lncRNA/miRNA在胰腺癌发生发展中的研究进展

ncRNA/miRNA在多种实体肿瘤中表达异常,参与肿瘤的增殖、侵袭、转移。胰腺癌是发病率较高、死亡率高的恶性肿瘤,通过深入研究lncRNA/miRNA在胰腺癌发生发展中的分子机制,可为胰腺癌的治疗提供新的靶点。     

Lnc-miRNA轴在宫颈癌中的研究进展

<正>大约2%的人类基因组被转录为RNA编码蛋白,被转录为非编码RNA的基因组为大多数(ncRNAs)^[1]。因为一直以来人们发现非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNA)没有编码的能力,所以认为它对转录来说是无意义的^[2]。     

Lnc-miRNA轴在子宫内膜癌中的研究进展

子宫内膜癌是一种女性常见的上皮性恶性肿瘤,临床上多表现为绝经后阴道出血,其中子宫内膜样腺癌是最常见的组织亚型。统计发现子宫内膜癌的发病率逐年升高,现已成为发达国家女性最常见的生殖道恶性肿瘤。研究报道,无转移患者5年总生存率为74%~91%。早期预防、诊断及有效治疗成为了减少手术创伤,提高术后生存质量,保留患者生育功能,延长生存时间的有效方法。目前越来越多的报道指出,一些lncRNA在子宫内膜癌组织和细胞中表达失衡,不仅推动了子宫内膜癌发生、发展机制的研究,也为临床上内膜癌的治疗提供了新的理论基础。但其调控miRNA的机制和对子宫内膜癌细胞恶性生物学行为的影响仍有待进一步研究。随着对lnc-miRNA轴研究的不断深入,lncRNA和miRNA将有望成为新的子宫内膜癌诊断和预后标志物。     

miRNA在肺癌发生发展中的作用及其机制的研究进展

肺癌的发病机制非常复杂,目前仍未明确。研究发现miRNA是肿瘤中的一组重要的调节因子,与肺癌的发生发展密切相关,异常表达后可作为致癌miRNA或抑癌miRNA参与调控信号通路基因的表达,影响肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭、转移等过程。本文就miRNA作为抑癌或致癌基因在肺癌发生发展中机制的最新研究进展进行综述。     

miRNA在大肠癌中的作用

近年来,随着MicroRNA(miRNA)在大肠癌中作用的深入研究以及在大肠癌中调控机制变得更加清晰,miRNA的功能也得到更全面的了解.研究表明,miRNA在大肠癌中存在异常表达的情况,但是不同miRNA的异常表达对大肠癌的调控效果存在差异,有的可能发挥癌基因的作用,有的则可能发挥抑癌基因的作用.此外,与正常组织相比,同一个miRNA在大肠癌的不同时期也可能存在表达量完全相反的现象.异常表达的miR-NA可能成为结直肠腺瘤或者大肠癌的诊断、预后以及治疗疗效的指标,检测血液循环中miRNA的表达可能成为一种精确度高、无创性的检测手段.在大肠癌治疗方面,miRNA可能对大肠癌细胞的耐药性存在影响.现从调控、诊断、预后及耐药四个方面,对miRNA与大肠癌的关系研究进行综述.     

lncRNA MEG3在肿瘤发生发展中的功能作用与机制研究进展

人母系表达基因(maternally expressed gene 3,MEG3)属于长链非编码RNA（long-chain non coding RNA,lncRNA）,在人类许多正常组织中均有表达。目前MEG3在多种人类癌症组织为低表达,且其基因启动子呈现高甲基化状态,进而影响肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭、凋亡等方面,是肿瘤发生发展的抑制因子。lncRNA MEG3对肿瘤的分子调控作用,揭示其有望成为治疗的新靶点。本文综述了MEG3在各肿瘤中的功能作用与机制,讨论了MEG3在各肿瘤中的意义及存在的问题。但MEG3在肿瘤中的具体作用机制仍未阐明,需做进一步研究。     

miRNA在鼻咽癌中的研究进展

微RNAs(miRNAs)是在真核生物中发现的一类内源性的具有调控功能的非编码RNA,其大小长约20～25个核苷酸.miRNA与各种疾病的病理相关联,包括癌症,如鼻咽癌.近年来研究表明miRNA在鼻咽癌发生发展和治疗中起一定作用.全文对近年来miRNA在鼻咽癌中的研究进展作一分析.     

FDG-PET/CT在鼻咽癌放疗后随访中的初步应用研究

背景与目的:既往主要依靠CT、MRI、SPE/CT、PET检查来判断鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal carcinoma,NPC)放疗后局部复发、肿瘤残留或全身转移情况,本研究拟探讨脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射计算机断层(FDG-PET/CT)在判断NPC放疗后局部复发及全身转移中的应用价值.方法:38例NPC均已临床确诊并经放疗后行PET/CT检查,显像时间为放疗后3～36个月,分别观察PET/CT、PET、CT图像,PET以标准摄取值SUV＞2.5定为18F-FDG代谢增高.注射18F-FDG 7.4 MBq/kg后30 min后行脑显像,l h后行全身显像,部分患者行2 h延迟显像.结合CT的形态学特征和PET图像表现将38例患者观察结果分4组:(1)局部无复发、全身无转移;(2)局部有复发全身无转移;(3)局部无复发、全身有转移;(4)局部有复发、全身有转移.所有病例的最后诊断依赖于随访,随访时间6～10个月.结果:PET/CT诊断的敏感性为100%、特异性为89.5%,高于单独PET的100%和80%,明显高于单独CT的77.8%和84.2%.结论:PET/CT对NPC放疗后有无局部复发或肿瘤残留及全身转移的综合判断优于单独CT,略优于单独PET,在判断病灶是否为转移灶时,PET/CT的CT影像能提供重要的参考信息,对指导临床的诊治具有更好的帮助.     

miRNA通过转录因子及EMT相关调控蛋白在胃癌侵袭转移中的作用机制研究

微小RNA(miRNA)通过调控原癌基因或抑癌基因,参与胃癌细胞的增殖、凋亡、侵袭和转移过程,也可调控上皮-间充质转化(EMT)的生物学过程。EMT是胃癌侵袭和转移的关键步骤,部分转录因子可通过调控细胞因子及相关信号通路参与EMT过程。转录因子和EMT相关作用蛋白的上游靶基因可能作为肿瘤细胞转移的预测性分子标志物。EMT不仅可参与正常胚胎发育过程中器官和组织的生成,还可促进肿瘤细胞的侵袭和转移,而miRNA可通过多个信号通路参与EMT的调控。本文对参与miRNA调控EMT过程的转录因子进行综述,详细介绍miRNA通过转录因子调控胃癌EMT过程的相关调控机制。     

miRNA 在膀胱癌中的研究进展

miRNA（microRNA）是一种小的单链非编码 RNA,具有转录后调节基因表达的作用。最近研究发现 miRNA 在膀胱癌的发生、发展和预后中发挥重要作用。本文对相关研究进行综述,以期更好地理解膀胱癌的发生机理,并为其辅助诊断和治疗提供理论基础。     

Differential miRNA expression in repeated recurrence of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

Deregulated microRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be involved in the tumorigenesis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). However, the role of miRNA expression in tumor recurrence is not yet understood. We found distinctive miRNA expression in repeated recurrent tumors using miRNA microarray, and verified this using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and miRNA in situ hybridization analysis. Computational analysis and immunohistochemistry further revealed that differentially expressed miRNAs may work in concert to modulate a multitude of biological pathways. The results not only indicate differential miRNA expression during tumor relapse, but imply the potential use of miRNAs to classify repeated recurrence of NPC beyond the histological approach.     

相关miRNA与胃癌发生及侵袭转移机制研究

本文回顾了胃癌发生发展中起促进作用、抑制作用的相关miRNA,分析miRNA与胃癌细胞的增殖、侵袭转移及凋亡之间的机制,提出胃癌细胞凋亡相关miRNA。最后认为miRNA与胃癌的发生、发展存在密切的关系,但是其具体机制还需进一步研究。     

lncRNA SNHGs在前列腺癌发生发展中的研究进展

前列腺癌已成为威胁老年男性健康的全球性“杀手”,其发生发展机制以及治疗方法是当前的研究重点。近年来,基因转录或转录后调控机制被证明在前列腺癌进展中发挥关键的作用,其中长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)扮演着重要的角色。lncRNA SNHGs与前列腺癌关系密切,其不仅影响肿瘤生物学特性,在前列腺癌细胞凋亡、自噬、侵袭、细胞增殖等方面发挥至关重要的作用,而且与肿瘤预后相关。其作用机制与ceRNA学说、Wnt/β-catenin、PI3K/AKT/mTOR等信号通路有关。本文就lncRNA SNHGs在前列腺癌发生发展中的作用做一综述,希望能为前列腺癌的诊治提供新思路。     

Role of miRNA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Evidence suggests that miRNAs play an important role in progression, recurrence, metastasis and postoperative survival of HNSCC. Studies have investigated the utility of miRNAs as diagnostic/prognostic tools and as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers that may improve the management and outcomes of HNSCC. The aim of this article is to review the current literature on aberrant expression profiles of miRNAs in biopsy samples of HNSCC and their role in cancer development, metastasis, prognosis and survival of these patients. This review gives an overview that miRNAs deregulation play major role in the development of HNSCC. They offer the potential to be used as biomarkers or novel therapeutic targets. Future research is required to test their use in both of these fields.     

Role of chemoradiotherapy in intermediate prognosis nasopharyngeal carcinoma

To evaluate the long term impact of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) compared to radiotherapy (RT) alone in patients with T2N1M0 nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) retrospectively. Three hundred and ninety-two patients with T2N1M0 NPC according to the AJCC 2002 stage classification system were analyzed. Among them, 211 patients were treated with RT alone and the rest of 181 patients were treated with CCRT. A planned dose of 70 Gy was delivered in 2.0 Gy per fraction over 7 weeks to the primary tumor with 6-MV photons or (60)Cobalt γ-ray. The chemotherapy regimen of cisplatin with a dose of 100mg/m(2) was delivered for 2-3 cycles. With a median follow-up of 66 months (range 2.4-117.1 months), the 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates was higher in CCRT group compared to RT alone group, though they failed to reach statistical significance (80.2% vs. 76.6%, P=0.778 and 70.5% vs. 64.2%, P=0.413, respectively). A significant improvement was detected in 5-year relapse-free survival (RFS) rate in CCRT group than RT alone group (91.5% vs. 77.3%, P=0.008). Moreover, chemotherapy was the only independent prognostic factor for the 5-year RFS (P=0.007). Concurrent chemoradiotherapy appeared to improve the 5-year RFS rate for patients with T2N1M0 NPC. Large prospective, randomized clinical studies are needed to confirm its therapeutic gain.     

18F-FDG PET/CT在鼻咽癌诊断及分期中的临床价值

背景与目的:PET/CT能够通过准确显示肿瘤形态、大小及相邻关系从而对鼻咽癌(NPC)进行诊断及分期研究.本研究结合PET/CT、MRI结果及部分颈部小淋巴结病理结果,探讨18SF-FDG PET/CT在鼻咽癌TNM分期中的价值.方法:从2005年9月至2007年3月.选取行PET/CT和MRI检查的鼻咽癌患者68例.PET数据采用2D采集模式,CT扫描电压140 kV,采用自动毫安量跟踪扫描加血管增强的扫描方案,18F-FDG按3.7～5.5 MBq/kg剂量静脉注射.MRI检查采用T1W和T2W成像及T1W增强扫描成像.并对其中10例患者颈部小淋巴结切除和穿刺组织病理检查,进行图像与病理对照.结果:68例鼻咽癌患者所有鼻咽区域的病灶PET/CT均可以清晰显示,MRI和PET/CT显示病灶一致:对于直径≤1 cm的138枚PET/CT示阳性小淋巴结,MRI仅有约28%可作不肯定提示.10例鼻咽癌患者颈部16枚PET/CT显示阳性小淋巴结与病理结果相符14枚,符合率达87.5%.对于颈部肿大淋巴结PET/CT.和MRI均能显示,对部分放疗过程PET/CT示增殖活性明显受抑制的肿大淋巴结,MRI和PET/CT增强扫描可见强化.对于其中8例Ⅳb期鼻咽癌患者肺、骨、肝脏等转移灶,PET/CT全身扫描可清晰显示病灶,而MRI具有较多限制.由于18F-FDG PET/CT检查使其中24例的分期进行调整.结论:18F-FDG-PET/CT扫描采用自动毫安量跟踪扫描加血管增强的扫描方案,充分利用PET/CT信息进行鼻咽癌的临床分期,其结果较MRI全面、可靠.     

LPLUNC1 reduces glycolysis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells through the PHB1-p53/c-Myc axis

Cancer cells prefer glycolysis to support their proliferation. Our previous studies have shown that the long palate, lung, and nasal epithelial cell clone 1 (LPLUNC1) can upregulate prohibitin 1 (PHB1) expression to inhibit the proliferation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. Given that PHB1 is an important regulator of cell energy metabolism, we explored whether and how LPLUNC1 regulated glucose glycolysis in NPC cells. LPLUNC1 or PHB1 overexpression decreased glycolysis and increased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)-related protein expression in NPC cells, promoting phosphorylated PHB1 nuclear translocation through 14-3-3σ. LPLUNC1 overexpression also increased p53 but decreased c-Myc expression in NPC cells, which were crucial for the decrease in glycolysis and increase in OXPHOS-related protein expression induced by LPLUNC1 overexpression. Finally, we found that treatment with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) reduced the viability and clonogenicity of NPC cells, decreased glycolysis, and increased OXPHOS-related protein expression by enhancing LPLUNC1 expression in NPC cells. Therefore, the LPLUNC1-PHB1-p53/c-Myc axis decreased glycolysis in NPC cells, and ATRA upregulated LPLUNC1 expression, ATRA maybe a promising drug for the treatment of NPC.