灵芝UDP-葡萄糖4-差向异构酶酶学性质研究及其应用

【背景】灵芝多糖是灵芝的重要活性物质之一。UDP-葡萄糖4-差向异构酶（UDP-glucose 4-epimerase,UGE,EC 5.1.3.2）是灵芝多糖合成途径中糖供体生成的重要酶,其参与了UDP-葡萄糖与UDP-半乳糖的相互转化,与多糖中半乳糖残基含量密切相关。【目的】通过对来源于灵芝的UGE基因进行异源表达,丰富灵芝多糖糖供体合成途径重要酶的酶学特性信息,深入了解灵芝多糖代谢合成途径。【方法】以灵芝菌株（Ganoderma lingzhi） CGMCC 5.26的cDNA为模板,克隆得到UGE基因GL30389,并在Escherichia coli BL21（DE3）中诱导表达,产物纯化后进行酶学性质、酶动力学、底物专一性及转化率的研究。【结果】灵芝UGE的分子量为45 kDa。最适反应pH值为6.0,在pH 7.0—9.0范围内有较好的稳定性;最适反应温度为30℃,温度在40℃时稳定性最好。Fe²⁺和Mg²⁺对UGE有激活作用。以UDP-葡萄糖为底物时,K_m为0.824 mmol/L,V_max为769.230 μmol/（L·min）,k_cat为1.333 s^—1,k_cat/K_m为1.618 L/（mmol·s）。灵芝UGE对D-葡萄糖、半乳糖醛酸及N-乙酰葡萄糖胺有催化活性。通过优化pH、温度、底物与酶的配比、添加金属离子将转化率从16.0%提升至39.4%。【结论】灵芝UGE与植物来源的UGE酶学性质较为相似,其催化效率优于大部分细菌来源的UGE。本研究丰富了灵芝多糖糖供体合成途径重要酶的酶学特性信息,有利于深入了解灵芝多糖代谢合成途径。     

谷氨酸棒杆菌过氧化氢酶的异源表达、纯化以及酶学性质

过氧化氢酶能催化过氧化氢分解为水和氧气,在工业上有着较为广泛的应用。然而,纺织和造纸工业的特殊的高碱性环境,使得开发碱性过氧化氢酶有着重要的应用价值。利用大肠杆菌表达来自于谷氨酸棒杆菌的过氧化氢酶,对其表达条件进行了优化,并通过镍柱亲和层析的方法分离纯化重组蛋白,然后表征纯酶的酶学性质。最适表达条件为:诱导剂IPTG浓度0.2 mmol/L,诱导温度25℃,诱导时间11 h。过氧化氢酶比酶活达到55 266 U/mg,具有较高的催化活性。该酶具有相当宽泛的p H值适应范围,在p H 4.0–11.5范围内均具有较高的酶活性,并在p H 11.0条件下表现出最高的酶活性。将纯酶在p H 11.0的溶液中处理3 h时剩余酶活为93%,说明该酶在高碱条件下有良好的稳定性。该酶最适温度为30℃,在25–50℃热稳定性较好。其动力学参数Km为25.89mmol/L,Vmax为185.18mmol/(min?mg)。抑制剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、尿素、Na N3、β-巯基乙醇、EDTA对酶活有不同程度的抑制作用。来源于谷氨酸棒杆菌的过氧化氢酶具有较高的催化效率、良好的碱耐受性,在工业生产中有较好...     

索诺拉沙漠芽孢杆菌s262过氧化氢酶的异源表达及酶学性质

【背景】索诺拉沙漠芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sonorensis) s262所产过氧化氢酶具有降解黄曲霉毒素B₁ (Aflatoxin B₁, AFB₁)的能力。【目的】在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中表达索诺拉沙漠芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sonorensis) s262过氧化氢酶,对表达条件进行优化并测定酶学性质。【方法】将过氧化氢酶基因katA连接到pET28a(+)载体中,构建重组表达质粒pET28a-katA,转化至Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,通过优化IPTG浓度、诱导温度和诱导时间确定重组酶的最佳表达条件。使用Ni-NTA Sefinose^TM Resin分离纯化过氧化氢酶。通过测定过氧化氢酶最适反应温度及热稳定性、最适pH及pH稳定性和金属离子对酶活力的影响对重组酶酶学性质进行分析,通过双倒数作图法对重组酶进行动力学分析。高效液相色谱法检测重组过氧化氢酶对AFB₁的降解率。【结果】重组表达质粒pET28a-katA经双酶切(BamH Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ)及测序证明构建成功。纯化的重组酶分子量大小在55 kDa,在E. coli中的最佳表达条件为：IPTG浓度0.8 mmol/L,诱导温度25 ℃,诱导时间10 h。酶最适催化温度50 ℃,最适pH 7.0时,其动力学参数V_max为(760.17±19.61) mmol/(min·L),K_m为(63.73±3.87) mmol/L。0.1 mmol/L Fe²⁺、Zn²⁺和Cu²⁺对酶有促进作用,酶活分别提高40%、8%和12%,但该浓度下K⁺对酶起抑制作用,使酶活降低39%。重组酶对AFB₁的降解率为61.44%。【结论】成功表达并纯化了索诺拉沙漠芽孢杆菌源过氧化氢酶,为过氧化氢酶的工业生产及应用奠定了基础。     

Paraglaciecola hydrolytica中新型β-琼胶酶Aga2的异源表达及酶学性质分析

琼胶寡糖具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤和调节肠道菌群等多种生物活性,而微生物来源的琼胶酶是酶法制备琼胶寡糖的重要工具酶。目前报道的琼胶酶数量较少,而具有优良酶学特性的琼胶酶数量更少,极大阻碍了酶法制备琼胶寡糖的工艺开发进程。因此有必要发掘更多微生物来源的新颖琼胶酶。从副居冰菌属Paraglaciecola hydrolytica细菌基因组中挖掘到一个新颖琼胶酶基因aga2,构建至表达载体 pET28a(+),并在大肠杆菌 BL21(DE3)中进行表达;通过镍金属亲和层析纯化蛋白并探究温度、pH、金属离子、NaCl浓度对Aga2活性的影响;采用¹³C核磁共振、薄层色谱和基质辅助激光解吸飞行时间质谱分析酶解产物。Aga2与已知琼胶酶的最高相似度为53.7%。同时Aga2在IPTG(Isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside)浓度为90 μmol/L,20℃下诱导9 h时,可溶性表达量最高。纯化的Aga2最适反应温度为50℃,且40℃孵育3 h后仍保持72.9%的相对酶活力,具有较好的温度稳定性。Aga2的最适pH为6.0,在不同pH(4-9)下放...     

海栖热袍菌葡萄糖异构酶基因xylA的克隆、表达及酶学性质

海栖热袍菌(Thermotoga maritima)是嗜极端高温的厌氧细菌,其产生的葡萄糖异构酶由于其出色的耐热性有着潜在的工业应用价值.由于海栖热袍菌苛刻的培养条件导致其葡萄糖异构酶产量较低.通过PCR方法克隆编码T. maritima MSB8葡萄糖异构酶基因xylA,构建重组质粒pHsh-xylA,转入Escherichia coli JM109,通过热激诱导表达.通过热处理和离子交换层析纯化两步得到电泳纯的酶制品,纯化倍数和回收率分别为8.02和49.02.对酶学性质研究表明,该重组酶为金属离子激活性酶,Mg2 ,Co2 对相对酶活有很强的激活作用,其最适pH为7.0,最适反应温度为95℃,且在pH 6～8之间有着较好的稳定性,在95℃下半衰期长达5 h以上.以葡萄糖为底物时的表观Km和Vmax分别为105 mmol/L和45.2 mol/min·mg.     

米曲霉酸性蛋白酶基因在毕赤酵母中的异源表达及酶学性质

酸性蛋白酶作为一类重要的天冬氨酸蛋白酶,被广泛应用于食品、医药和皮革等领域。为推动酸性蛋白酶的研究及应用,通过对发酵豆制品样品进行宏基因组测序,从中获得米曲霉酸性蛋白酶基因pepA,在毕赤酵母GS115中进行异源表达,并对重组酶PepA进行酶学性质分析。结果显示毕赤酵母发酵上清液中酸性蛋白酶的活性为50.62 U/mL。SDS-PAGE验证PepA的分子量约为50 kDa,且发酵上清液几乎无杂蛋白。PepA的最适pH值为4.5,最适温度为50℃,Mn~(2+)和Cu~(2+)对其具有激活作用,而Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)与Ca~(2+)则具有抑制作用。上述研究结果可为米曲霉酸性蛋白酶的异源表达及其相关工业应用提供指导。     

尿苷二磷酸糖固定化酶合成法研究

利用生物酶进行体外催化反应合成不同种类的尿苷二磷酸糖（uridine diphosphate sugar,UDP-糖）,生物酶的重复利用率较低。为提高尿苷二磷酸糖的合成效率及增加产物种类,以镍螯合聚丙烯酸酯树脂为载体,对带有HIS标签的N-乙酰己糖胺激酶（N-acetylhexosamine kinase,NahK）和尿苷转移酶（uridine transferase,GlmU）进行固定化。以固定化NahK和固定化GlmU为催化酶,不同单糖作为底物,研究尿苷二磷酸糖的一锅法合成情况。利用Q柱对产物进行纯化,通过高效液相色谱法、质谱法、核磁共振氢谱法对反应产物进行检测。确定了镍螯合聚丙烯酸酯树脂对游离NahK和GlmU的实际载量分别为10和20 mg·g^-1。固定化酶量的最优配比为5.5 g固定化NahK和2.5 g固定化GlmU。固定化酶的最适pH和温度分别为8.0和35℃,且能在重复反应中稳定反应5个批次。葡萄糖、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖和甘露糖可以参与一锅法反应,生成UDP-糖的相对分子质量分别为566、607、566,而葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖和果糖在该体系下不能合成相应的UDP-糖。基于固定化酶技术,一锅法可合成UDP-葡萄糖、UDP-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖、UDP-甘露糖。     

过表达GDP-D-甘露糖焦磷酸化酶(GMP)基因提高灵芝多糖的生产

灵芝多糖是灵芝的主要生物活性成分之一,具有多种药理活性,但灵芝多糖的低产量限制了其广泛应用.相关研究表明,灵芝中过表达多糖生物合成相关基因能够提高多糖产量,但过表达GDP-D-甘露糖焦磷酸化酶(GMP)基因提高灵芝多糖产量未有报道.本研究克隆获得了灵芝gmp基因,并成功构建出了过表达gmp基因的工程菌株(GMP菌株),...     

基于麦芽糖诱导型启动子在枯草芽胞杆菌中异源表达麦芽四糖淀粉酶及其酶学性质的研究

麦芽四糖淀粉酶(Maltotetraose amylase, Mta)可以从淀粉的非还原末端特异性依次切割第4个α-1,4糖苷键形成麦芽四糖,目前在食品、医疗保健和造纸等领域具有重要应用。构建安全、高效的表达系统强化麦芽四糖淀粉酶的重组表达,进而降低以其为核心酶的麦芽四糖生物转化过程的生产成本具有迫切的现实需求。本研究将源自Pseudomonas saccharophila(DSM 654)的麦芽四糖淀粉酶基因mta在枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis中重组表达,利用麦芽糖诱导型启动子实现其安全高效表达,之后对重组酶进行分离纯化和酶学性质表征。结果显示,将携带麦芽糖诱导型启动子P_glv的表达载体转入B.subtilis WB800N中,成功构建工程菌后进行诱导表达,并且利用金属离子螯合层析技术成功获得了Mta纯酶。酶学性质研究结果显示其最适反应温度为55℃,最适反应pH为7.5。动力学常数K_m为(1.26±0.17) g/L、k_cat/K_m为(2 275.07±32.83) L/s·g,...     

产酸克雷伯氏菌M5al普鲁兰酶的异源表达及酶学性质研究

普鲁兰酶(EC 3.2.1.41)是一类淀粉脱支酶,能够特异性水解淀粉中的α-1,6-糖苷键,从而提高淀粉的利用率,在以淀粉为原料的食品、纺织、生物燃料和洗涤剂等行业中具有重要的应用价值。本研究以产酸克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella oxytoca M5al基因组DNA为模板,将PCR扩增得到的普鲁兰酶基因pul A克隆至表达载体p ET28a(+),构建好的重组质粒转化大肠杆菌Escherichia coli BL21(DE3),在培养基中添加0.5 mmol/L异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)的条件下对该酶基因进行诱导表达,经镍柱纯化获得重组普鲁兰酶用于酶学性质研究。SDS-PAGE及Western Blot检测显示普鲁兰酶基因pul A在上述大肠杆菌宿主中成功获得了表达。该重组酶最适反应p H5.5,最适温度60℃。金属离子对酶活性有一定影响。Mn2+对酶活促进作用显著;Fe3+、Mg2+、Fe2+对酶活只有微弱的促进作用,而Cu2+对酶活造成强烈抑制。来源于Klebsiella oxytoca M5al的普鲁兰酶最适催化条件符合工业生产中淀粉糖化工艺的要求,具有应用于淀粉工业的潜力。     

General assay for sugar nucleotidyltransferases using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

An electrospray ionization mass spectrometry-based assay has been developed to study the class of enzymes called sugar nucleotidyltransferases that couple sugar-1-phosphates and nucleotide triphosphates to form Leloir pathway glycosyl donors. The recombinant Escherichia coli and the commercially available yeast uridine-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylases were used as model systems. This technique allows the simultaneous and direct detection of the substrates and products without separation and, as described, is as sensitive as traditional coupled techniques. More importantly, the assay is capable of easily measuring kinetic values and inhibition constants for a range of natural and nonnatural substrates. This new assay was used to show for the first time that the reaction of the commercially available yeast uridine-diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase preparation is competitively inhibited by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), an observation that indicates a single active site that accepts both uridine 5'-triphosphate and ATP substrates.     

外源糖对水稻Ugp1基因表达调控研究

植物尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UGPase）是蔗糖合成与降解途径的关键酶。本研究采用水稻叶片离体培养方法,结合Northern杂交技术,研究了外源糖对水稻Ugp1基因表达的影响。研究结果表明,蔗糖、葡萄糖、果糖、光照均能上调水稻Ugp1基因的表达,同时这种上调表达依赖于己糖激酶;果糖能上调水稻成熟叶片中Ugp1基因的表达,但并不影响苗期叶片中Ugp1基因的表达,具组织特异性;葡萄糖和果糖协同作用对Ugp1基因的诱导表达强于蔗糖,这种诱导除依赖于己糖激酶外,还存在其它未知的调控途径。水稻中存在UGPase的多种异构体,蔗糖及光照可诱导水稻Ugp1基因的上调表达,但对水稻UGPase的多种异构体形式并无影响。研究结果将有助于深入了解水稻Ugp1基因与糖信号途径互作调控网络。     

过量表达OsUgp2基因提高紫芝多糖含量

尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase,UGPase）是多糖生物合成过程中重要的酶,水稻基因组中存在两个UGPase同源基因分别命名为OsUgp1和OsUgp2。构建了由构巢曲霉3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶基因启动子驱动OsUgp2表达的真菌过量表达载体,并通过农杆菌介导法将OsUgp2基因转入紫芝中,获得了潮霉素抗性的转化菌株。PCR和Southern杂交结果显示OsUgp2基因成功整合到受体紫芝基因组中。半定量RT-PCR检测结果显示外源基因OsUgp2在紫芝转     

Changes in enzyme activities involved in formation and interconversion of UDP-sugars during the cell cycle in a synchronous culture of Catharanthus roseus

Changes in the activities of enzymes involved in UDP-sugar formation [UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9), sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) and UDP-glucuronic acid pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.44)], and interconversion [UDP-glucuse 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2), UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.22), UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.35) and UDP-xylose 4-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.5)] were investigated during the cell cycle in a synchronous culture of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. The specific activities of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and UDP-glucose 4-epimerase increased in the G2 phase before the first cell division, and those of sucrose synthase, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and UDP-glucuronic acid pyrophosphorylase increased in the G1 phase after the first cell division. However, during the cell cycle, UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase and UDP-xylose 4-epimerase did not change significantly in their specific activities. Changes in enzyme activities are discussed in relation to those reported previously for cell wall composition (S. Amino et al. 1984. Physiologia Plantarum 60: 326–332).     

Purification of a UTP: d-Glucose-1-phosphate uridylyl-transferase from Golgi apparatus of cat liver by affinity chromatography on UTP-agarose

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Golgi apparatus solubilized by detergent has been purified 100-fold from microsomes by affinity chromatography on UTP-agarose. The purified enzyme has apparent M_r 270,000 and isoelectric pH 3.9 against 360,000 and 4.2 for soluble enzyme. According to these characteristics, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Golgi apparatus is different from cytosolic enzyme.     

Purification and characterization of fungal and mammalian phosphomannose isomerases

Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) is essential for the production of yeast cell walls. An inhibitor which inhibits the fungal enzyme without altering the activity of the mammalian enzyme would be a potential fungicidal agent, increasingly important in view of the increasing mortality from visceral mycoses in immunosuppressed patients. We have purified human, porcine, andCandida albicans enzymes 29,000-fold to homogeneity, and characterized their physical properties, as well as their kinetic parameters, inhibition constants, andpH dependences. Surprisingly, in view of the large differences betweenPseudomonas aerugenosa andSaccharomyces cerevisiae PMI, the human andC. albicans enzymes are almost identical. We suggest therefore that species-selective inhibition of the fungal rather than mammalian enzyme may require molecules which bind away from the substrate binding pocket of the enzyme.Abbreviations PMI phosphomannose isomerase - Tris/HCl tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane - Hepes 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid - Mes 2-(N-morphilino) ethanesulfonic acid     

Successful genetic transformation of Chinese cabbage using phosphomannose isomerase as a selection marker

A mannose selection system was adapted for use in the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Chinese cabbage. This system makes use of the pmi gene that encodes phosphomannose isomerase, which converts mannose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate. Hypocotyl explants from 4–5-day-old seedlings of Chinese cabbage inbred lines were pre-cultured for 2–3 days and then infected with Agrobacterium. Two genes (l-guluno-γ-lactone oxidase, GLOase, and jasmonic methyl transferase, JMT) were transformed into Chinese cabbage using the transformation procedure developed in this study. We found that supplementing the media with 7 g l⁻¹ mannose and 2% sucrose provides the necessary conditions for the selection of transformed plants from nontransformed plants. The transformation rates were 1.4% for GLOase and 3.0% for JMT, respectively. The Southern blot analysis revealed that several independent transformants (T ₀) were obtained from each transgene. Three different inbred lines were transformed, and most of the T ₁ plants had normal phenotypes. The transformation method presented here for Chinese cabbage using mannose selection is efficient and reproducible, and it can be useful to introduce a desirable gene(s) into commercially useful inbred lines of Chinese cabbage.     

Structure and dynamics of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Arabidopsis thaliana with bound UDP-glucose and UTP

The structure of the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase encoded by Arabidopsis thaliana gene At3g03250 has been solved to a nominal resolution of 1.86 Angstroms. In addition, the structure has been solved in the presence of the substrates/products UTP and UDP-glucose to nominal resolutions of 1.64 Angstroms and 1.85 Angstroms. The three structures revealed a catalytic domain similar to that of other nucleotidyl-glucose pyrophosphorylases with a carboxy-terminal beta-helix domain in a unique orientation. Conformational changes are observed between the native and substrate-bound complexes. The nucleotide-binding loop and the carboxy-terminal domain, including the suspected catalytically important Lys360, move in and out of the active site in a concerted fashion. TLS refinement was employed initially to model conformational heterogeneity in the UDP-glucose complex followed by the use of multiconformer refinement for the entire molecule. Normal mode analysis generated atomic displacement predictions in good agreement in magnitude and direction with the observed conformational changes and anisotropic displacement parameters generated by TLS refinement. The structures and the observed dynamic changes provide insight into the ordered mechanism of this enzyme and previously described oligomerization effects on catalytic activity.