基于UKF的惯导/被动导引头组合位置修正方法

在导弹末制导阶段,结合自适应UKF滤波方法和直接滤波模型实现惯导/被动导引头组合导航,以提高惯导系统定位精度.首先采用惯导参数和导引头视线信息建立非线性模型,然后结合模型特点对UKF滤波流程进行简化,并针对系统状态变化较快和量测噪声不稳定的特点给出改进的自适应UKF滤波方法,能实现视线信息辅助修正惯导系统位置误差.仿真结果表明,该滤波方法具有较高的估计精度和较快的收敛速度,7s时惯导/被动导引头组合定位误差不高于30m.     

鲁棒无迹四元数卡尔曼滤波初始对准算法

针对GPS辅助的低精度捷联惯导系统行进间初始对准时GPS易受野值的影响和陀螺零偏的累积误差导致航向角误差曲线波动的问题,提出了一种鲁棒四元数无迹卡尔曼滤波初始对准算法。首先,建立了无迹卡尔曼滤波的预测模型和量测模型,分析了GPS野值对于观测矢量的影响;然后,推导了模值匹配权值函数,结合无迹四元数卡尔曼滤波设计了鲁棒四元数无迹估计器;最后,设计了仿真与跑车实验,实验结果表明,本文所提出的算法不仅能去除GPS中的野值,还能有效抑制陀螺零偏带来的影响。     

车载惯导里程仪组合导航系统安装误差标定研究

研究了捷联惯导、GPS、里程仪和气压高度计构成的组合导航系统中惯导安装误差角对里程仪航位推算精度的影响;提出了以GPS输出作为辅助信息对惯导安装误差进行标定的方法;设计了以里程仪航位推算误差传播方程为系统方程,以里程仪航位推算结果和GSP位置输出之差为量测,通过卡尔曼滤波估计惯导安装误差的标定方法;仿真结果表明,该方法对惯导安装误差的标定精度能达到角秒级。在调试过程中采用该方法标定补偿后的系统实际跑车实验航位推算精度达到5m+行程的0.15%,表明补偿后残余的惯导安装误差影响已经可以忽略。     

捷联惯导/北斗高精度组合导航方法研究

提出采用紧组合方式进行捷联惯导/北斗组合导航设计,首先对捷联惯导与北斗系统进行误差分析与建模,将捷联惯导系统误差、北斗等效时钟误差相应的距离(伪距误差)以及等效时钟频率误差相应的距离率(伪距率误差)作为组合导航系统状态;利用捷联惯导位置输出与北斗接收机星历输出构造获得等效伪距,将其与北斗接收机测量的伪距对应相减作为量测,推导建立对应的量测方程,采用卡尔曼滤波设计捷联惯导/北斗组合导航滤波算法;仿真结果表明,该组合导航方法的速度精度达到±0.05 m/s,位置精度达到±3.2 m,水平姿态精度达到±0.4′,航向精度达到±1.6′。     

车载战术导弹传递对准仿真研究

研究了车载战术导弹发射前的传递对准问题。提出了将主惯导安装于导弹发射架上,利用导弹发射前发射架的俯仰运动作为激励加快传递对准过程的方法。推导了弹载子惯导的误差方程和用于传递对准的量测方程。根据推导的方程设计了卡尔曼滤波器实现速度加姿态匹配传递对准。针对导弹发射前载车的典型运动情况进行了仿真。仿真结果表明,在载车运动过程中弹载子惯导的水平姿态误差角估计误差可在30 s内减小到2’以内,通过导弹竖起过程中角运动的激励,航向误差角估计误差迅速减小到3’以内。     

捷联惯导欧拉角误差模型二位置对准方法

在捷联惯导初始对准优化的研究中,由于存在非线性,很难描述误差特性。为提高捷联惯导系统初始对准的精度,缩短对准时间,根据欧拉角误差的传播规律,推导了惯导系统角度和速度误差微分方程,建立了非线性的对准模型。非线性模型的计算一直是难点问题,一般采用无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF),为减小计算量,采用了超球面采样点变换(SSUT)的采样策略,结合线性的量测方程,对滤波算法进行了改造和简化。根据全局可观性理论,为提高系统观测度,以二位置静态对准为条件,并对提出的方法进行了仿真和实验验证。结果表明,模型具有很高的精度,并能有效估计惯性器件误差。改进方法对大失准角下的系统初始对准及惯性器件测漂具有较好的参考价值。     

宽频段雷达制导中的高精度引导模型设计仿真

由于宽频段雷达制导中的雷达头对工作频率较低以及高频点的检测信噪比较低,并且检测噪声受到雷达频点和地形等因素的干扰,使得传统鲁棒滤波的制导模型,无法处理高随机性的噪声,不能实现雷达制导的高精度引导.提出一种基于惯导系统的雷达制导高精度引导模型,采用惯导位置、速度信息辅助抗舷外干扰的信息操作方法,在宽频段雷达制导跟踪过程,塑造弹目相对运动模型,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波降低雷达引导头随机检测误差,得到目标位置以及速度信息,实现导弹制导的高精度引导.实验结果说明,所提方法具有较高的引导精度和鲁棒性,是一种有效的雷达制导引导模型.     

惯性导航系统在线标定方法研究

论文针对惯性导航系统在线标定的问题,利用GPS提供的基准速度和位置信息,采用基于卡尔曼滤波技术的“速度＋位置”匹配方法,以惯导系统与GPS的速度和位置的差值作为量测值,对加速度计和陀螺仪误差进行在线标定。仿真结果表明,经在线标定补偿后惯导系统定位误差降低了97．2％。该方法显著提高了导航精度,效率较高,具有一定的实用价值。     

基于最大熵卡尔曼滤波的机载SINS星敏感器辅助空中标定技术

为增强机载捷联惯导系统（SINS）在自标定过程中的可观测性,提升陀螺仪漂移和加速度计零偏估计的速度和精度,引入星敏感器姿态信息和GPS速度信息,辅助完成捷联惯导系统的空中标定。同时,考虑在实际空中飞行条件下,受气流、电磁干扰等影响,姿态和速度的量测噪声呈非高斯分布且噪声统计特性不精确,导致经典卡尔曼滤波性能降低。为有效利用量测信号中的高阶矩信息,在卡尔曼滤波中采用最大熵准则代替最小均方误差准则,对星敏感器辅助下的机载捷联惯导系统的误差进行标定。仿真结果表明,经最大熵卡尔曼滤波后,惯性器件误差的标定精度明显提升;在采用星敏感器后,对陀螺仪漂移的标定速度和精度都得到了提升。     

捷联惯导系统中卡尔曼滤波的应用研究

为提高捷联惯导系统初始对准精度,提出将卡尔曼滤波技术应用于系统初始精对准,用以估计系统的失准角和惯性误差。对卡尔曼滤波技术在捷联惯导系统中的应用进行分析,建立捷联惯导系统初始对准误差模型和卡尔曼滤波量测方程。分析不同条件下不同滤波方法的滤波原理和滤波精度。在此基础上,提出一种将预测扩展卡尔曼滤波应用于逆向导航技术的思路,并进行了理论分析和捷联惯导系统自对准流程设计,为后续进一步深入开展惯导系统初始对准奠定基础。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).