一种基于背景减除与三帧差分的运动目标检测算法

本文提出一种基于背景减除法和三帧差分法来进行运动目标检测的算法.首先运用Surendra背景更新算法建立运动区域的背景模型,通过背景减除法确定运动目标区域,后与三帧差分法得到的差分图像相结合,得到比较可靠的运动目标区域.实验结果表明,该算法准确率高,运算速度快,能满足实时检测的需要.     

一种简单有效的运动目标检测算法

针对固定场景中运动目标检测遇到的运动目标状态突变,非运动目标干扰以及阴影等问题,提出了一种背景差分和帧间差分相结合的运动目标检测算法;该算法首先通过平均法背景模型确立背景,使用背景差分得到一幅二值化前景图像,然后将通过连续的多帧图像进行相邻帧差分得到的多幅二值化前景图像进行逻辑或运算,最后将运算结果同背景差分所得到的二值化前景图像进行逻辑与运算,得到最终运动目标区域;实验表明,该算法运算速度快,准确率高,并能满足实时检测的需要;不足之处是在摄像机与运动物体夹角很小的情况下,检测效果较差,但可以通过多台摄像机协同操作来达到理想的效果.     

图像融合的运动目标检测算法研究

为了改进常用的运动目标检测算法易受噪声和光线变化的影响、易出空洞、阴影和假边缘等现象,提出一种基于连续五帧帧间差分与Surendra背景边缘差分相融合的运动目标检测算法。该方法先采用Surendra自适应背景提取算法建立运动区域模型,通过优化的Canny算子进行背景边缘检测差分运算,再与五帧差分法相融合,通过双向模板填充和后期处理获得完整、准确的运动目标区域并完成背景的实时更新。实验结果表明,该算法快速、准确,能满足实时性检测的要求。     

基于差分图像分块的视频背景提取算法

为了降低背景提取算法的时间复杂度和空间复杂度,提出一种结合差分图像分块、背景减除和帧间差法的背景提取方法。对差分图像进行分块分类,提出了一种统计像素值的子块分类法,对不同类的块用不同的更新策略进行背景实时更新。该算法有效解决了背景更新过程中运动目标逗留、背景物体移入移出等问题的影响。实验结果表明该算法运算速度快、鲁棒性高、能准确地提取实时背景。     

基于RPCA与三帧差分融合的运动目标检测

为了实现在监控视频中对人体运动目标的准确提取,针对传统的三帧差分法在运动目标提取过程中容易出现“空洞”现象,提出了一种鲁棒主成分分析(Robust Principal Component Analysis,RPCA)与三帧差分相融合的运动目标检测算法。本算法通过将RPCA提取的视频当前帧的背景作为三帧差分法的中间帧与视频当前帧的前一帧和视频当前帧分别进行邻间差分,使得三帧差分法在运动目标检测过程中避免了背景像素点所带来的影响,消除了“空洞”现象。仿真结果表明该算法在完整性和准确性方面要优于其他三种传统运动目标检测算法,可以在复杂背景环境中实现准确的运动目标提取。     

基于三帧差分和滑动平均背景的运动目标检测

针对传统三帧差分法在前景提取中容易出现“空洞”现象,对传统三帧差分法作改进,采用逻辑“或”代替原来的逻辑“与”,但同时产生了运动目标被拉长,轮廓模糊等问题;为了有效解决该问题,将滑动平均法和改进的三帧差分相结合,然而滑动平均法初始阶段更新背景较慢,因此二者有效结合的关键是对滑动平均法作改进,提出一种自适应更新滑动平均系数加速背景更新的方法;最后将改进三帧差分提取的前景和改进滑动平均法提取的前景进行逻辑“与”运算得到综合前景图像;实验结果表明该算法在完整性,准确性以及实时性方面能满足实际要求。     

融合边缘检测的三帧差分运动目标检测

传统的三帧差分运动目标检测算法易出现空洞及虚假边缘等现象。为了对其进行改进,提出了一种融合边缘检测的三帧差分运动目标检测算法。首先对三帧连续图像采用Canny边缘检测算子快速提取边缘图像,然后对三帧连续的边缘图像进行改进的三帧差分运算,最后通过阈值分割和形态学处理完成对运动目标的提取。实验结果表明,该算法计算简单,连通性好且准确率高,可满足实时检测的要求。     

结合分块的改进三帧差和背景差的运动目标检测

针对运动目标检测易受背景影响及帧间差分易产生空洞的问题, 提出了一种基于分块的改进三帧差分和背景差分相结合的运动目标检测算法. 该算法利用边缘检测法和均值法建立初始背景模型, 将视频图像划分成多个子块, 对利用改进的三帧差分和背景差分获取的图像的各个子块进行自适应阈值检测, 获取图像中的运动前景目标, 背景图像采取自适应更新方法. 实验结果表明, 该算法能完整的提取运动目标, 背景适应性强, 具有较高的准确性和效率.     

利用检测特征空间的目标实时跟踪

针对被跟踪目标尺度小、特征颜色与场景颜色相似的问题,提出一种基于实时检测结果的视频目标跟踪算法,即首先对背景进行高斯建模,利用背景减除法和帧间差分算法对前景区域进行有效提取,然后在提取的前景区域内进行基于均值移动算法的目标跟踪。基于像素级别的背景减除与帧间差分算法虽然精确和灵敏的优点,但是鲁棒性不强;而基于块级别的均值移动算法虽然鲁棒性强,但是弱化了特征颜色的空间信息,本文对两种机制进行了有效融合。通过该策略,跟踪系统在目标快速运动、有场景相似颜色干扰等情况下具有很好的跟踪性能,算法的计算量小,能够满足实时性要求。通过多组对比实验可以看出,新算法具有很强的抑制背景干扰、提高均值移动跟踪算法鲁棒性的能力。     

基于背景减除法的视频序列运动目标检测

视频序列中运动目标的检测是目标识别、标记和追踪的重要组成部分,背景减除法是运动目标检测中被广泛应用的算法。针对光线变化、噪声和局部运动等影响运动目标检测效果的问题,提出一种基于背景减除法的视频序列运动目标检测算法。该算法结合背景减除法和帧间差分法,对当前帧像素点的运动状态进行判断,分别对静止和运动的像素点进行替换和更新,采用最大类间方差（Otsu）法对差分图像进行目标提取,并使用数学形态学运算去除目标中的噪声和冗余信息。实验结果表明,所提算法对于视频序列中运动目标的检测具有较好的视觉效果和较高的准确度,能够克服局部运动以及噪声等缺陷。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).