Effects of Hydroxyl Radicals on Introduced Organisms of Ship＇s Ballast Water Based Micro-Gap Discharge

With the physical method of micro-gap gas discharge, OH. radicals were produced by the ionization of O2 in air and H2O in the gaseous state, in order to explore more effective method totreat the ship＇s ballast water. The surface morphology of Al2O3 dielectric layer was analysed using Atomic Force Microscopy （AFM）, where the size of Al2O3 particles was in the range of 2 μm to 5 μm. At the same time, the biochemical effect of hydroxyl radicals on the introduced organisms and the quality of ship＇s ballast water were studied. The results indicate that the main reasons of cell death are lipid peroxide and damage of the antioxidant enzyme system in Catalase （CAT）, Peroxidase （POD） and Superoxide dismutase （SOD）. In addition, the quality of the ballast water was greatly improved.     

负载型Ru/γ-Al2O3催化剂上甲烷与氘化氢之间的氢氘交换性能

实验研究了以浸渍法制备的负载型Ru/γ-Al2O3催化剂体系上甲烷与氘化氢之间的氢氘交换性能,考察了各反应工艺条件包括反应温度、反应原料气流量、反应原料气中HD/CH4的比等因素对Ru/γ-Al2O3催化剂上甲烷与氘化氢之间的氢氘交换性能的影响,采用程序升温还原（H2-TPR）和X射线粉末衍射（XRD）手段对催化剂进行了检测。实验结果表明,Ru和载体γ-Al2O3发生了强相互作用;在对甲烷与氘化氢间的氢氘交换反应中,Ru/γ-Al2O3催化剂显示出较好的催化活性和稳定性。     

Study of Metal and Ceramic Thermionic Vacuum arc Discharges

The thermionic vacuum arc （TVA） is a new type of plasma source, which generates a pure metal and ceramic vapour plasma containing ions with a directed energy. TVA discharges can be ignited in high vacuum conditions between a heated cathode （electron gun） and an anode （tungsten crucible） containing the material. The accelerated electron beam, incident on the anode, heats the crucible, together with its contents, to a high temperature. After establishing a steadystate density of the evaporating anode material atoms, and when the voltage applied is high enough, a bright discharge is ignited between the electrodes. We generated silver and Al2O3 TVA discharges in order to compare the metal and ceramic TVA discharges. The electrical and optical characteristics of silver and Al2O3 TVA discharges were analysed. The TVA is also a new technique for the deposition of thin films. The film condenses on the sample from the plasma state of the vapour phase of the anode material, generated by a TVA. We deposited silver and Al2O3 thin films onto an aluminium substrate layer-by-layer using their TVA discharges, and produced micro and/or nano-layer Ag-Al2O3 composite samples. The composite samples using scanning electron microscopy was also analysed.     

钨掺杂的提铯离子筛的制备及离子交换性能研究

以ZrOCl₂、Na₂MoO₄、Na₂WO₄、K₄P₂O₇为原料,通过沉淀反应、Cs⁺嵌入、固位、抽出等一系列程序合成了用于提取铯的钨掺杂离子筛(W-Cs-IS),研究了W的掺杂比例对离子筛Cs⁺交换性能的影响。用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）及能谱分析（EDS）、氮气吸附-解吸等手段表征了产物的微观结构,并测试了其耐酸性。结果表明：掺杂的W部分存在于产物表面,Mo包藏于内部;离子筛由不规则颗粒及膜状部分组成,具有微孔结构,微孔尺寸约为20 nm;在HCl和HNO₃中均显示出良好的耐酸性。W掺杂有利于提高离子筛的交换性能。随着掺杂比例的增加,离子交换容量先提高后基本不变,在中性（pH=6.98）和酸性（pH=1.05）条件下分别可达到1.66 mmol/g和1.47 mmol/g。W-Cs-IS对模拟高放废液中的Cs⁺和Sr²⁺具有较高的选择性,可同时将Cs⁺和Sr²⁺从高放废液中提取出,对模拟高放废液中Cs⁺的提取率可达到88.2%。     

A New Approach to Plasma CVD of TiO2 Photocatalyst on γ-Al2O3 Pellet Filled in Dielectric Barrier Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure

A supported TiO2/γ-Al2O3 photocatalyst has been prepared by γ-Al2O3 pellet-filled dielectric barrier discharges induced plasma CVD at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.The TiO2/γ-Al2O3 photocatalyst exhibits higher photocatalytic activity than Degussa P25, and much higher photocatalytic activity than that prepared by thermal CVD.     

Effect of N2-Gas Partial Pressure on the Structure and Properties of Copper Nitride Films by DC Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

Copper nitride thin films were deposited on glass substrates by reactive direct current （DC） magnetron sputtering at various N2-gas partial pressures and room temperature. Xray diffraction measurements showed that the films were composed of Cu3N crystallites and exhibited a preferential orientation of the [111] direction at a low nitrogen gas （N2） partial pressure. The film growth preferred the [111] and the [100] direction at a high N2 partial pressure. Such preferential film growth is interpreted as being due to the variation in the Copper （Cu） nitrification rate with the N2 pressure. The N2 partial pressure affects not only the crystal structure of the film but also the deposition rate and the resistivity of the Cu3N film. In our experiment, the deposition rate of Cu3N films was 18 nm/min to 30 nm/min and increased with the N2 partial pressure. The resistivity of the Cu3N films increased sharply with the increasing N2 partial pressure. At a low N2 partial pressure, the Cu3N films showed a metallic conduction mechanism through the Cu path, and at a high N2 partial pressure, the conductivity of the Cu3N films showed a semiconductor conduction mechanism.     

添加水蒸气对CH4-CO2重整催化剂Ni/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3中Ni组分结构影响的EXAFS研究

采用水热合成法制备了Ni/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂。进行了添加和不添加水蒸气的CH4－CO2催化重整反应，测量了积碳量，并用EXAFS手段测试了催化剂Ni的K吸收边。结果表明，反应前后最近邻Ni-Ni配位距离无明显变化，而配位数却变化明显。无水蒸气反应后Ni-Ni配位数有较大幅度的减少；而添加了水蒸气，Ni-Ni配位数比反应前减少幅度小。水蒸气的添加能减少积碳量，稳定催化剂中Ni的结构，从而提高催化反应的稳定性。     

Simultaneous Oxidization of NOx and SO2 by a New Non-thermal Plasma Reactor Enhanced by Catalyst and Additive

The non-thermal plasma as one of the most promising technologies for removing NOx and SO2 has attrm~ted much attention. In this study, a new plasma reactor combined with catalyst and additive was developed to effectively oxidize and remove NOx and SO2 in the flue gas. The experimental results showed that TiO2 could improve the oxidation efficiency of SO2 in the case of applying plasma while having a negative effect on the oxidation process of NO and NOx. With the addition of NH3, the oxidation rates of NOx, NO and SO2 were slightly increased. However, the effect of adding NH3 on NOx oxidation was negative when the temperature was above 200℃.     

Application of lattice constant measurements for stoichiometry determination in irradiated U-Pu mixed oxide fuels

A method is proposed for determining the oxygen/ metal ratio in mixed irradiated uranium-plutonium oxides. The method is based on a measurement of the lattice constants and on a standard thermal treatment which is used to obtain a tetravalent state of uranium and plutonium. The effects of irradiation and of the solution of solid fission products in the matrix, the variation in plutonium concentration, and influence of these factors on stoichiometry are discussed on the basis of the results of simulated experiments in which the state after irradiation of oxide fuels is computed, together with the concentrations of the fission products.

For a given burn-up τ the oxygen/metal ratio of the matrix O/U + Pu + FP, which has a considerable influence on the physical properties of the fuel, is obtained by direct measurement of the ratio O/U + Pu and correcting this value for the effect of soluble fission products using the equation: O/U + Pu + F.P. = 3/(3− τ) [(1− τ)O/U + Pu] + [2/3 τ·1.75].     

Development of a 140 GHz Steerable Launcher for the HL-2A ECRH System

A new electron cyclotron resonance launcher system has been designed and installed on heating and current drive （ECRH/ECCD） the HL-2A tokamak to inject four beams and enable continuous millimeter-wave beam scanning independently in the toroidal and poloidal direc- tions for ECRH/ECCD experiments. The launcher is connected to four mm-wave lines capable of transmitting high power up to 3 MW with two 1 MW/140 GHz/3 s and two 0.5 MW/68 GHz/1 s beams. Based on ray tracing simulation using the TORAY-GA code, tile scanning range of wave beams is -15~~15~ in the toroidal direction and 0~~10~ in the poloidal one for 140 GHz beams, which could cover half of the cross section of plasmas and can satisfy the requirements of advanced physical experiments. The beam radii in the plasma is 17.1 mm and 20 mm for the two 140 GHz beams and 29.5 nnn for the two 68 GHz beams, respectively, allowing a very high localization of the absorbed power. The performance of the steering system was proven to be reliable and the linearity is perfect between the displacement of drive shaft and rotate angle of mirror. Addition- ally the injection performance of the wave beams was optinfized by simultaneously setting the injection angle and the polarization to realize desirable pure O- or X-mode injection.     

基于中子衍射的六方相Er1-xYxMnO3结构和磁学性能研究

为研究六方钙钛矿氧化物中磁结构和稀土离子对磁性能的影响,以六方相ErMnO3为母体,通过非磁性Y3+离子对磁性稀土Er3+离子的替代,利用X射线衍射、中子粉末衍射和磁性测量等表征手段,对六方化合物Er1-xYxMnO3的晶体结构和磁性进行系统研究。研究结果表明,Y3+离子的掺杂并未引起晶体结构和磁结构的明显改变,同时发现六方晶体结构随温度的增加呈各向异性热膨胀,在ab面内膨胀而沿着c轴收缩。中子衍射实验结果表明,Er04Y06MnO3样品的有序温度约为79 K,低温下系统的基态为反铁磁性,结构为Γ2（P63c′m′）或Γ4（P63′c′m）组态,与Er08Y02MnO3相同。磁化测试结果表明,非磁性Y3+离子掺杂量的增加削弱了磁化强度,2 K时磁性稀土离子Er3+的自旋有序在外磁场下表现出铁磁信号。该研究阐明了Er1-xYxMnO3的磁性本质和稀土磁性调控特性,为其潜在应用提供了有力指导。     

Morphology of irradiated PMMA membranes prepared by phase inversion with supercritical CO2

Poly （methyl methacrylate） （PMMA） pellets are irradiated using 60Co gamma-ray in air and successfully formed by hot pressing at constant conditions. The irradiated PMMA membranes are prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide （scCO2） as a physical blowing agent using the pressure quench method. Effects of foaming conditions such as adsorbed dose, saturation temperature, pressure on the morphology and cell size of the microcellular PMMA membranes are investigated in detail. The results showed that the irradiated PMMA membranes possess spherically closed-cell structure with uniform cell size. They have a high cell density compared with virgin PMMA. The cell size uniformity becomes poor at dose lower than 10 kGy, but increases with the dose at dose higher than 10 kGy. The mean cell diameter is less than 10 μm and the cell density increases with increasing dose. The average cell size of irradiated PMMA membranes decreases and cell density increases with increased saturation temperature and pressure. The changes in morphology of membranes are attributed to the gamma-ray radiation and scCO2 synergistic effect.     

Synergistic Decolouration of Azo Dye by Pulsed Streamer Discharge Immobilized TiO2 Photocatalysis

Photocatalyst was prepared by immobilizing TiO2 on glass beads using the traditional sol-gel method. Ultraviolet light （UV） produced by pulsed streamer discharge was then used to induce photocatalytic activity of TiO2 photocatalyst. Decolouration efficiency of the representative azo dye （acid orange 7, AOT） was investigated using the synergistic system of pulsed streamer discharge plasma and TiO2 photocatalysis. The obtained results showed that the decolouration rate of AO7 could be increased by 16.7% under the condition of adding supported TiO2 in the pulsed streamer discharge system, compared to that in the sole pulsed streamer discharge plasma system, due to the synergistic effect of pulsed streamer discharge and TiO2 photocatalysis induced by pulsed streamer discharge. The synergistic system of pulsed streamer discharge and TiO2 photocatalyst was found to have more reactive radicals for degradation of organic compounds in water.     

Experimental Study of SO2 Removal by Pulsed DBD Along with the Application of Magnetic Field

Dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） for SOs removal from indoor air is investigated. In order to improve the removal efficiency, two novel methods are combined in this paper, namely by applying a pulsed driving voltage with nanosecond rising time and applying a magnetic field. For SOs removal efficiency, different matches of electric field and magnetic field are discussed. And nanosecond rising edge pulsed power supply and microsecond rising edge pulsed power supply are compared. It can be concluded that a pulsed DBD with nanosecond rising edge should be adopted, and electrical field and magnetic field should be applied in an appropriate match.     

Experimental Research on Plasma Induced by TEA CO2 Laser Propulsion

Results in the air-breathing propulsion experiments with a parabolic light craft and a self-made UV-preionized 100 J TEA CO2 laser device are presented. Air disturbance and the spectrum of the plasma after the interaction of pulsed laser radiation with the light craft were studied. It was found that the focal length of the parabolic light craft had a significant effect on the air-disturbance. Two shock waves were detected for the longer focal length, while only one shock wave detected for the short focal length. The spectrum of the laser-induced plasma, the distribution of the characteristic lines, and the temporal behaviors of the air plasma were studied in detail. The results showed that, the evolution of the laser-induced plasma lasted 20μs, and the plasma spectrum would reach the maximum intensity at 7μs.     

Creation of High-Yield Polyhydroxyalkanoates Engineered Strains by Low Energy Ion Implantation

Polyhydroxyalkanoates （PHAs）, as a candidate for biodegradable plastic materials, can be synthesized by numerous microorganisms. However, as its production cost is high in comparison with those of chemically synthesized plastics, a lot of research has been focused on the efficient production of PHAs using different methods. In the present study, the mutation effects of PHAs production in strain pCB4 were investigated with implantation of low energy ions. It was found that under the implantation conditions of 7.8×10^14 N^＋/cm^2 at 10 keV, a high-yield PHAs strain with high genetic stability was generated from many mutants. After optimizing its fermentation conditions, the biomass, PHAs concentration and PHAs content of pCBH4 reached 2.26 g/L, 1.81 g/L, and 80.08% respectively, whereas its wild type controls were about 1.24 g/L, 0.61 g/L, and 49.20%. Moreover, the main constituent of PHAs was identified as poly-3-hydroxybutyrates （PHB） in the mutant stain and the yield of this compound was increased up to 41.33% in contrast to that of 27.78% in the wild type strain.     

氦气试验回路中的氦净化

为了减少结构材料的腐蚀并验证高温气冷实验堆中的氦净化工艺，在氦气试验回路中设置了氦净化系统并进行了试验。试验结果表明，净化流量为５０ｍ＾３／ｈ的主要由分子筛和深活性炭床组成的氦净化系统，能把氦中２００００ｃｍ＾３／ｍ＾３的化学杂质净化到７６ｃｍ＾３／ｍ＾３以下。所采用的氦中痕量杂质分析测量技术达到１０＾－１ｃｍ＾３／ｍ＾３精度。     

Study on SO2 Removal Efficiency by Nanosecond Rising Edge Pulse DBD Under Different Environmental Conditions

In this paper, an experimental study on SO2 removal by nanosecond rising edge pulse dielectric barrier discharge （DBD） plasma, generated by multi-needle-to-plane electrodes, is carried out. The mechanism of the effect of various factors, such as gap size between dielectric barrier and discharge needles, environmental humidity, and inlet speed of gas flow upon the removal efficiency of air purification is analyzed. The studies show that SOs removal efficiency improves with the increase in the gap size between dielectric barrier and discharge needles in the case of a fixed space between two electrodes, and also improves with the increase in the environmental humidity. For a mixed gas with a fixed concentration, there is an optimal inlet speed of gas flow, which leads to the best removal efficiency.     

Feasibility of Trace Alcohol Congener Detection and Identification Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

In this paper, a feasible scheme is reported for the detection and identification of trace alcohol congeners that have identical elemental composition using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy （LIBS）. In the scheme, an intensive pulsed laser is used to break down trace alcohol samples and the optical emission spectra of the induced plasma are collected for the detection and identifq ication of alcohol molecules. In order to prepare trace alcohol samples, pure ethanol or methanol is bubbled by argon carrier gas and then mixed into matrix gases. The key issue for the scheme is to constitute indices from the LIBS data of the alcohol samples. Two indices are found to be suitable for alcohol detection and identification. One is the emission intensity ratio （denoted as H/C） of the hydrogen line （653.3 nm） to the carbon line （247.9 nm） for identification and the other is the ratio of the carbon line （as C/Ar） or the hydrogen line （as H/Ar） to the argon lines （866.7 nm） for quantitative detection. The calibration experiment result shows that the index H/C is specific for alcohol congeners while almost being independent of alcohol concentration. In detail, the H/C keeps a specific constant of 34 and 23 respectively for ethanol and methanol. In the meanwhile, the C/Ar and H/Ar indices respond almost linearly to the alcohol concentration below 1300 ppm, and are therefore competent for concentration measurement. With the indices, trace alcohol concentration measurement achieves a limit of 140 ppm using a laser pulse energy of 300 mJ.     

Observation of Vortex Patterns in a Magnetized Dusty Plasma System

Vortex patterns of dust particles have been observed in a magnetized dusty plasma system. The formation mechanism of two-dimensional （2D） vortex patterns has been investigated by analysing the forces acting on dust particles and molecular dynamics （MD） simulations in a 2D confined magnetized dusty plasma. It has been found that with a weak confining electric field and a strong magnetic field, the particles＇ trajectories will form a vortex shape. The simulation results agree with our experimental observations. In our experiments, vortex patterns can be induced via circular rotation of particles by changing the rf （radio-frequency） power in a magnetized dusty plasma.