Ti6Al4V合金表面离子注入N+C,Ti+N和Ti+C性能研究（英文）

采用等离子体基离子注入的方法在Ti6Al4V合金表面分别注入N+C、Ti+N和Ti+C元素,注入剂量均为2×10~(17)ions/cm~2,N+C和Ti+N元素的注入负脉冲偏压为-50kV,Ti+C元素的注入电压分别为-20,-35和-50kV。通过X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对注入层进行了微观结构分析。结果表明:Ti+C注入层中存在TiC和Ti-O,Ti+N注入层中存在TiN和Ti-O键。采用纳米压痕仪和球盘磨损试验机对注入层的硬度和摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明:在相同注入电压下,Ti+C注入层的硬度最高,其次是Ti+N注入层,N+C注入层的硬度最低;Ti+C注入层的硬度随着注入电压的增大而增大,最大硬度为11.2 GPa。50kV注入层Ti+C具有最低的比磨损率,其值为6.7×10~(-5) mm~3/N·m,比磨损率较未处理Ti6Al4V基体下降了1个数量级以上,表现出优异的耐磨损性能。     

Ta离子注入Ti6Al4V合金耐磨性研究

用5种Ta离子注入剂量(1.2×1016、3×1016、1.5×1017、3×1017、4.5×1017 ions/cm2)对Ti6Al4V合金进行离子注入表面改性.采用纳米硬度计测量Ta离子注入前后Ti6Al4V合金表面硬度随压入深度的变化,利用多功能摩擦磨损试验机研究Ta离子注入前后Ti6Al4V合金材料的耐磨性,利用X射线衍射技术研究Ta离子注入前后Ti6Al4V合金表面的物相分布.结果表明,除Ta离子注入剂量为3×1017 ions/cm2外,Ta离子注入Ti6Al4V合金硬度有一定的提高;Ta离子注入Ti6Al4V合金摩擦系数降低;除Ta离子注入剂量为3×1017 ions/cm2外,Ta离子注入Ti6Al4V合金的耐磨损性能得到了改善.摩擦系数降低和硬度提高、Ta离子注入的固溶强化、单质Ta新相的弥散强化改善了Ti6Al4V合金的耐磨损性能.     

Ti6Al4V合金氮离子注入层的成分、组织结构及摩擦学性能

介绍了Ti6Al4V合金氮离子注入的背景,比较了离子束离子注入及等离子体基离子注入氮,综述了注入层成分、组织结构、硬度、摩擦系数及磨损性能变化的研究进展,总结了到目前为止得出的规律,探讨了变化的可能机理。并对今后的研究方向作了展望。     

空气等离子体基注入Ti6Al4V合金摩擦学性能研究

采用空气等离子体基离子注入技术对Ti6Al4V合金进行了表面改性。注入负脉冲电压分别为10kV,30kV,50kV,注入剂量为0.6×1017ions/cm2。用X射线光电子能谱仪对注入层元素分布进行了分析,结果表明:改性层的外层为TiO2,外层与内层基体之间存在Ti2O3、TiO、TiN;采用球盘磨损试验机对注入层的摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明:随着注入电压的增加,摩擦因数减小,耐磨性能提高。且以50kV注空气最为显著,摩擦因数较基体降低了3倍多,磨损体积与比磨损率较基体均下降了1个数量级以上。注入层硬度比基材Ti6Al4V也有明显提高。     

氮离子注入的Ti6Al4V表面分析

利用表面分析技术(AES,XPS,SIMS)研究了经氮离子注入的外科植入材料Ti6Al4V表面成分与键合态,用轮廓仪的测量结果计算了氮离子注入深度及注入氮离子的Ti6Al4V的刻蚀速率。考虑到该合金的基体效应,对AES的定量结果进行了修正。结果表明,注入到合金中的氮离子与合金中的Ti形成高硬度的TiN,N的分布近似为Gauss形式,注入总深度约为350nm,在距表面约140nm处氮量最大,N与Ti的浓度比可达1.1。     

Ti6Al4V合金等离子体基离子注氧层XPS研究

采用等离子体基离子注氧技术(O2-PBⅡ)对Ti6Al4V合金进行了表面改性处理,实验过程中改变注入离子能量的工艺参数,负脉冲偏压分别为10、20、30 kV,离子注入过程中样品台通油冷却以实现低温注入;用XPS对离子注氧层的深度、成分及化学结构进行了系统的分析.结果表明:随着注入离子能量的增加,Ti6Al4V合金表面改性层的深度明显增加,改性层的外层由一定厚度的TiO2组成,外层与内层基体之间存在Ti2O3和TiO;Al元素在改性层的外层以氧化物形式存在,且该氧化物趋于表面生长;在表面改性层的外层未发现V及其氧化物.     

氧等离子体离子注入Ti6Al4V表面强化研究

采用PⅢ对Ti6Al4V合金进行表面处理,温度控制在300～400℃之间,利用小掠射角X射线衍射技术（GXRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）研究不同工艺条件下的相结构和表面形貌,并且测量处理后试样的显微硬度、摩擦磨损性能。结果表明：试样表面形成了金红石相,且试样表面变得粗糙;在390℃处理后的试样硬度提高27％,抗磨损性能提高。     

无氢离子渗氮Ti6Al4V合金摩擦学性能的研究

以纯氮气为气源,在Ti6Al4V合金表面进行离子渗氮而形成渗氮层。对渗氮层的显微组织、相结构及显微硬度等进行了分析,并用MMW-1A摩擦磨损试验机对渗氮层的摩擦学性能进行了研究。结果表明:在纯氮气、850℃的渗氮条件下,渗氮层主要由化合物Ti N、Ti2N和α-Ti等相组成;渗氮层的硬度较基体材料有较大提高;在滑动摩擦磨损试验中,渗氮层虽无减摩效果,但其耐磨性较基材大幅提高;未渗氮处理试样的磨损机理是磨粒磨损和局部的粘着磨损,渗氮后试样的磨损机理是磨粒磨损和局部的疲劳剥落。     

铜离子注入Ti6Al7Nb合金的表面改性研究

使用MEVVA强流金属源离子注入机对Ti6Al7Nb合金表面注入能量为80keV、剂量分别为0.5×1017,1×1017,2×1017,4×1017ions/cm2的铜离子,计算得到铜离子饱和注入量为2.15×1017ions/cm2。研究了注入的铜离子对Ti6Al7Nb合金腐蚀性能、显微硬度和磨损行为的影响,采用覆膜法研究了铜离子注入后试样对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌性能,并分析了注入剂量与抗菌性能的关系。结果表明,Ti6Al7Nb合金的硬度和耐磨性随着注入剂量的增加而提高,点蚀电位随着注入剂量的提高而下降。抗菌试验显示当注入量达到饱和注入量时,试样的抗菌率达到99%以上。     

Ti6Al4V合金等离子体基氧离子注入层的层状结构

采用等离子体基氧离子注入技术对Ti6Al4V合金进行表面改性。注入负脉冲电压分别为10、20、30、40、50kV，注入剂量为0．6×10^17ions／cm^2。用XPS分析了注氧层中元素的分布和化学态。结果显示，注入电压增加，氧的浓度深度分布增加。注入氧元素的浓度深度分布曲线不同于束线式注入氧元素的类高斯分布，表面氧浓度最大，随着深度的增加出现一个略倾斜的氧浓度平台，该平台的宽度随注入电压增加而增加。氧离子注入引起基体元素Ti、Al、V的浓深分布发生变化，近表面区域Ti的原子百分含量减少，Al的含量增高，而V未检测到。并且随着注入电压的增加，近表面区域富集Al的浓度明显增加，富Al贫V的区域也明显加大。注入样品的改性层具有相似的层状结构，由表及里依次为表面污染层、TiO2和Al2O3组成薄的外层、内层在改性层中占的比例最大，由TiO2、Ti2O3、TiO、Ti、Al、Al2O3．V和VO组成。     

Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金N+离子注入表面XPS和XRD分析

Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金中注入能量为75keV的N+离子, 注入剂量为3×1017/cm2和8×1017/cm2, 注入过程样品的温度低于200℃. N+离子在Ti-2Al-2.5Zr合金中的射程借助TRIM 96程序计算为1222. 注入后的样品用X射线衍射方法(XRD)以及光电子能谱方法(XPS)进行分析. XRD衍射谱表明有新相生成, 经分析为TiN和TiO2, 但这些新相的峰非常微弱, 很难区分. XPS宽程扫描谱表明注入后样品表面主要为Ti, C, N和O. XPS关于Ti2p和N1s窄程扫描谱表明N+离子注入后在合金表面确实形成了TiN和TiO2.     

Tribological behavior of different films on Ti-6Al-4V alloy prepared by plasma-based ion implantation

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Ti6Al7Nb和Ti6Al4V合金的热氧化行为

在600～900℃温度下,0.5～72 h时间范围内空气气氛下对Ti6Al7Nb进行热氧化,根据增重曲线计算其氧化动力学规律,利用XRD、XPS分析表面氧化层的相组成、成分和价态,并以Ti6Al4V合金做为比照.结果表明,Ti6Al7Nb合金较Ti6Al4V合金抗氧化能力更强.同等氧化条件下,Ti6Al7Nb合金的氧化速率常数(k)更小.对短时间(1 h)氧化的样品的表面分析显示:各合金元素均以最高价态或稳定价态存在,其中Al和V被富集,而Nb则贫化;另外,Ti6Al7Nb合金和Ti6Al4V合金氧化层主要由金红石型TiO2(R-TiO2)组成,Al2O3相仅出现在900 ℃Ti6Al4V合金样品中.     

Electrochemical behavior of the Ti6Al4V alloy implanted by nitrogen PIII

Plasma surface treatments have been used very often to enhance the surface properties of metallic materials. In this work, Ti6Al4V titanium alloy was treated by nitrogen plasma immersion ion implantation (NPIII) in order to obtain improvements in its surface properties, such as corrosion resistance evaluated here. The microstructure and corrosion behavior of the implanted and unimplanted samples were evaluated, using, XRD, GDOES and potentiodynamic polarization and impedance electrochemical spectroscopy tests in 0.6 M NaCl solution. It was verified that the NPIII created resistant layers to corrosive attacks. In corrosion tests by polarization, the implanted samples showed corrosion current density reduction of about 10 times compared to the Ti6Al4V alloy without treatment. Besides that, it was also observed a reduction of the passive current density of one order of the magnitude. In all the studied cases, the polarization curves were shifted to more positive values of potentials, indicating a lower tendency of these PIII treated surfaces to corrosion. The implantation process produced a thin TiN surface layer followed by Ti₂N and then a layer with nitrogen in solid solution, all detected by GDOES combined with X-ray diffraction. These layers promoted an excellent polarization resistance of the Ti6Al4V surfaces on impedance spectroscopy tests also. This better performance in these tests can be correlated with the formation of continuous nitride layer, which could retard chloride ions ingress into the substrate.     

N / Ti / Al 离子注入 304 不锈钢的耐磨性

目的研究N,Ti,Al离子注入对304不锈钢耐磨性的影响规律,为304不锈钢材料的改良提供参考。方法采用等离子注入技术,在不同剂量下对304不锈钢分别进行N,Ti,Al离子注入,对离子注入后的试样进行表面微观形貌观测、表面硬度测试、摩擦磨损性能测试,并与304不锈钢基材进行对比。结果 304不锈钢经3种离子注入后,均能获得平整、致密,没有裂纹,具有一定光洁度的表面组织,但是注入剂量增大会引起表面起泡现象,形成多孔形貌,光洁度降低。此外,3种离子注入均能提高304不锈钢的表面硬度,且高剂量注入试样的硬度比低剂量注入试样更高,相较而言,N离子注入使表面硬度的提高更明显。相比未注入基材,注N与注Ti表面层的摩擦系数均变小,注Al表面层的摩擦系数反而变大,但磨损量都明显降低。高剂量注N、注Al试样的耐磨性均高于低剂量注入试样,而高剂量注Ti试样的耐磨性低于低剂量注入试样,但仍好于注N、注Al试样。结论在相同实验条件与注入工艺下,N离子注入对表面硬度提高最显著(剂量为5.0×1017ions/cm2),约提高41%;Ti离子注入对耐磨性提高最显著(剂量为3.0×1017ions/cm2),约提高6倍。     

Fretting wear of micro-arc oxidation coating prepared on Ti6Al4V alloy

Micro-arc oxidation(MAO)coating was prepared on Ti6Al4V alloy surface and its characterizations were detected by Vickers hardness tester,profilometer,scanning electric microscope(SEM),energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(EDX)and X-ray diffractometer(XRD).Fretting wear behaviors of the coating and its substrate were comparatively tested without lubrication under varied displacement amplitudes(D)in a range of 3-40μm,constant normal load(Fn)of 300 N and frequency of 5 Hz.The results showed that the MAO coating,presenting rough and porous surface and high hardness,mainly consisted of rutile and anatase TiO2 phases.Compared with the substrate,the MAO coating could shift the mixed fretting regime(MFR)and slip regime(SR)to a direction of smaller displacement amplitude.In the partial slip regime(PSR),lower friction coefficients and slight damage appeared due to the coordination of elastic deformation of contact zones.In the MFR,the friction coefficient of the coating was lower than that of the substrate as a result of the prevention of plastic deformation by the hard ceramic surface.With the increase of the displacement amplitude,the degradation of the MAO coating and the substrate increased extremely.The fretting wear mechanisms of the coating were abrasive wear and delamination with some material transfer of specimen.In addition,the coating presented a better property for alleviating fretting wear.     

Impact Wear Behaviors of Two Modified Layers in Ti6Al4V Substrate

选用 Ti6Al4V 合金作为基体材料,并对其进行 N+注入以及非平衡磁控溅射 TiN 膜制得两种改性试样,借助 Phillips X’Pert型 X 射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及台阶仪等表征试样及考察改性层的冲击磨损行为,研究认为:在反复冲击载荷作用下,两试样均出现了疲劳磨损现象,但 N+注入试样的磨损机制主要是点蚀及疲劳剥落;而 TiN 膜的磨损机制主要是剥层失效并伴有一定的磨粒磨损;试样的抗冲击磨损性能受多因素制约,如膜层硬度,膜-基结合强度、膜层韧性等。     

Ti6Al4V钛合金表面真空渗氧处理

目的在Ti6Al4V钛合金表层制备硬度高、耐磨性好的硬化层。方法结合真空技术,以高纯的O2为介质,在Ti6Al4V钛合金表面制备致密的渗氧硬化层,采用X衍射仪分析渗氧层的相组成,用金相显微镜观察渗氧层和磨痕组织,用显微硬度计测试渗氧层的显微硬度,用MM-U10A端面磨损试验机研究渗氧层的耐磨性。结果渗氧层物相主要由TiO_2、TiO、Ti_3Al及Al_2O_3组成,温度较低时,形成的渗氧层较薄,温度增加,渗氧层厚度迅速增加,硬度及耐磨性也随之增加。温度为760℃时,表面硬度为基体硬度的2.5倍以上,大于750HV,有效硬化层厚度达60μm以上,其磨损失重仅为未渗氧原样的1/4,表面磨痕细密,没有撕裂情况发生,渗氧层保持完整。温度继续增加,氧化物开始聚集长大,渗氧层组织开始变得疏松,硬度及耐磨性开始下降。结论 Ti6Al4V钛合金表面真空渗氧处理可显著提高其表面硬度,耐磨性改善明显。     

Surface nanostructure modification of Al substrates by N+ ion implantation and their corrosion inhibition

The influence of implantation of N⁺ ions of different energies on the nanostructure of 7049 Al substrates and the corrosion inhibition of produced Al samples in a 3.5% NaCl solution was studied. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the formation of AlN as a result of N⁺ ion implantation. The atomic force microscope (AFM) results showed that grains of larger scale are formed by increasing N⁺ energy which can be due to heat accumulation in the sample during implantation causing higher rate of diffusion in the sample, hence decreasing the number of defects. Corrosion resistance of the samples was studied by the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements. Results showed that corrosion resistance of implanted Al increases with increasing N⁺ ion energy. The equivalent circuits for the N⁺ implanted Al samples with different energies were obtained, using the EIS data which showed strong dependence of the equivalent circuit elements on the surface morphology of the samples. Finally, the relationship between corrosion inhibition and equivalent circuit elements was investigated.