拉林河流域底栖硅藻群落结构特征及水生态健康评价

随着农业活动的发展,对水域生态系统评估成为受农业活动影响区域水环境管理的有效手段.以我国东北典型水稻种植区拉林河流域为研究区域,调查分析了全流域范围河流内23个样点的底栖硅藻群落结构和水环境理化特征,基于优势种和理化指标的冗余分析（RDA）揭示了底栖硅藻群落生态分布特征并对关键影响因子进行识别.在此基础上应用底栖硅藻生物完整性指数（D-IBI）对拉林河流域水生态系统健康状况进行评价,并分析了底栖硅藻在农业活动区和非农业活动区下的群落结构及不同土地利用类型下的D-IBI.研究结果表明,拉林河流域底栖硅藻群落结构具有明显的空间差异性;D-IBI评价结果显示,拉林河流域水体整体健康状况为一般,农业活动会影响河流生态健康状况.其中,拉林河上游为健康,中游区域为较好至一般,下游区域轻度污染至重度污染.D-IBI和多数环境因子及IBI核心指标有显著或极显著的相关关系,能较好地反映研究区域环境信息,并适用于受农业活动干扰的拉林河流域生态健康评价.     

雅砻江下游大型底栖无脊椎动物群落结构及与环境因子的关系

为了解雅砻江下游梯级水电开发对底栖动物的群落结构的影响,22个样点的调查分别于2020年春季(5月)和秋季(10月)开展.对不同类型河段(自然河段、坝上库区段和坝下河段)样点的底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系进行分析.结果表明:2020年雅砻江下游共鉴定底栖动物82种(属),优势种为摇蚊属Chironomus sp.和四节蜉属Baetis sp.,与历史研究相比,雅砻江下游在梯级水电开发后,底栖动物优势类群不再包含适应急流生境的类群,仅有适应静缓流的类群.春、秋季的底栖动物现存量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在不同河段间(自然河段、坝上库区段和坝下河段)均无显著性差异,春季底栖动物密度显著小于秋季(n=42,P<0.05).PCoA和Adonis配对检验分析表明,空间上,春、秋季的底栖动物群落在自然河段、坝上库区段和坝下河段间均无显著差异;时间上,春、秋季底栖动物群落整体上具有显著性差异(n=42,P<0.01),主要贡献者为摇蚊幼虫.CCA和Envfit拟合分析表明,底栖动物群落在春季的主要影响因子为Chl-a、COD_Mn;在秋季的...     

乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落与阴阳离子、重金属间的关系

首次对乌江中上游底栖硅藻群落组成特点进行定量系统研究,得知其组成基本上呈种类多、丰度小,种类少、丰度大的分布状况。对底栖硅藻丰度和八种离子、重金属间关系进行定量分析后知Hg元素是影响底栖硅藻丰度的第一显著因子,建立了底栖硅藻丰度-汞元素曲线回归方程。可为用硅藻监测、评价河流水质提供理论基础,并为水质预警的硅藻生物指标的研究提供科学依据。     

澜沧江硅藻的地理分布模式与关键驱动因素

硅藻作为重要的初级生产者,在水域生态系统中发挥重要作用,然而目前对于大型河流中硅藻的地理分布特征和驱动因素知之甚少.本文以我国西南地区典型大河澜沧江干流1200 km河段为研究区域,基于真核微生物高通量测序数据集,探究浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻在不同河段的分布特征和关键驱动因子.结果表明,澜沧江浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻的物种多样性在上游自然河段较高,两类硅藻的群落结构在不同河段间存在显著差异,建坝对两类硅藻的优势属相对丰度均产生显著影响.方差分解分析结果表明,扩散限制是浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻地理分布的主导驱动因子,解释率分别为16.7%和29.8%.共现网络分析结果表明,相比底栖硅藻,浮游硅藻的种间竞争关系和网络连通性较强;梯级库区段两类硅藻的网络连通性均高于上游自然河段.本研究补充了大型河流硅藻地理生态分布的认知不足,同时揭示了河流硅藻群落对水电开发的响应.     

浑太河不同水生态区营养盐对底栖硅藻的影响及阈值

为全面了解浑太河不同水生态区营养盐对底栖硅藻的影响状况及进行底栖硅藻群落的保护,本研究对3个水生态区共287个采样点的营养盐因子(NH_4~+-N、TP)及底栖硅藻群落进行调查分析,并通过局部加权回归散点修匀法(locally weighted scatterplot smoothing,LOWESS)探究了底栖硅藻群落的NH_4~+-N、TP保护阈值.结果表明:(1)浑太河3个水生态区NH_4~+-N、TP浓度差异性显著并呈现出水生态Ⅰ区水生态Ⅱ区水生态Ⅲ区的趋势.(2)底栖硅藻特征指标[运动性硅藻百分比、敏感性硅藻百分比、具柄硅藻百分比、Pielou均匀度指数、特定污染敏感指数(specific polluosensitivity index,IPS)、硅藻生物指数(biological diatom index,IBD)、硅藻属指数(generic diatom index,IDG)]均在3个水生态区间存在差异,运动性硅藻百分比呈现出水生态Ⅰ区水生态Ⅱ区水生态Ⅲ区的变化,而其余6个生物参数的变化与之相反,表明水生态Ⅲ区底栖硅藻受到的干扰最大,水生态Ⅰ区最小.(3)经LOWESS拟合和独立样本T检验,发现3个水生态区底栖硅藻的NH_4~+-N、TP保护阈值不同,水生态Ⅰ区、Ⅱ区、Ⅲ区的NH_4~+-N阈值分别为0.13、0.30、1.98 mg·L~(-1),TP阈值分别为0.04、0.06、0.20 mg·L~(-1).本研究可为浑太河3个水生态区底栖硅藻群落的保护和水生态区管理提供理论依据.     

龙江底栖硅藻群落特征及与环境因子的关系

2013年9月份龙江流域设20个采样点,共鉴定出硅藻30属163种。硅藻群落特征分析表明,上游河段的硅藻相对密度比下游河段的大,水质相对较好,硅藻种类数的变化与河流水质的变化没表现出明显的规律性。RDA分析表明8个环境因子共解释了硅藻群落变异的51.3%,并筛选出溶解氧、温度、电导率和海拔为影响硅藻群落变异和空间分布的显著因子,能解释硅藻群落结构变异的30.9%,占总环境因子解释量的60.23%。硅藻相对密度、硅藻种类数与环境因子的相关分析、聚类分析和回归分析表明,硅藻种类数与环境因子间不存在明显的相关关系,而硅藻相对密度则与海拔存在显著的相关关系。     

西藏柴曲藏布流域大型底栖动物群落结构与浮游生物、环境因子的相关性分析

于2021年调查了西藏柴曲藏布流域大型底栖动物的丰度和摄食功能类群的组成,运用群落状态指数（IICS）定量评估大型底栖动物群落状态,并采用PLS模型、Spearman秩相关和典范对应分析方法（CCA）探讨了大型底栖动物与浮游生物各类群、环境因子之间的关系.结果表明：柴曲藏布流域大型底栖动物主要为收集者、撕食者和捕食者,其中大多为EPT种类（蜉蝣目Ephemeroptera、襀翅目Plecoptera、毛翅目Trichoptera）,群落状态指数的站点间差异不显著.该流域大型底栖动物与后生浮游动物的生物密度间有中等程度的相关性,与浮游植物之间无相关性,并且受水温、总氮、电导率、海拔、溶解氧浓度、总磷等环境因子的影响较大.     

玛瑙河干流大型底栖动物群落结构特征分析及水生态评价

为探究玛瑙河干流大型底栖动物群落结构及其影响因素,于2021年1月(枯水期)和2021年7月(丰水期)分别对其进行水质监测和大型底栖动物样品采集,调查并记录生境状况和环境特征,采用FBI (family biotic index, 科级生物指数)评价法和冗余分析法(RDA)探究不同水情期水环境状况及大型底栖动物群落结构的主要影响因子. 结果表明:①玛瑙河干流大型底栖动物群落结构时空差异显著,丰、枯水期共采集到大型底栖动物691个,隶属于2门4纲10目26科28种,优势物种共18种,个体数量、丰富度及优势物种数均呈现丰水期>枯水期,其中枯水期以双壳纲种类最多,丰水期以昆虫纲种类最多;②玛瑙河干流枯水期FBI评价结果以一般和轻度污染为主,丰水期以很清洁和极清洁为主,上游和中游河段水体污染较为严重,水质状况总体较2020年有所提升;③影响枯水期大型底栖动物群落结构的主要环境因子为水温、流速和PO₄3?浓度,丰水期为COD_Mn. 研究显示,玛瑙河干流大型底栖动物群落结构及其主要环境影响因子在不同水情期存在显著差异,丰水期水质状况良好,枯水期部分河段水体存在污染,需引起重视.      

黑河流域底栖动物群落结构及水质评价

为了解黑河流域上中游底栖动物群落结构特征及其与环境因子之间的关系,于2018年8月对研究区域17个采样点的底栖动物和水体理化指标进行调查研究.共鉴定出底栖动物43种,其中节肢动物34种（79.1%）,软体动物7种（16.3%）,环节动物2种（4.6%）;就整个研究区域而言,优势种为大蚊（Tipulidae）、豆娘幼虫（Damselfly）、水蜘蛛（Argyroneta）、耳萝卜螺（Radix auricularia）、琥珀螺（Suecinea sp.）、白旋螺（Gyraulusalbus）,干、支流优势种分布趋势为干流（6种）优于支流（5种）;底栖动物平均密度和平均生物量分别为77ind/m²和3.7423g/m²现存量存在显著空间差异,整体上干流（1032ind/m²、60.0963g/m²）大于支流（276ind/m²、3.5233g/m²）,物种数干流（36种）大于支流（15种）;单因素方差分析显示,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数及Pielou均匀度指数分布特征为干流大于支流.黑河流域上游支流和中游干流不同河段底栖动物物种组成呈空间异质性,而多样性指数对物种组成依赖性强,但因黑河流域底栖动物物种组成受自然因素和人类活动双重影响程度差异较大,使得Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef丰富度指数及Pielou均匀度指数不适合黑河水质评价.依据BI指数和综合污染指数评价表明,黑河上游支流水质优于中游干流.根据底栖动物与环境因子之间的相关矩阵分析并结合RDA分析表明：BOD₅、水温（WT）、电导率（EC）、DO、溶解性总固体（TDS）、COD_Mn及盐度是影响底栖动物群落结构的主要环境因子.     

黑河大型底栖动物功能摄食类群时空分布及水环境评价

为研究大型底栖动物FFGs（功能摄食类群）分布及其与水环境变化的响应关系,分别于2020年夏季和秋季对黑河大型底栖动物和水环境因子进行采样调查,采用生物多样性指数、冗余分析（RDA）和功能摄食类群参数分析不同区域FFGs的分布及水环境的健康状况.结果表明:（1）黑河大型底栖动物以捕食者和刮食者占绝对优势,其次为收集者、滤食者、撕食者.大型底栖动物FFGs群落的物种数、密度、生物量和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H_FD′)由高到低均表现为中游>上游支流>上游干流,且均为夏季大于秋季,但Pielou均匀度指数(J_FD′)时空差异不显著.（2）冗余分析（RDA）结果表明,夏季影响大型底栖动物FFGs群落的主要环境因子为水温（WT）、电导率（EC）、溶解性总固体（TDS）浓度、盐度（Salinity）、溶解氧（DO）浓度、五日生化需氧量（BOD₅）浓度和高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)浓度;秋季影响大型底栖动物FFGs群落的主要环境因子为WT、TDS浓度、Salinity、COD_M...     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.