腹腔镜下低位直肠癌经肛外翻拖出切除的自然腔道取标本手术操作技巧探讨

［摘要］　目的　探讨腹腔镜下低位直肠癌经肛外翻拖出切除的自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES）操作技巧。方法　选择2017年1月至2021年12月于四川省肿瘤医院行腹腔镜下经肛外翻拖出切除的NOSES的低位直肠癌患者67例,分析其手术时间、术中出血、术后并发症、住院时间及肿瘤复发、转移等情况。结果　本组67例患者均顺利完成手术,无一例中转开腹。其中,3例患者同时行单侧侧方淋巴结清扫,43例（64.2%）术中行预防性回肠造瘘。手术时间为200～590 min,平均为320.1 min;术中出血量为5～300 ml,平均为64.3 ml。无一例发生腹腔污染。术后平均21.9 h（1～88 h）经肛门或造瘘口排气。术后发生吻合口漏1例,尿潴留3例,不全性肠梗阻5例,均行保守治疗后痊愈。术后平均住院时间为10.6 d（7～26 d）。术后随访至2022年6月,发现盆腔复发1例,出现远处转移5例。结论　腹腔镜下经肛外翻拖出切除的NOSES具有创伤小、恢复快、疗效好等优点。只要术前严格把控适应证,恪守无菌和无瘤原则,掌握关键操作技巧,可以有效地避免腹腔污染,降低肿瘤医源性扩散风险。     

腹部无辅助切口经肛门取标本的机器人高位直肠癌根治术一例报道（CRC-NOSES Ⅳ式）

微创始终是外科治疗的追求目标,经自然腔道取标本手术(NOSES)理念的提出得到国内外学者的广泛关注和热议,目前在国内得到广泛运用。腹部无辅助切口经直肠拖出标本的机器人高位直肠癌根治术(CRC-NOSESⅣ式)是一种值得推广的手术方式,其术后恢复快,腹部无辅助切口,避免了患者的心理创伤和负担。创新性达芬奇机器人系统克服了许多传统腹腔镜的操作局限,在直肠癌根治术中可能具有许多潜在的优势。     

机器人系统与腹腔镜手术在结直肠癌经自然腔道取标本手术中的效果比较

［摘要］　目的　比较机器人系统和腹腔镜手术在结直肠癌经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES）中的效果。方法　回顾性分析2020年9月至2022年5月广西壮族自治区人民医院收治的36例结直肠癌患者的临床资料,包括乙状结肠癌24例,直肠癌12例。根据手术方式分为机器人组16例和腹腔镜组20例。比较两组一般情况、术中及术后情况、术后病理学结果及术后疼痛评分。结果　36例患者均完成手术。两组在性别、年龄、体质量指数、术前癌胚抗原水平、肿瘤最大径等方面比较差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。两组在引流管放置时间、术后3 d引流总量、术后住院时间、术后并发症发生率、术后第1天粒细胞比例、术后病理肿瘤分期、神经侵犯、脉管侵犯、术后疼痛评分和住院总费用等方面比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。机器人组术中出血量少于腹腔镜组,排气时间、恢复流质饮食时间短于腹腔镜组,手术时间长于腹腔镜组,术后第1天C反应蛋白水平高于腹腔镜组,标本淋巴结检出数目少于腹腔镜组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论　机器人结直肠癌NOSES是可行的,较腹腔镜结直肠癌NOSES手术具有更好的短期效果,术后胃肠道功能恢复更快,能使患者获益。     

结直肠肿瘤经自然腔道取标本手术专家共识（2019版）

近年来,结直肠肿瘤经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES）在我国发展迅速。我国《结直肠肿瘤经自然腔道取标本手术专家共识（2017版）》及国际《结直肠肿瘤经自然腔道取标本手术专家共识》相继发布,这些共识对我国乃至国际NOSES手术规范化开展起到了重要作用。然而,随着对NOSES理念技术的更新,目前结直肠肿瘤NOSES又得到进一步发展。基于此,在2017版共识基础上,再版修订并发布了新版《结直肠肿瘤经自然腔道取标本手术专家共识（2019版）》,新版共识对结直肠肿瘤NOSES理论技术体系进行了补充、更新和完善,以便更好指导临床实践。     

腹腔镜下盆腔腹膜后肿瘤经肛门取标本手术（附视频）

随着微创理念的深入人心,经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES）凭借最小的手术代价换取最优的手术效果这一独特优势,迅速引领世界微创和加速康复外科研究。NOSES从最初治疗结直肠肿瘤,扩大到腹盆腔各类良恶性疾病;从单一脏器切除扩大到联合脏器切除,越来越多的实践案例和研究验证了NOSES在临床应用的安全性和有效性。目前,尚无NOSES应用于盆腔腹膜后肿瘤的文献报道。本例报告一例青年女性盆腔腹膜后肿瘤患者成功完成腹腔镜下盆腔腹膜后肿瘤经肛门取标本手术并附手术视频。     

腹部无辅助切口经直肠取出标本的完全腹腔镜下男性右半结肠癌根治术一例

经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES）作为结直肠癌现代外科治疗的热点,已在我国获得广泛应用。其中,右半结肠癌行经阴道取标本的NOSES术已被证实安全有效,且创伤更小。但男性右半结肠癌经直肠取标本的NOSES术国内外仍无人报道。本文报道1例行腹部无辅助切口经直肠取出标本的完全腹腔镜下男性右半结肠癌根治术病例,旨在为右半结肠癌患者尤其是男性患者寻找一种避免腹壁行辅助切口的方法。     

NOSES结直肠癌根治术后腹腔冲洗液肿瘤细胞学检测及细菌培养结果分析

目的分析经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES）完全腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术后患者腹腔冲洗液的肿瘤细胞学检测、细菌培养的结果及其临床意义。 方法留取2016年1月至2018年4月湘雅医院普外结直肠肛门外科30例行NOSES完全腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术患者术后腹腔冲洗液,分装两份,分别送病理科查找肿瘤细胞和检验科行细菌培养,收集肿瘤细胞学检测及细菌培养结果,并与国内外文献报道的开腹和常规腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术腹腔冲洗液的肿瘤细胞检测及细菌培养结果比较分析。 结果30例NOSES完全腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术患者的腹腔冲洗液肿瘤细胞阳性的患者0例,阳性率0%（0/30）;细菌培养阳性的患者有10例,阳性率33.3%（10/30）;至目前为止30例NOSES患者术后均未出现盆/腹腔感染及盆/腹腔肿瘤的复发转移。这一结果与国内外文献报道的开腹及常规腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术后腹腔冲洗液的肿瘤细胞学检查（0%~45.5%）和细菌培养结果（20%~32.5%）相近。 结论与开腹和常规腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术相比,NOSES结直肠癌根治术未增加患者术后盆腹腔感染及未促进肿瘤细胞种植转移,符合恶性肿瘤根治术的无菌无瘤原则,值得临床推广应用。     

体外离断直肠在NOSES Ⅰ式低位直肠癌根治术中的应用（附六例报告）

近年来,经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES）已然在结直肠外科得到广泛的认可和运用,其在保证根治效果的同时,极大地减轻患者术后的痛苦。随着对NOSES理论体系认识的加深,NOSES Ⅰ式又得到了进一步更新完善和改良,而近年来达芬奇机器人应用于NOSES手术又能够克服传统腹腔镜的一些操作局限,本文为达芬奇机器人应用于改良NOSES Ⅰ式在低位直肠癌根治术的可行性及经验分享。     

经自然腔道内镜标本取出术对结直肠癌患者围术期指标、肠道屏障功能及排便情况的影响

目的 探究经自然腔道内镜标本取出术(NOSES)对结直肠癌患者围术期指标、肠道屏障功能及排便情况的影响。方法 选取从2019年10月至2022年10月就诊于本院的乙状结肠癌和高位直肠癌患者共120例,将所有患者按单盲随机分组法分配为对照组(n=60)、NOSES组(n=60),对照组行传统腹腔镜微创术,NOSES组行经自然腔道内镜手术;比较两组患者的手术时长、淋巴结清扫数目、术中出血量、术后住院天数、术后排气时间、排便时间、进食时间、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、D-乳酸酶、二胺氧化酶(DAO)、视觉模拟评分(VAS)的变化情况。结果 NOSES组的术中出血量(82.45±9.52 mL)、术后住院天数(7.45±1.36 d)、术后排气时间(2.32±0.15 d)、排便时间(2.32±0.15 d)、进食时间(1.95±0.51 d)均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);NOSES组和对照组的D-乳酸酶(4.38±0.71 mg/L,3.52±0.61 mg/L)和DAO手术(3.47±0.35 U/mL,2.52±0.27 U...     

结直肠癌腹腔镜经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES IV式）术后并发症危险因素分析

目的探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌经自然腔道取标本手术（NOSES）术后发生并发症的相关危险因素。 方法采用回顾性病例对照研究方法,收集并分析自2014年1月~2019年6月在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院结直肠外科行结直肠癌NOSES IV式手术患者的临床病理资料。共纳入172例患者,分析患者一般资料、病理资料、术者经验、术中情况等临床资料与术后并发症的关系,应用χ²检验进行单因素分析,并将有意义因素纳入logistic回归模型进行多因素分析。 结果172例患者中,共21例（12.2%）患者出现术后并发症,常见并发症依次为腹盆腔感染（4.7%）、吻合口漏（3.5%）、腹腔出血（1.7%）、肺部感染（1.7%）、吻合口狭窄（1.2%）、直肠阴道瘘（1.2%）、肺栓塞（1.2%）、切口感染（1.2%）。单因素分析结果显示：肿瘤直径（χ²=5.144,P=0.023）、术者经验（χ²=4.412,P=0.042）、手术时间（χ²=4.713,P=0.030）是影响NOSES IV式术后出现并发症的相关因素。进一步将单因素分析有统计学意义的因素纳入Logistic回归分析,结果显示,手术时间（OR=3.317,95%CI：1.024~10.747;P=0.046）是NOSES IV式术后并发症发生的独立危险因素。 结论手术时间≥135 min是结直肠癌腹腔镜NOSES IV式术后并发症发生的独立危险因素。严格把握NOSES适应证、熟练灵活使用腔镜器械是降低NOSES术后并发症的有效保障。     

Current status of endoscopic full-thickness resection with the full-thickness resection device

Endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) using the full-thickness resection device (FTRD) is an integral part of diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy. Since its market launch in Europe in 2014, its safety and effectiveness have been proven in numerous studies. Adaptations in design as well as new techniques, such as hybrid EFTR, expand the spectrum of the FTRD system. The following review is intended to provide an overview of the clinical application and current evidence of EFTR with the FTRD system.     

Appraisal of surgical resection of gallbladder carcinoma with special reference to hepatic resection

Carcinoma of the gallbladder a gastrointestinal malignancy with an extraordinarily poor prognosis. However, aggressive surgery, with special reference to hepatic resection, may improve survival. To prove this, we performed a retrospective analysis over an 18-year period to investigate the experience of a center that began employing liver resection in patients with gallbladder cancer in 1978. The analysis was based on patients' documentation and regular follow-up to January 1996. The standard procedures were extended cholecystectomy (cholecystectomy with lymphadenectomy and wedge hepatic resection), anatomic segmentectomy of segments IVa and V, and extended hepatectomy. Significance was assessed by the log-rank test. Thirty-nine patients were resected, curatively in 41% (n = 22; group I) and palliatively in 31% (n = 17; group 2). In 28% (n = 15; group 3) a palliative or no operation was performed. Only curatively resected patients were analyzed and followed up to January 1996. No patients in group 1 died postoperatively. The actuarial 5-year survival rate of the patients with curative resection was 55%. Four patients had stage I, two had stage II, four had stage III, and two had stage IV disease according to TNM-classification. Six of the 16 patients without lymph node metastasis survived more than 5 years. A significant difference in long-term survival was recognised between stage II and stage IV patients and between stage (pT1a)- and (look Table 1b ) (pT1b)-patients (P < 0.01). Diagnostic efforts should focus on detecting early stages I and II gallbladder cancer. In advanced cases, aggressive surgery, particularly with hepatic resection, is the method of choice and is successful even in patients 70 years and older.     

Laparoscopic liver resection with radiofrequency

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In this report, the feasibility, efficacy and safety of laparoscopic liver resection with radiofrequency has been evaluated in a small series of patients. METHODOLOGY: From January 1993 to May 2002 we carried out 7 laparoscopic liver resections (3 men and 4 women), five of which were for benign pathology and two for metastases from colorectal cancer. In four of the above resections we used an argon coagulator; the last three were accomplished by means of a radiofrequency instrument. RESULTS: We had no perioperative or postoperative complications in this small series of patients. There were no deaths. Perioperative blood loss was of 120 mL (range 80-200) and the procedure took about 90 minutes (range 80-110). Hospitalization was of 4 days and pain was adequately controlled by 2 mL of Toradol twice a day. CONCLUSIONS: We think that the advantages of laparoscopic techniques together with the efficacy of the radiofrequency instrument in hepatic surgery will allow the diffusion of this method and its extension to safe execution of major resections.     

Inferior head resection of the pancreas and cyst resection for choledochal cyst with chronic calcifying pancreatitis

We report inferior head resection of the pancreas and cyst resection for congenital choledochal cyst with an anomalous arrangement of pancreaticobiliary duct and chronic calcifying pancreatitis. A 42-year-old man was admitted to the National Cancer Center Hospital East complaining of back pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed marked dilatation of the bile duct and multiple pancreatic stones in the main pancreatic duct. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography demonstrated pancreatic stones in the dilated main pancreatic duct. The patient underwent cyst excision, inferior head resection of the pancreas, hepaticojejunostomy and lateral pancreaticojejunostomy. The postoperative course was uneventful. This procedure relieved the back pain. Choledochal cyst with anomalous arrangement of the pancreaticobiliary duct is frequently associated with acute pancreatitis. Inferior head resection of the pancreas removed the common channel which could be the cause of relapsing pancreatitis. Thus, inferior head resection can play a role in the management of choledochal cyst with chronic pancreatitis.     

Pleomorphic adenoma with an endobronchial resection

A case of bronchial pleomorphic adenoma is herein presented. The patient came to the hospital for a detailed examination of a bronchial polyp that was detected by computed tomography. Chest computed tomography revealed a bronchial tumor which was located at the distal end of the left main bronchus. The patient refused surgical resection. An electrosurgical snare was performed two times and the patient received several rounds of argon plasma coagulation with a flexible bronchoscope. The diagnosis of a pleomorphic adenoma was made following examination of the resected specimens. No recurrence has been observed by biopsy at the resected site.