不同马氏体含量的F/M双相钢组织及形变行为

对马氏体铁素体双相钢采用临界区内不同温度淬火试验,得到不同的马氏体含量,并进行单轴拉伸试验。分析了双相钢拉伸过程中的加工硬化行为,求出各个阶段的应变硬化指数n值,并用修正的Crussard-Jaoult分析方法(即C-J模型)分析试验钢的应力-应变曲线。试验结果表明,在两相区内,随着淬火温度升高,马氏体含量增加,由狭长的岛状马氏体最终转变为板条状马氏体;修正的C-J分析表明双相钢的“转折应变”随着马氏体含量的增加呈单调减少。     

高马氏体含量双相钢组织及变形研究

采用不同的两相区温度保温和盐水淬火处理,在实验室条件下得到不同马氏体含量的含钒双相钢。利用扫描电子显微镜对不同马氏体含量的试样的断口和断口侧面分析,发现在高马氏体含量下,双相钢变形和断裂与马氏体含量和组织形态有关,且其均匀变形阶段的应变硬化指数n值及应变硬化速率也会随着马氏体含量的增加而显著升高。而加入钒,其碳化物弥散分布在铁素体中,增强了双相钢的应变硬化能力,提高了双相钢的力学性能。     

0.21C-0.46Si-1.4Mn网状异构组织双相钢的力学性能及加工硬化行为

基于“材料素化”的理论，以普通低碳钢为原材料，引入异质结构的微观设计理念，通过循环退火+亚临界淬火的热处理工艺制备马氏体包裹铁素体的网状异构组织双相钢，观察并研究了马氏体分布形貌以及马氏体体积分数对试验钢拉伸力学性能的影响。结果表明：网状马氏体-铁素体异构组织双相钢在室温下的拉伸强度可达1084.15～1392.24 MPa,总伸长率为7.47%～8.94%,并且兼具较低的屈强比。采用Hollomon、DC-J(Differential Crussard-Jaoul)、修正MC-J(Modified C-J)三种分析模型研究了试验钢的应变硬化特性和不同阶段的应变硬化机制。结果表明双相钢的加工硬化指数与其结构特征息息相关，MC-J分析模型相较于其他两种模型，对双相钢的加工硬化更为敏感，具有三级变形行为。在准静态室温拉伸下，网状异构双相钢具有良好的加工硬化能力，随着马氏体体积分数的增加，双相钢中硬质相马氏体可以更早地发生塑性变形。     

不同亚温淬火温度下10CrMnMo双相钢的微观组织

对10CrMnMo双相钢在不同亚温淬火温度下热处理后的试样进行了显微组织、SEM形貌、显微硬度测试、马氏体含量以及马氏体-铁素体两相的晶粒尺寸分析。结果表明,不同的淬火温度致使马氏体和铁素体的显微形态和分布状况发生变化,淬火温度为720 ℃时马氏体呈狭长的岛状分布,随着淬火温度的升高,马氏体呈片状与岛状共存,到820 ℃时板条马氏体与铁素体呈纤维状共存;同时,马氏体体积分数也随之增加,由720 ℃淬火时的10.41%增加到820 ℃时的48.19%;马氏体、铁素体的晶粒大小都随着淬火温度的升高而减小,铁素体晶粒尺寸由720 ℃淬火时的14.23 μm减小到820 ℃时的4.15 μm,马氏体尺寸则由5.74 μm减小至2.45 μm,且不同淬火温度下铁素体晶粒尺寸均大于马氏体晶粒尺寸;双相钢中铁素体组织的显微硬度随着淬火温度的升高而增加,由720℃时的168.21 HV1增加至820 ℃时的235.15 HV1;马氏体组织的显微硬度则随淬火温度的升高而降低,由720 ℃时的713.14 HV1降低到820 ℃时的525.41 HV1。     

10CrMnMo双相钢在不同亚温淬火温度下的微观组织

对10CrMnMo双相钢在不同亚温淬火温度下热处理后的试样进行了显微组织、SEM形貌、显微硬度测试、马氏体含量以及马氏体-铁素体两相的晶粒尺寸分析。结果表明,不同的淬火温度致使马氏体和铁素体的显微形态和分布状况发生变化,淬火温度为720℃时马氏体呈狭长的岛状分布,随着淬火温度的升高,马氏体呈片状与岛状共存,到820℃时板条马氏体与铁素体呈纤维状共存;同时,马氏体体积分数也随之增加,由720℃淬火时的10.41%增加到820℃时的48.19%;马氏体、铁素体的晶粒大小都随着淬火温度的升高而减小,铁素体晶粒尺寸由720℃淬火时的14.23μm减小到820℃时的4.15μm,马氏体尺寸则由5.74μm减小至2.45μm,且不同淬火温度下铁素体晶粒尺寸均大于马氏体晶粒尺寸;双相钢中铁素体组织的显微硬度随着淬火温度的升高而增加,由720℃时的168.21HV1增加至820℃时的235.15HV1;马氏体组织的显微硬度则随淬火温度的升高而降低,由720℃时的713.14HV1降低到820℃时的525.41HV1。     

双相钢显微组织研究进展

一、概述低碳钢或低合金高强度钢经临界区处理或控制轧制得到由铁素体和马氏体构成的钢叫双相钢。这种钢屈服点低、初始加工硬化速率高、强度与延性匹配好。已成为强度高、成形性好的新型冲压用钢。双相钢的特点是由其双相组织决定的,因此人们对双相钢的显微组织进行了大量研究。以期建立组织和性能的关系,并找出控制和饮进性能的组织因素。文献[1]描绘了双相钢的光学显微组织为在连续的铁素体基体中孤立分布马氏体岛;随后许多研究者对双相钢的显微组织,马氏体岛的精细结构、铁素体中位错组     

耐候钢热处理双相化组织与性能

研究了铁路机车车辆用的两种热轧耐候钢经热处理双相化的的金相组织及各种力学性能,结果表明,耐候钢双相化后的显微组织由多边形等轴铁素体晶粒和不规则岛状马氏体组成,且原始组织对其有很大影响;两种热轧耐候钢双相化热处理前后的显微镜组织和力学性能均无明显的各向异性,研究发现,双相化加热温度对马氏体含量,铁素体晶粒大小,屈服现象,屈服强度、抗拉强度、屈强比、伸长率及加工硬化指数（n值）等双相化钢的组织和性能均有显著影响,根据试验结果,确定的耐候钢最佳热处理双相比工艺为780℃加热,10％NaCl水溶液淬火,本研究成果将为进一步采用控制轧制法进行耐候双相钢的生产奠定基础。     

两相区热处理对P20钢组织与性能的影响

采用SEM、洛氏硬度等试验方法,研究了两相区淬火时间和温度对P20钢组织与性能的影响。结果表明,P20钢在785℃保温10 min,未能获得马氏体组织,当保温30 min,可以获得铁素体/马氏体双相组织,并且在铁素体上分布有碳化物颗粒,当保温50 min,淬火组织中碳化物颗粒明显减少;硬度随保温时间延长呈上升趋势,当保温时间由10 min延长至30 min时硬度迅速提高,继续延长保温时间至60 min,硬度略有增加。淬火保温时间为30 min,P20钢在785~800℃的两相区淬火,随淬火温度升高,淬火组织中铁素体减少马氏体增多,硬度有明显增加;当淬火温度提高到815~830℃,淬火组织主要为马氏体,硬度随温度升高略有增加。经两相区淬火处理得到的铁素体和马氏体双相钢具有连续屈服和快速应变硬化的力学特性。     

连续退火冷却速率对热镀锌双相钢组织与性能的影响

采用光亮连续退火模拟试验机研究热镀锌双相钢在较低冷却速率下,不同冷却速率对组织和性能的影响。结果表明:随着冷却速率的提高,双相钢组织中马氏体含量增加,晶粒尺寸减小;抗拉强度增加,屈服强度下降,屈强比降低,对伸长率和加工硬化值的影响不显著,冷速为12℃/s是该钢种的临界冷却速率,此时伸长率最高。     

热处理对高强建筑钢组织和性能的影响

对试验钢进行了不同的两相区直接淬火+回火处理。对试样显微组织进行了观察,并对力学性能进行了检测,研究了淬火温度和回火温度对试验钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,钢板回火显微组织以多边形铁素体+岛状回火马氏体为主。随着直接淬火温度的升高,回火马氏体含量增加,铁素体含量减少,组织中少量珠光体逐渐转变为贝氏体;屈服强度和抗拉强度均升高,屈强比先保持恒定后有所升高,伸长率逐渐下降,冲击功则是先大幅降低后几乎不变。当回火温度低于400℃时,马氏体形态没有明显改变;当回火温度超过500℃时,马氏体岛开始分解,碳化物析出量增加。随着回火温度升高,抗拉强度几乎呈线性降低,屈服强度则先升高后降低,屈强比升高,伸长率和冲击功先下降后提高。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.