不用高斯平滑的边缘活动轮廓模型

在基于边缘的活动轮廓模型中,边缘停止函数的选择是十分重要的。边缘停止函数是一个单调递减的正函数和高斯平滑后的图像梯度模的复合函数。基于这种边缘停止函数的活动轮廓模型存在两个缺点：一是在同质区域演化速度慢;二是图像需要预先进行高斯平滑（滤波）,但平滑噪声的同时,也平滑了目标边缘,可能使分割不够准确。提出一个新的不用高斯平滑的边缘停止函数。实验表明,基于这种边缘停止函数的活动轮廓模型能够减少迭代次数与分割时间约50%。     

基于高斯混合分布和区域竞争主动轮廓的医学目标分割

提出了一种基于高斯混合分布和区域竞争主动轮廓的医学目标提取模型。这一模型,把主动轮廓的能量函数表示为像素属于目标或背景的子类的最大概率的区域积分,在水平集合框架下使能量函数最小化,得到在高斯子类区域间竞争演化的分割迭代方程。同时,附加的速度约束项使主动轮廓在越过目标边缘时速度降低,提高了分割的收敛性。通过大量肝脏CT图像的分割实验以及与几种经典模型和手工提取的比较,表明该模型在医学图像分割中具有较好的健壮性、准确性和灵活性均较好。     

基于区域信息主动轮廓模型的图像分割

图像分割是对图像进行后续处理的关键步骤之一,传统主动轮廓模型在目标图像背景较为复杂的情况下很难精确地进行图像分割。为了精确且快速地进行图像分割,以便更加有利地进行后续相关图像处理操作,在对传统主动轮廓模型进行相关研究的基础之上,提出一种基于区域信息主动轮廓模型的图像分割方法。将图像区域信息融入主动轮廓模型的能量函数中去,减弱了模型对图像区域信息突变所造成的图像误分割;改进该模型能量函数内外曲线的拟合中心,以此减少图像噪声点对拟合中心准确性的影响;利用信息熵改进曲线内外能量函数权重,以此提高曲线的演化速度。实验结果表明,与传统CV（Chan_Vese）模型等四种模型相比,该方法所分割的图像更加精确,且在算法分割效率上具有较明显的优势。     

基于各向异性扩散活动轮廓模型的左心室MRI分割

结合各向异性扩散算法与梯度矢量流活动轮廓模型,提出了基于各向异性扩散活动轮廓模型并应用于心脏核磁共振图像分割;模型采用各向异性扩散方程构造活动轮廓模型的外部能量函数,得到边界更加清晰的分段平滑图像,运用梯度矢量流将边缘图梯度散射到平坦区域,可以有效抑制噪声,同时保持了目标边界;对左心室核磁共振图像的分割实验表明,该模型可以克服噪声和伪影的干扰,与原梯度矢量流模型相比具有更高的精确性和可靠性,有利于实现自动分割.     

基于区域能量最小和主动轮廓模型的医学目标提取

针对传统主动轮廓模型在目标强边缘处容易产生振荡和弱边缘处容易泄露的缺点,提出了一种基于区域能量最小和主动轮廓模型的医学目标提取模型。这一基于目标灰度统计概率和水平集的主动轮廓分割模型,把能量函数表示为在目标区域内对像素点属于目标概率的积分,并在水平集框架下对能量函数最小化,得到分割的迭代方程;同时,通过附加的速度约束项,使得主动轮廓在越过目标边缘时降低速度,大大提高了分割的收敛性和准确度。通过大量冠状动脉和二尖瓣的分割实验以及与几种传统主动轮廓模型和手工提取的比较,表明该模型在医学图像分割方面的健壮性、准确性和有效性。     

基于各向异性滤波和空间FCM的MRI图像分割方法

针对具复杂目标和边界模糊的MRI图像中多感兴趣区域的分割中分割MRI图像软组织难的问题, 提出了一种基于各向异性滤波和空间模糊C-均值聚类(SFCM)的MRI图像分割方法; 用新型各向异性滤波对图像进行预处理, 解决去噪平滑的同时弱化图像细节的问题; 用邻域空间信息设计空间函数, 改进传统FCM的目标函数; 用图像的空间信息实现图像各目标准确分类、有效解决孤立区域的正确归类问题, 进而使分割区域完整; 用直方图拟合曲线初始化分类数和初始聚类中心, 加快算法迭代到最优解, 进而减少运行时间。通过实验证实了各向异性滤波和空间FCM的MRI图像分割方法的综合应用显著提高了分割灰度重叠、目标不连续和目标边界模糊的MRI图像的分割效果。     

结合显著性的主动轮廓图像分割

传统的主动轮廓方法无法突出分割区域的显著性,同时在由显著性检测算法所得到的显著图中目标具有较高的信噪比,因此提出结合显著性的主动轮廓图像分割。通过线性光谱聚类分割得到超像素,以超像素为处理单位利用基于图论的流形排序算法获得较好的显著图;将高斯混合模型引入到主动轮廓的曲线演化过程中,计算曲线内外的平均灰度值,从而通过高斯混合模型和显著性信息得到了新的主动轮廓能量方程,并运用水平集方法指导分割,获得最终的分割结果。实验结果表明,提出的图像分割方法可以对图像进行快速和有效的分割。     

视觉显著区域和主动轮廓结合的图像分割算法

传统区域主动轮廓模型在分割弱边缘图像时,演化曲线受背景干扰,易陷入局部极值导致演化速度缓慢;且由于局部项仅考虑空间信息,无法更好保留目标边界,影响分割精度.针对上述问题,首先利用改进的显著性检测方法,对待分割图像进行预处理操作,获取目标候选区域,自动设置初始化轮廓曲线,并将获取的目标先验信息与待分割图像中具有最大对比度...     

各向异性扩散与高斯差分模型的多聚焦图像融合方法

利用各向异性扩散模型具有良好的边缘保持特性,提出一种基于各向异性扩散滤波与高斯滤波差分规则的图像融合算法。各向异性扩散方程对图像进行滤波操作,在图像的同质区域实施正向扩散以平滑图像,而在图像边缘实行较弱平滑以保护边缘细节信息。将通过各向异性扩散模型处理的图像与经过高斯函数滤波的结果图像进行差分操作,可以得到图像的高频系数信息。为提高健壮性,对高频系数进行小窗口累加,其作为像素选择准则,再分别从原始图像中直接获取对应的像素值组成融合结果图像。实验结果表明,所提出的方法可以有效地融合源图像信息,非常适合多聚焦     

基于变异系数和模糊集的活动轮廓图像分割模型

由于图像分割具有模糊性,提出了一个对灰度不均匀、高噪声图像的分割模型。该模型以模糊能量泛函为基础,结合区域和边缘信息,利用变异系数作为局部区域统计量,避免了噪声对分割的干扰,很好地提取了图像信息。区域能量可以平衡目标和背景的重要性,驱使初始轮廓向目标边界移动。边缘能量对伪水平集函数进行正则化,保持曲线演化过程中的平滑性。在求能量泛函极小值时,直接计算新旧能量泛函的差值以更新伪水平集。对于高噪声以及混合噪声和强度不均匀的合成和真实图像的分割结果表明,本文模型具有较好的分割效果。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).