催化苯酚与碳酸丙烯酯的反应

在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑乙酸盐([bmim]OAc)催化下,苯酚和碳酸丙烯酯一步合成了丙二醇苯醚.系统考察了反应温度、反应时间及催化剂用量对反应性能的影响,在优化的反应条件下,丙二醇苯醚的收率达79%.同时研究了不同咪唑鎓离子液体的阴阳离子的种类对催化反应的影响,发现咪唑鎓中的C2-H对反应有极大的促进作用,咪唑鎓通过提供氢键能力活化反应底物碳酸丙烯酯;同时,离子液体的阴离子也对反应有很大的影响,阴离子通过接受氢键能力活化另一反应底物苯酚.离子液体阴阳离子通过提供和接受氢键协同催化苯酚与碳酸丙烯酯的反应.离子液体循环使用5次,其活性未见明显降低.     

磺酸功能化双核离子液体催化合成双酚F

合成并表征了4种具有Brnsted酸性的磺酸功能化咪唑类离子液体催化剂,考察了其在催化苯酚、甲醛合成双酚F反应中的催化活性.结果表明磺酸功能化双核离子液体双-(3-磺酸丙基-1-咪唑)亚丁基硫酸氢盐([DPSIM][HSO4]2)不仅催化活性最佳,还提高了4,4’-双酚F异构体的含量.以[DPSIM][HSO4]2为催化剂,在苯酚与甲醛摩尔比30∶1、离子液体催化剂质量浓度6.8%、反应温度90℃、反应时间60 min的优化条件下,双酚F收率可达94.1%,同时提出了其催化合成双酚F的反应机理.该离子液体催化剂腐蚀性低,易分离回收,在重复使用6次后,双酚F收率仍在70%以上.     

功能化离子液体在缩醛（酮）反应中催化性能的研究

研究了磺酸功能化离子液体在缩醛(酮)反应中的催化性能.系统考察了离子液体催化剂、反应时间、反应温度、底物用量比和催化剂用量等因素的影响以及底物的适用性.研究结果表明:磺酸功能化离子液体[C4H8SO3Hm im]p-TSA是缩醛(酮)反应有效的催化剂,其催化活性主要由阳离子决定;该催化体系具有很好的重复使用性,经十次循环后催化活性未见明显降低.     

功能化酸性离子液体催化甲醛与烯烃的Prins缩合反应

研究了以功能化酸性离子液体为催化剂,甲醛与烯烃Prins缩合反应生成1,3-二噁烷及其衍生物,水解得到1,3-二元醇.对不同结构的离子液体、催化剂用量和反应条件进行了考察.结果表明,该体系具有良好的催化性能,反应可在较温和的条件下进行,实现了高活性和高选择性的目标.产物易分离,催化剂重复使用6次,其催化活性基本不变.     

酸功能化离子液体催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

合成并表征了酸功能化离子液体,用于催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯(TBC).通过考察各种离子液体的催化活性及重复使用性能,选定酸功能化离子液体[HSO3-pmim]HSO4为催化合成TBC的催化剂.研究了催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间等因素对酯化反应的影响,得到其较佳工艺条件为:催化剂用量为反应物总质量的8·0%,醇酸摩尔比为5·5∶1,反应温度110~150℃,反应时间3h.此条件下,酯化率达到99·0%.分离出的离子液体未经任何处理重复使用8次后,酯化率仍为95·2%.     

酸性离子液体催化的异丁烷/丁烯烷基化反应研究

以一系列酸性离子液体作为催化剂,考察了异丁烷/丁烯在不同离子液体中催化异丁烷与丁烯的烷基化反应,研究了离子液体在进行酸性和阴阳离子调整后对烷基化反应的影响.其中[MBSIM]OTf类离子液体催化所得目的产物三甲基戊烷含量最高可达69.8%,该类催化体系重复使用8次,催化性能没有明显下降.     

烷基磺酸酯基功能化离子液体的合成、性质及其在酯化反应中的应用(英文)

采用廉价易得的原料合成了阳离子含有烷基磺酸酯官能团的功能化离子液体,并考察了其热稳定性.该离子液体可催化羧酸的酯化反应,其催化活性高于阳离子非功能化的离子液体,而与磺酸功能化离子液体相当.同时采用电喷雾电离质谱考察了该离子液体在酯化反应中的作用.     

N-杂环卡宾催化对氟硝基苯和苯甲醛的亲核酰基化反应研究

以咪唑类离子液体为N-杂环卡宾(NHC)催化剂的前体,应用于催化芳基氟化物和醛的亲核酰基化反应,成功地将酰基直接引入到缺电子的芳环上,制备出含吸电子基团的芳香酮.以对氟硝基苯和苯甲醛的反应制备对硝基二苯甲酮为模板,详细探讨了NHC催化的亲核酰基化反应的机理和反应规律,优化出最佳反应条件,并考察了催化剂的循环使用效果.实验结果表明,以DMSO为溶剂、离子液体1(R=n-C12H25)为催化剂前体、叔丁醇钾为碱,离子液体的用量为对氟硝基苯的33 mol%,离子液体和叔丁醇钾的物质的量比为1:4,反应温度为30℃,反应时间为6 h,对氟硝基苯的转化率可达93.0%,对硝基二苯甲酮的收率为88.6%.离子液体循环使用4次,对硝基二苯甲酮的收率仍在75%以上.     

酸功能化离子液体催化三聚甲醛与烯烃的Prins反应

以烯烃和三聚甲醛为原料,采用酸功能化离子液体作催化剂,在无溶剂体系中经Prins反应合成了1,3-二氧己环衍生物.对不同离子液体的催化活性进行了考察,选择[BsTmG][HSO4]作为反应的催化剂.研究了温度、时间以及原料摩尔比对反应的影响,得到较佳实验条件为:催化剂用量为烯烃摩尔量的5%,三聚甲醛与烯烃摩尔比为1∶1,温度80℃,时间10 h.该催化体系具有较好的底物适用性,离子液体[BsTmG][HSO4]经简单的萃取分离后重复使用8次,仍保持较好的催化活性.     

短孔道介孔分子筛Zr-Ce-SBA-15固载酸性离子液体催化合成双酚F

通过化学键接的方式,将酸性离子液体(ILs)分别负载于两种不同的硅基载体上,成功制备了SBA-15-ILs(SILs)与Zr-Ce-SBA-15-ILs(ZCSILs)等两种固载化酸性离子液体。 通过傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、热重分析仪(TG-DTG)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、N₂吸附-脱附比表面仪(BET)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)与有机元素分析仪(OEA)等对所制备催化剂的物化性能进行了表征,并进一步研究了其在甲醛-苯酚合成二羟基二苯基甲烷(双酚F,BPF)中的催化活性。 结果表明:短孔道的ZCSILs具有较高比表面积、较多的离子液体负载量和相对优异的催化活性。 当m(催化剂)/m(甲醛)=0.36,n(苯酚)/n(甲醛)=30,反应时间90 min、反应温度90 ℃时,BPF收率可达95.6%,对4,4′-BPF的选择性达到44.8%,且所制备的ZCSILs重复使用5次后,依然显示优异的催化活性。     

Selective alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol catalyzed by [bmim]PF6

Alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in a room temperature ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumhexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF₆), has been investigated. The effects of various parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, reactant ratio (mol ratio of phenol to that of TBA), and the amount of the ionic liquid used were studied. The [bmim]PF₆ ionic liquid was found to catalyze the reaction with high conversion and good selectivity.     

离子液体/季铵盐辅助氯过氧化物酶促氧化合成聚酚

基于氯过氧化物酶(CPO)催化氧化苯酚衍生物单体,建立了一个聚酚的绿色合成体系.以对苯基苯酚、对甲基苯酚、4-乙基苯酚、对羟基肉桂酸、对异丙基苯酚和邻甲基苯酚等6种底物为考察对象,以聚合物的产率、聚合度及热稳定性为评价指标,研究了体系中引入离子液体(ILs)或季铵盐(QAS)以及底物结构和反应微环境等对聚合反应和聚合物性质的影响.结果表明,引入少量咪唑类ILs或QAS可有效提高产物收率,其中ILs/QAS的阳离子基团越大和疏水链越短,越有利于酶催化聚合反应的进行;而ILs/QAS添加量的影响则呈现"钟罩"型规律.同时,苯酚对位取代远比邻位取代有利于聚合反应进行;而对位取代基中烷基类给电子基团比芳香基取代更有优势,所得聚合物的聚合度和热稳定性相对增大,但随着取代基团的增大,其空间位阻不利于聚合物产率的提高;反应体系的p H应控制在弱酸性至近中性,以避免竞争性的副反应的发生;而氧化剂H_2O_2则需要采用间歇式加入以抑制瞬时过浓导致CPO活性中心卟啉环的氧化损伤.基于CPO的活性中心结构分析了聚合机理.     

离子液体对H2O2氧化环己烯制备反-1,2-环己二醇的催化作用

以H2O2为氧化剂,研究了离子液体为催化剂和溶剂,环己烯氧化生成反-1,2-环己二醇的反应。 考察了不同咪唑型离子液体、反应时间、反应温度和H2O2用量等对产率和选择性的影响, 实验结果表明,在7种咪唑型离子液体催化体系中,阳离子为咪唑环上含有1或2个羧基,阴离子为[PF6]的离子液体催化效果较好。 反应温度为100 ℃,n(H2O2)∶n(Cyclohexene)＝1.1∶1,反应5 h时,离子液体c（0.60 g,2.1 mmol）催化生成的反-1,2-环己二醇的产率和选择性分别为95%和97%,而离子液体f（0.20 g,0.6 mmol）催化生成的反-1,2-环己二醇的产率和选择性分别为84%和90%,从离子液体的用量来看,含2个羧基的离子液体f的催化效率更高。     

Ionic Liquid Stabilized Niobium Oxoclusters Catalyzing Oxidation of Sulfides with Exceptional Activity

We present here a new class of niobium oxoclusters that are stabilized effectively by carboxylate ionic liquids. These functionalized ILs are designated as [TBA][LA], [TBA][PA], and [TBA][HPA] in this work, in which TBA represents tetrabutylammonium and LA, PA, and HPA refer to lactate, propionate, 3-hydroxypropionate anions, respectively. The as-synthesized Nb oxoclusters have been characterized by use of elemental analysis, NMR, IR, XRD, TGA, HRTEM. It was found that [TBA][LA]-stabilized Nb oxoclusters (Nb−OC@[TBA][LA]) are uniformly dispersed with an average particle size of 2–3 nm and afforded exceptionally high catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of various thioethers. The turnover number with Nb−OC@[TBA][LA] catalyst was over 56 000 at catalyst loading as low as 0.0033 mol % (1 ppm). Meantime, the catalyst also showed the high activity for the epoxidation of olefins and allylic alcohols by using only 0.065 mol % of catalyst (50 ppm). The characterization of ⁹³Nb NMR spectra revealed that the Nb oxoclusters underwent structural transformation in the presence of H₂O₂ but regenerated to their initial state at the end of the reaction. In particular, the highly dispersed Nb oxoclusters can absorb a large amount of polar organic solvents and thus were swollen greatly, which exhibited “pseudo” liquid phase behavior, and enabled the substrate molecules to be highly accessible to the catalytic center of Nb oxocluster units.     

CO2/离子液体体系热力学性质的分子动力学模拟

超临界CO2和离子液体(ILs)是两种绿色溶剂. 离子液体可以溶解超临界CO2, 而超临界CO2不能溶解离子液体. 由此设计构成的CO2/IL二元系统, 同时具备了超临界CO2和离子液体的许多优点: 既可以降低离子液体的粘度, 还便于相分离, 是新型的耦合绿色溶剂. 其物理化学性质对于设计反应、分离等过程非常重要. 因此, 本文以CO2/IL二元系统为研究对象, 通过选择合适的分子力场和系综, 运用分子动力学(MD)模拟方法研究了CO2/[bmim][PF6]、CO2/[bmim][NO3]等体系的热力学性质. 结果表明, CO2对ILs膨胀度的影响非常小, 当CO2摩尔分数为0.5时, ILs膨胀仅为15%. CO2/ILs的扩散系数远小于CO2膨胀甲醇、乙醇溶液的扩散系数. 随着CO2含量的增加, ILs的扩散系数提高, 粘度显著下降, 表明CO2能有效地改善ILs扩散性, 减小其粘度. 因此CO2可用以改善离子液体溶剂体系的传递特性, 增强反应分离过程在其中的进行.     

Ionic Liquid–Catalyzed Internal Redox Esterification Reaction

The internal redox esterification of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols was carried out using different ionic liquids (ILs) as catalysts and reaction solvents. The basic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([bmim]OAc), exhibited the best activity for this reaction. The influences of the amount of ionic liquid catalyst and reaction time on yield of saturated ester have been investigated. The results showed that ionic liquid anions have a crucial effect on the redox esterification of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and alcohols. The nucleophilic carbenes generated in situ from the ionic liquid cation were believed to be actual active species for this reactions.     

Efficient Lewis acid ionic liquid-catalyzed synthesis of the key intermediate of coenzyme Q10 under microwave irradiation

An efficient synthesis of a valuable intermediate of coenzyme Q(10) by microwave-assisted Lewis acidic ionic liquid (IL)-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts alkylation is reported. The acidity of six [Etpy]BF(4)-based ionic liquids was characterized by means of the FT-IR technique using acetonitrile as a molecular probe. The catalytic activities of these ionic liquids were correlated with their Lewis acidity. With increasing Lewis acid strength of the ionic liquids, their catalytic activity in the Friedel-Crafts reaction increased, except for [Etpy]BF(4)-AlCl(3). The effects of the reaction system, the molar fraction of Lewis acid in the Lewis acid ILs and heating techniques were also investigated. Among the six Lewis acid ionic liquids tested [Etpy]BF(4)-ZnCl(2) showed the best catalytic activity, with a yield of 89% after a very short reaction time (150 seconds). This procedure has the advantages of higher efficiency, better reusability of ILs, energy conservation and eco-friendliness. The method has practical value for preparation of CoQ(10) on an industrial scale.     

Selective Synthesis of 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene by Transalkylation in the Presence of Acid Ionic Liquids[Cnmim]Cl-AlCl3

A highly selective synthesis of 2,6-dimethylnaphthanlene(2,6-DMN) by transalkylation between 2-methylnaphthanlene(2-MN) and 1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene(TeMB) was performed with 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazo- lium aluminum chloride([Cnmim]Cl-AlCl3) ionic liquids(ILs) as catalysts. The influences of the alkyl group as the organic cation, the acidic strength of [C4mim]Cl-AlCl3 ILs as well as the reaction conditions on the catalytic performance were investigated. [C4mim]Cl-AlCl3 ILs[x(AlCl3)=71%] exhibited high activity and selectivity toward 2,6-DMN. The selectivity to 2,6-DMN and the 2,6-DMN/2,7-DMN ratio reached up to 68.2% and 3.7:1, respectively. The UV-Vis spectrum of TeMB treated by different ILs shows that the protonated degree of TeMB dependeds on the acidity strength of ILs, which has a significant impact on the reaction results. The high protonated degree of TeMB is advantageous to enhancing the conversion of transalkylation and the large stereo-hindrance effect of TeMB is favorable to improving the selecivity to 2,6-DMN.     

Extension of the Ye and Shreeve group contribution method for density estimation of ionic liquids in a wide range of temperatures and pressures

An extension of the Ye and Shreeve group contribution method [C. Ye, J.M. Shreeve, J. Phys. Chem. A 111 (2007) 1456–1461] for the estimation of densities of ionic liquids (ILs) is here proposed. The new version here presented allows the estimation of densities of ionic liquids in wide ranges of temperature and pressure using the previously proposed parameter table. Coefficients of new density correlation proposed were estimated using experimental densities of nine imidazolium-based ionic liquids. The new density correlation was tested against experimental densities available in literature for ionic liquids based on imidazolium, pyridinium, pyrrolidinium and phosphonium cations. Predicted densities are in good agreement with experimental literature data in a wide range of temperatures (273.15–393.15 K) and pressures (0.10–100 MPa). For imidazolium-based ILs, the mean percent deviation (MPD) is 0.45% and 1.49% for phosphonium-based ILs. A low MPD ranging from 0.41% to 1.57% was also observed for pyridinium and pyrrolidinium-based ILs.