灰飞虱高带毒（RSV）群体酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建

为了研究灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus Fallén与水稻条纹病毒（rice stripe virus, RSV）互作机制, 本研究构建了灰飞虱高带毒群体酵母双杂交cDNA文库。以实验室筛选的灰飞虱高带毒群体为材料, 分离纯化mRNA, 反转录合成双链cDNA, 并连接三框型接头, 层析柱分级纯化。采用同源重组反应制备三框型cDNA入门文库, 再通过同源重组将入门文库转移到Gateway兼容载体pGADT7-DEST上, 构建获得酵母双杂交cDNA文库。检测结果表明： 文库库容量为3.68×10⁷ cfu, 扩增文库滴度为2.62×10¹⁰ cfu/mL; 文库重组率大于95%, cDNA插入片段平均长度>1 kb, 达到了标准cDNA文库的要求。灰飞虱高带毒群体酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建为开展昆虫介体与水稻条纹病毒互作机制的研究奠定了基础。     

镜鲤骨骼肌酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建及鉴定

为了研究蛋白质之间的相互作用,利用Gateway技术构建了镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus)骨骼肌酵母双杂交cDNA文库.经检测表明,构建的初级cDNA文库的库容量为8×106CFU;酵母双杂交cDNA文库的库容量为6.64×106CFU,插入片段集中在1-2 kb之间,具有较好的多态性.随机挑取的24个克隆没有空载体,全部发生了重组.较高的库容量、较长的插入片段以及较高的重组率保证了文库的完整性和覆盖度.镜鲤骨骼肌酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建为克隆全长目的基因及研究影响骨骼肌发育的信号传导通路奠定了基础.     

人防御素6基因的克隆、亚克隆及在酵母中的分泌表达

探讨人防御素6(HD-6)在毕赤酵母中表达的可行性,为进一步研究HD6的功能提供理论依据和实验基础。采用PCR方法,设计引物从cDNA文库中扩增出人α防御素6基因片段,并将其插入到克隆载体pMD-18T中,再与毕赤酵母表达载体pPICZαA重组,以得到重组的HD-6酵母表达载体pPICZαA/HD-6,并进行琼脂糖电泳和测序鉴定。再将构建好的毕赤酵母重组表达质粒pPICZαA/HD-6经SacⅠ线性化后,应用LiCl法转化毕赤酵母菌株GS115感受态中,Zeocin平板筛选,PCR鉴定转化子。经摇瓶发酵和甲醇诱导,SDSPAGE分析重组HD-6的表达。从cDNA文库中扩增出的HD-6基因片断大小正确;电泳和测序结果均证明已将此片段克隆到酵母表达载体pPICZαA内;线性化的重组质粒pPICZαA/HD-6成功转化进入毕赤酵母感受态中,PCR鉴定结果与预期相符;蛋白电泳证实重组HD-6在酵母中获得分泌表达。提示重组HD-6可以在毕赤酵母中实现分泌表达。     

胞红蛋白酵母双杂交载体的构建与表达

胞红蛋白（CGB）是一种新发现的分布于胞浆与胞核的携氧珠蛋白。为探讨CGB在体内的相互作用蛋白,从而促进对其分子调控网络的认识,根据CGB基因的开放阅读框架设计并合成PCR引物,从人胎肝cDNA文库中扩增得到该基因编码区.测序分析正确后将其定向克隆到酵母表达载体pGBKT7中,构建获得CGB的酵母表达载体pGBKT7-CGB,并在酵母菌AH109中表达。提取酵母总蛋白并利用标签蛋白（myc）的抗体进行免疫印迹检测。结果表明所构建的CGB酵母表达载体能够在酵母中高效表达,可用于后续的酵母双杂交文库的筛选工作。     

利用λRed重组系统敲除伤寒沙门氏菌rfaH基因

目的：利用λRed重组系统敲除伤寒沙门氏菌的rfaH基因。方法：以伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhi Ty2,S.ty2）基因组为模板扩增得到的同源臂,与两端带有FRT位点的卡那霉素抗性基因片段共同构建同源重组载体;以重组载体为模板扩增打靶片段,将其转化S.ty2;在抗生素压力和λRed重组系统帮助下,打靶片段和菌体基因组发生同源重组,通过卡那抗性筛选得到带有抗性标记的重组菌;转入重组酶表达质粒pCP20以去除抗性标记,得到保留单一FRT位点的突变菌株;通过PCR鉴定重组菌,并经透射电子显微镜分析表型。结果：在S.ty2中敲除了rfaH基因,经PCR扩增和序列测定正确;初步的表型分析表明突变体的鞭毛合成显著减少。结论：获得了S.ty2突变株,为将沙门氏菌进一步减毒成为疫苗表达载体奠定了基础。     

HeLa细胞cDNA文库及酵母双杂交诱饵载体pGBKT7-CPn0308的构建

旨在利用酵母双杂交系统构建HeLa细胞的cDNA文库,并构建酵母双杂交诱饵载体pGBKT7-CPn0308。从HeLa细胞中提取总RNA,应用SMARTTM技术,构建以pGADT7-Rec为载体的HeLa细胞酵母GAL4 AD融合cDNA文库。应用PCR技术扩增目的片段CPn0308,并成功克隆该基因到诱饵载体pGBKT7中,将重组质粒转化酵母菌株AH109后,检测诱饵载体有无自激活和细胞毒性作用。结果显示,文库展现良好的多态性,重组诱饵载体pGBKT7-CPn0308不具有毒性且未自主激活报告基因,说明该文库和诱饵质粒可用于酵母双杂交系统。     

羽衣甘蓝柱头酵母双杂交cDNA文库的构建与分析

目的:构建应用于酵母双杂交系统的羽衣甘蓝柱头cDNA文库。方法:以羽衣甘蓝S13-bS13-b自交不亲和系为材料,提取柱头的总RNA,用亲和层析法分离纯化mRNA,利用CytoTrapXR建库试剂盒构建羽衣甘蓝柱头cDNA文库。结果:羽衣甘蓝柱头cDNA原始文库的库容量为2.5×105;扩增后文库的库容量约为4×108,重组率为96%,插入片段大小为0.4～3kb,平均长度在0.8kb左右。结论:构建了应用于酵母双杂交系统的羽衣甘蓝自交不亲和系柱头的cDNA文库,为探讨芸苔属植物自交不亲和的分子机理奠定了基础。     

表达NDV-F基因重组马立克病病毒的构建及其在鸡体内外的复制

以敲除meq基因的MDV-Ⅰ型弱毒GX0101△meq为载体构建一株表达外源基因NDV-F的重组病毒。将外源基因NDV-F的ORF插入到真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(-)中,扩增含有CMV启动子的NDV-F表达盒,同时扩增筛选基因Kan+表达盒,将他们插入到载体PMD18-T中。用含有MDV-US2区50bp同源臂的引物扩增串联表达盒,将产物电转进含有GX0101△meq的EL250宿主菌中,1%阿拉伯糖诱导掉阳性重组病毒基因组中的Kan+表达盒。挑选敲除Kan+表达盒的阳性克隆提取质粒,转染CEF细胞拯救重组病毒。将重组病毒腹腔注射鸡体,观察其在鸡体内的生长复制。成功拯救插入外源基因NDV-F的重组马立克病病毒rMDV-F,重组病毒在CEF细胞内能很好的复制表达且其在鸡体内也能很好的生长复制。以GX0101△meq为载体,结合Red E/T和FLP/FRT重组系统成功构建了表达外源基因NDV-F的重组病毒,为我们重组病毒的研究奠定了基础。     

筛选G-box结合蛋白的酵母单杂交文库的构建

目的：筛选花青素合成中的关键基因查尔酮合成酶基因CHS启动子中G-box的结合蛋白,从而找到调节CHS表达的转录因子。方法：采用Matchmaker Gold Yeast One-Hybrid Library Screening System,将CHS启动子G-box序列串联后整合入酵母染色体,构建诱饵菌株;采用SMART技术合成芜菁幼苗下胚轴cDNA,将该cDNA与pGADT7-Rec表达载体共同转化诱饵菌株,通过同源重组在酵母细胞内同步进行cDNA文库的构建和筛选;用酵母菌落PCR法获得阳性克隆中的cDNA插入片段,测序后在NCBI网站进行Blast分析。结果：共筛选了2.52×106个酵母克隆,得到94个阳性克隆,菌落PCR获得了长度为0.4~2.0 kb的cDNA插入片段,并通过Blast推测了其编码蛋白。结论：实验结果证明酵母单杂交文库构建成功,初步筛选获得了G-box结合蛋白的候选蛋白,为研究CHS的表达调控奠定了基础。     

利用同源重组对酵母人工染色体左右臂进行多基因修饰

构建携带哺乳动物细胞筛选基因和酵母人工染色体(YAC)同源序列的载体,利用酵母中能够发生高频率同源重组的特点对YAC分别进行左、右臂修饰,依次将NEO、EGFP及PURO基因定点整合到YAC左右臂上。用营养缺陷筛选的方法排除酵母发生突变或随机整合等情况后,用PCR及Southern杂交方法证实各筛选基因定点整合于YAC两臂上,从而获得携带3个哺乳动物细胞筛选基因的YAC克隆。并且由此建立了通过同源重组将哺乳动物标记基因定点引入YAC左右臂的多基因修饰平台。     

Red体内同源重组介导的egfp、kan基因融合和重组质粒构建

重组工程是近年来建立的一种基于高效率体内同源重组的新型遗传工程技术,可应用于靶DNA序列的敲入、敲除和基因克隆等。在应用重组工程技术进行基因亚克隆时发现,体外重叠PCR法难以获得高质量的目的DNA打靶片段,严重影响重组效率。为了解决上述问题,根据Red重组酶介导的体内同源重组工作原理进行了技术改进。先用PCR方法合成egfp和kan两条末端互补的线性DNA片段,然后将其电击共转化进入携带Red重组酶和pcDNA3．1载体DNA的大肠杆菌DY331菌株内,经体内同源重组直接产生的pcDNA3.1—egfp-kan环状重组质粒DNA分子可通过抗生素标记筛选获得,阳性率可达到45％。瞬时转染pcDNA3．1-egfp-kan可获得绿色荧光蛋白在293细胞中的表达。     

PCR扩增同源重组片段筛选转基因胚胎

使用小鼠乳清酸蛋白基因（ＷＡＰ）启动子控制下的人集落刺激因子（Ｇ－ＣＳＦ）基因为显微注射片段,采用ＰＣＲ方法检测了转基因胚,为消除ＰＣＲ扩增中的假阳性结果,构建了两个具有部分同源性的亚克隆片段进行共注射．ＰＣＲ扩增片段跨越这一同源区域,仅当注射的片段能够整合并发生正常重组,转基因整合胚才能以相对高的比例扩增出特异性片段．结果表明,１、２和８细胞期的阳性率分别为１１．１％、５５．５％和４４．４％,较常规ＰＣＲ检测获得更为明确的结论,为在大动物转基因胚胎检测提供了依据     

High-throughput cloning of human liver complete open reading frames using homologous recombination in Escherichia coli

In this article, we describe a high-throughput cloning method, seamless enzyme-free cloning (SEFC), which allows one-step assembly of DNA fragments in vivo via homologous recombination in Escherichia coli. In the method, the desired open reading frame (ORF) is amplified by use of ORF-specific primers with flanking sequences identical to the two ends of a linearized vector. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product and the linearized vector are then cotransformed into E. coli cells, where the ORF is incorporated into the vector in vivo. SEFC is a simple, reliable, and inexpensive method of cloning in which PCR fragments are fused into expression vectors without unwanted amino acids or extra in vitro manipulations apart from the single PCR amplification step. Using this method, we successfully cloned human liver complete ORFs into the yeast AD and DB vectors and generated a clone resource of 4964 AD-ORFs and 4676 DB-ORFs in 3 months. This approach will be useful for daily DNA cloning and for creating proteome-scale clone resources.     

几种新型植物基因表达载体的构建方法

利用基因工程技术手段研究基因功能过程中,构建基因表达载体处于转基因植物的主导地位,采用合适的构建方法会使实验效果事半功倍。植物基因表达载体的构建方法除了传统构建法、Gateway技术、三段T-DNA法、一步克隆法等,还有近年来出现的几种新型的载体构建方法:基于竞争性连接原理快速构建小片段基因表达载体;MicroRNA前体PCR置换法适用于构建小分子RNA表达载体;重组融合PCR法特别适用于插入片段中含有较多限制性酶切位点的载体构建;利用In-Fusion试剂盒可以将任何目的片段插入一个线性化载体的某个区域;构建多片段复杂载体可采用不依赖序列和连接的克隆方法(Sequence and ligation-independent cloning,SLIC)法;Gibson等温拼接法;Golden Gate拼接法。本文将在总结分析前人工作的基础上,结合自己工作的体会和经验分析这7种新方法的特点,期望通过这几种新的方法给植物基因工程表达载体的构建提供新的思路。     

Phenotypic expression of PCR-generated random mutations in a Pseudomonas putida gene after its introduction into an Acinetobacter chromosome by natural transformation

Localized sets of random point mutations generated by PCR amplification can be transferred efficiently to the chromosome of Acinetobacter ADP1 (also known as strain BD413) by natural transformation. The technique does not require cloning of PCR fragments in plasmids: PCR-amplified DNA fragments are internalized by cells and directly incorporated into their genomes by homologous recombination. Previously such procedures for random mutagenesis could be applied only to Acinetobacter genes affording the selection of mutant phenotypes. Here we describe the construction of a vector and recipient that allow for mutagenesis, recovery, and expression of heterologous genes that may lack a positive selection. The plasmid carries an Acinetobacter chromosomal segment interrupted by a multiple cloning site next to a kanamycin resistance marker. The insertion of heterologous DNA into the multiple cloning site prepares the insert as a target for PCR mutagenesis. PCR amplifies the kanamycin resistance marker and a flanking region of Acinetobacter DNA along with the insert of heterologous DNA. Nucleotide sequence identity between the flanking regions and corresponding chromosomal segments in an engineered Acinetobacter recipient allows homologous recombination of the PCR-amplified DNA fragments into a specific chromosomal docking site from which they can be expressed. The recipient strain contains only a portion of the kanamycin resistance gene, so donor DNA containing both this gene and the mutagenized insert can be selected by demanding growth of recombinants in the presence of kanamycin. The effectiveness of the technique was demonstrated with the relatively GC-rich Pseudomonas putida xylE gene. After only one round of PCR amplification (35 cycles), donor DNA produced transformants of which up to 30% carried a defective xylE gene after growth at 37 degrees C. Of recombinant clones that failed to express xylE at 37 degrees C, about 10% expressed the gene when grown at 22 degrees C. The techniques described here could be adapted to prepare colonies with an altered function in any gene for which either a selection or a suitable phenotypic screen exists.     

用Red/ET重组酶构建基因打靶载体

基因敲除的小鼠模型是研究基因功能的一种重要资源。采用常规分子克隆的方法建立基因敲除的打靶载体存在构建效率低和难以获得长片段同源臂的缺点。因此快速高效地构建打靶载体,已成为获得特定基因敲除动物模型的关键环节。为研究Resp18未知功能分泌肽基因,应用一种新的DNA工程平台——Red/ET同源重组技术来构建其打靶载体,并比较了这一方法在构建不同长度同源臂中的效率。研究表明,Red/ET重组方法构建打靶载体具有很高的效率,可以获得较长的同源臂,并且不会引入突变,有助于获得更高的打靶效率。因此Red/ET重组为构建打靶载体提供了一种新的可靠的方法。     

Retroviral vectors for homologous recombination provide efficient cloning and expression in mammalian cells

Homologous recombination technologies enable high-throughput cloning and the seamless insertion of any DNA fragment into expression vectors. Additionally, retroviral vectors offer a fast and efficient method for transducing and expressing genes in mammalian cells, including lymphocytes. However, homologous recombination cannot be used to insert DNA fragments into retroviral vectors; retroviral vectors contain two homologous regions, the 5′- and 3′-long terminal repeats, between which homologous recombination occurs preferentially. In this study, we have modified a retroviral vector to enable the cloning of DNA fragments through homologous recombination. To this end, we inserted a bacterial selection marker in a region adjacent to the gene insertion site. We used the modified retroviral vector and homologous recombination to clone T-cell receptors (TCRs) from single Epstein Barr virus-specific human T cells in a high-throughput and comprehensive manner and to efficiently evaluate their function by transducing the TCRs into a murine T-cell line through retroviral infection. In conclusion, the modified retroviral vectors, in combination with the homologous recombination method, are powerful tools for the high-throughput cloning of cDNAs and their efficient functional analysis.     

Phenotypic Expression of PCR-Generated Random Mutations in a Pseudomonas putida Gene after Its Introduction into an Acinetobacter Chromosome by Natural Transformation

Localized sets of random point mutations generated by PCR amplification can be transferred efficiently to the chromosome of Acinetobacter ADP1 (also known as strain BD413) by natural transformation. The technique does not require cloning of PCR fragments in plasmids: PCR-amplified DNA fragments are internalized by cells and directly incorporated into their genomes by homologous recombination. Previously such procedures for random mutagenesis could be applied only to Acinetobacter genes affording the selection of mutant phenotypes. Here we describe the construction of a vector and recipient that allow for mutagenesis, recovery, and expression of heterologous genes that may lack a positive selection. The plasmid carries an Acinetobacter chromosomal segment interrupted by a multiple cloning site next to a kanamycin resistance marker. The insertion of heterologous DNA into the multiple cloning site prepares the insert as a target for PCR mutagenesis. PCR amplifies the kanamycin resistance marker and a flanking region of Acinetobacter DNA along with the insert of heterologous DNA. Nucleotide sequence identity between the flanking regions and corresponding chromosomal segments in an engineered Acinetobacter recipient allows homologous recombination of the PCR-amplified DNA fragments into a specific chromosomal docking site from which they can be expressed. The recipient strain contains only a portion of the kanamycin resistance gene, so donor DNA containing both this gene and the mutagenized insert can be selected by demanding growth of recombinants in the presence of kanamycin. The effectiveness of the technique was demonstrated with the relatively GC-rich Pseudomonas putida xylE gene. After only one round of PCR amplification (35 cycles), donor DNA produced transformants of which up to 30% carried a defective xylE gene after growth at 37°C. Of recombinant clones that failed to express xylE at 37°C, about 10% expressed the gene when grown at 22°C. The techniques described here could be adapted to prepare colonies with an altered function in any gene for which either a selection or a suitable phenotypic screen exists.     

An efficient method of constructing homologous recom binant baculovirus with PCR-amplified fragments

Baculovirus is a rod-shaped virus containing a large circular dsDNA genome with the size of 80—180 kb[1]. Baculoviruses have been used as insecticides for biological control of forest and agricultural pests[2]. In addition, baculovirus is of great interest as it can be used as efficient eukaryotic expression vector[3], surface display vector[4], and gene therapy vector[5]. Till April 2002, the complete genome sequences of 13 baculoviruses have been reported. The functional genomics has now…