探讨肾动脉多支畸形的供肾在体外血管重建中的方式及在肾移植中的应用

目的探讨。肾动脉多支畸形的供。肾在体外血管重建中的方式及其在肾移植中的应用。方法对5例肾动脉多支畸形供肾的修整采取截取受者同侧髂内动脉的方法，依据供肾动脉的分支数而保留髂内动脉的分支数；在体外将供肾动脉各分支与髂内动脉大分支的开口进行端端吻合，然后将髂内动脉主干与受者髂外动脉行端侧吻合。将肾动脉重建后的供肾应用于双侧肾动脉瘤患者的自体肾移植术1例、亲属活体供肾肾移植术3例和尸体肾移植术1例。结果术后5例受者均未发生外科并发症。1例术后发生短暂的急性。肾小管坏死，但48h后进人多尿期，肾功能恢复顺利。术后随访10-36个月，受者移植。肾功能全部正常，肾动脉及分支未发生血栓或闭塞。结论采用受者的髂内动脉体外重建供。肾动脉的方法，可有效修复肾动脉3支以上以及。肾动脉过短的供肾，是一种安全可行的血管重建的方法，血管并发症较低，可有效应用于肾移植。     

活体肾移植血管重建69例临床分析

目的 介绍活体肾移植血管重建的临床经验.方法 自2005年12月至2008年11月共行活体肾移植69例,供者手术均采用十一肋间小切口开放手术.58例单支肾动脉除2例外均采用肾动脉与髂外动脉端侧吻合重建血管,用4 mm打孔器作髂外动脉开口;6例副肾动脉分别采用原位（肾下极副肾动脉）或离体腹壁下动脉（肾上极副肾动脉）重建血管;3例双支肾动脉根据两支动脉口径不同采用不同方法重建血管;2例3支肾动脉采用受者离体髂内动脉重建血管.结扎多支肾静脉中较小的肾静脉只吻合其较大的主干,当两支肾静脉口径相近时,则将其整形为一个开口后吻合.结果 所有血管吻合均一次完成,开放血流时吻合口均通畅;所有供者和受者术后均恢复顺利,受者未发生血管重建相关并发症;随访1个月～3年,供受者均存活, 受者除1例血肌酐250～300 μmol/L外,68例血肌酐维持在70～150 μmol/L.结论 该活体肾移植血管重建方式安全、实用、操作方便,多支供肾动脉及多支供肾静脉均能较好重建,移植肾功能良好.     

活体肾移植供肾多支血管处理的体会

目的探讨活体肾移植供肾多支血管的处理及重建方法。方法 49例供体,供肾有多支动脉变异45例,有多支静脉变异7例,其中3例为肾动脉、静脉同时多支血管变异。供肾切取术中,对于供血面积直径小于3cm且影响操作的分支动脉,术中即予结扎、离断;多支静脉,如直径为主干的1/3以下且试夹闭该静脉未发现明显淤血等血液回流障碍者,给予结扎、离断。5例采用体外血管重建。受体肾移植术中根据分支动脉管径、长度及位置及受者髂动脉和腹壁下动脉的情况等综合条件来选择受者相应的动脉吻合。结果 48例动脉分支吻合者在开放血流后搏动良好、吻合口通畅,术后1～7d内肾功能恢复正常、术后1～2周彩色多普勒超声检查,提示该分支动脉供血区域丰富。肾静脉分支结扎者未发现淤血现象。1例高龄供肾者发生肾功能延迟恢复。术后无出血、肾动脉栓塞、尿瘘、输尿管坏死和新发高血压等并发症。结论正确处理移植肾多支血管变异,可获得良好移植效果。     

肾移植术中供肾变异血管的处理

为了提高供肾的质量和利用率，对１２８例供肾变异血管的处理进行了总结。１２８例中９９例为双支肾动脉，２２例为３支肾动脉，１例为４支肾动脉。术中采用Ｃａｒｅｌ片与髂外动脉或髂内动脉行端侧吻合，在低温条件下，将变异肾动脉行裤叉端侧或二者兼之的吻合方式修复成单一动脉与髂内动脉吻合，或将变异动脉分别与髂内动脉及其分支吻合等方法处理。一年肾存活率为７３．４３％，与无血管变异供肾移植一年存活率７８．８１％比较无显著性差异。认为，修肾时正确处理供肾变异血管可缩短温缺血时间，保证供肾血供，减少血管并发症和促进肾功能恢复     

门静脉回流式肠道引流的同侧胰肾联合移植术四例

目的 改进门静脉回流式肠道引流的胰肾同侧联合移植术的动脉重建方法.方法 供者采用肝胰肾脾联合切取法,并切取供者髂血管备用.修整供者器官时,将肝总动脉与胃十二指肠动脉端端吻合,以重建胰十二指肠动脉弓;将髂总静脉与门静脉端端吻合,以延长门静脉1～2 cm;将髂外动脉与肠系膜上动脉和腹腔干共同的腹主动脉袖片行端端吻合,备用.胰腺移植时,将供者延长后的门静脉与受者肠系膜上静脉行端侧吻合,将供者髂总动脉及髂内动脉经末端同肠系膜打孔穿出后,供者髂总动脉与受者髂外动脉行端侧吻合,供者髂内动脉用血管夹暂时夹闭,准备与供肾动脉吻合.供者十二指肠与受者空肠用吻合器行侧侧吻合.肾移植时,将供肾静脉与受者髂外静脉行端侧吻合,肾动脉与夹闭备用的供者髂内动脉行端端吻合,开放肾血流后,将移植肾经切口置于右下腹部侧腹膜外同定,并在腹膜外吻合输尿管与膀胱.结果 除1例术后第50天时因腹腔感染导致多器官功能衰竭而死亡外,其他3例术后均恢复顺利.术后对3例存活患者随访了24～27个月,患者移植物功能良好,完全停用胰岛素,血清肌酐为72.5～119.7μmol/L.结论 门静脉回流式肠道引流的胰肾同侧联合移植术较传统术式操作简单,而十二指肠动脉弓的重建改善了胰腺及十二指肠的血液供应.术中利用供者髂总动脉搭桥,将供肾动脉吻合到供者髂内动脉的术式可以减少在受者严重钙化的周围血管上的操作次数,同时为患者保留了左侧髂动脉.     

肾移植中供受者血管变异的处理

在肾移植中,常会遇到供受者动脉病变及多支血管变异,如处理不当,常导致移植肾失败或肾功能不全.本院共施行肾移植350例,其中受者髂内动脉严重粥样斑块硬化、管腔接近闭塞者30例,供肾多支动脉变异36例,供肾动脉与髂内动脉管径悬殊较大8例,均作了合理的处理.术后移植肾血供良好,1年后随访,吻合血管通畅,肾功能正常,现将其处理经验介绍如下.1 处理方法1.1 髂内动脉严重粥样斑块硬化的处理髂内动脉管腔很小,接近闭塞.这种髂内动脉如与肾动脉吻合,开放血流后移植肾常供血不足,肾色虽鲜艳,但充盈张力差,术后常发生急性肾衰及无尿,导致肾移植失败.对此,我们有沉痛的失败教训.后来我们对25例粥样斑块硬化患者采取髂内动脉斑块切除,然后与肾动脉作端端吻合,开放血流后移植肾充盈张力良好.对5例斑块不能切除者,采取肾动脉与髂外动脉端侧吻合,同样取得良好效果.术后随访1年,肾功能正常,肾动脉无血管杂音,B超、彩色多普勒血流图、肾动脉造影(部分患者)未发现异常变化.     

亲属活体肾移植供肾多支动脉变异的血管重建

目的多支动脉供肾是亲属活体供肾移植手术的难点，探讨多支动脉供肾手术中的血管重建方法。方法2006年4月-2008年3月，实施亲属活体肾移植77例，其中单支动脉型供肾组63例，多支动脉型供肾组14例。14例多支动脉型供肾，左肾9例，右肾5例，其中2支动脉变异者11例，3支动脉变异者3例。所有供、受者手术前常规行淋巴细胞毒交叉试验、人类白细胞抗原配型等检查。供者取肾手术采取经12肋腰部切口取肾，对多支动脉型右侧供肾，采取在腔静脉后方游离肾动脉。受者植肾手术采取经典的下腹部大L型切口将移植肾置于髂窝内。多支动脉型供肾组移植肾动脉采取分别与髂内动脉和／或髂外动脉吻合。结果多支动脉型供肾组14例供肾者术中均未输血，术后7～9d出院，无任何并发症。随访3个月～1年，肾功能、血压及尿常规完全正常。术后受者均无急性肾小管坏死、肾血管栓塞、肾动脉狭窄、尿瘘、输尿管坏死等并发症，彩色超声检查示移植肾血供均良好。与单支动脉供肾组比较，多支动脉型供肾组受者吻合血管开放后开始泌尿时间、术后第1周的平均血肌酐、平均动脉压、住院时间差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论正确处理活体供肾多支动脉是活体肾移植安全的保证。     

马蹄形供肾肾移植术二例报告

20 0 1年 4月我们利用一个马蹄形供肾为 2例尿毒症患者行肾移植术 ,现报告如下。例 1,男 ,4 3岁。 1987年因慢性肾小球肾炎、尿毒症行第 1次肾移植术 ,1999年因移植肾慢性排斥恢复腹膜透析。 2 0 0 1年 4月 2 0日行第 2次肾移植术 ,术前群体反应抗体 (PRA) 14 .3%。术中将马蹄形肾从峡部分开后 ,右侧供肾动脉与受者髂内动脉端端吻合 ,供肾下极异位动脉与受者腹壁下动脉端端吻合 ,供肾静脉与受者髂外静脉端侧吻合 ,供肾输尿管与受者膀胱隧道式吻合。术后尿量约 5 0 0 0ml/d ,术后第 6天肾功能恢复正常。目前患者肾功能良好 ,作者单位 :5 10…     

移植肾动脉吻合口狭窄的再手术治疗二例

例1为男性，40岁。因慢性肾小球肾炎、尿毒症接受肾移植术。供肾血管无畸形，动、静脉各一支，动脉直径约5mm，静脉出口直径约15mm。供肾动脉与受者的髂内动脉行端端吻合，供肾静脉与受者的髂外静脉行端侧吻合，受者的髂内动脉直径约6mm。恢复循环后．移植肾迅速红润，张力、色泽良好，1min后即有尿液泌出。但术后尿量少，血尿素氮（BUN）为37．5mmol／L，肌酐（Cr）为1177μmol／L。术后第2d移植肾B型超声波检查提示移植肾图象异常，移植肾内血流速度明显减低，     

活体肝移植中变异供肝动脉的修整及重建

目的 总结活体肝移植中变异供肝动脉的修整和重建经验。方法 回顾分析自2006年9月至2010年5月间73例成人活体肝移植的临床资料,术前对供肝进行了充分的影像学评估,其中涉及供肝动脉较复杂变异者13例(17.8％),包括9例异位或副肝右动脉起自肠系膜上动脉(SMA),2例副肝右动脉发自腹腔干及2例肝动脉存在交通支。术中对这13例变异供肝动脉采用显微外科技术进行了修整和重建。结果 9例异位或副肝右动脉起自SMA者中,3例采用副肝右动脉与胆囊动脉行端侧吻合的方式成形,然后与受者的肝固有动脉或肝右动脉行端端吻合,另6例异位肝右动脉与受者肝右动脉或肝固有动脉行端端吻合;2例副肝右动脉起自腹腔干者,将供肝右动脉和副肝右动脉分别与受者肝右动脉和肝左动脉吻合重建;2例供肝动脉存在交通支者及1例双供肝移植者均予以双支动脉重建。另外,供、受者肝动脉内径不匹配者,采用供肝副肝右动脉与受者肝固有动脉行端侧吻合。所有血管均一次吻合成功,围手术期经密切监测动脉血流及给予相应抗凝治疗,术后长期随访中,所有受者均未发生肝动脉血栓形成及动脉狭窄等并发症。结论 根据动脉变异的不同,采用显微外科技术进行不同方式的修整,效果良好,其对预防活体肝移植后动脉血栓形成等并发症以及扩大活体供者范围具有重要意义。     

腹直肌肌皮瓣的动脉分布及其在乳房再造中的意义

目的 探讨腹直肌肌皮瓣与血供的关系,为肌皮瓣的再划分及乳房再造提供理论基础.方法 用大体解剖、血管X线造影方法对60侧尸体腹直肌进行观测.结果 腹壁上动脉(superiorepigastric artery,SEA)和腹壁下动脉(inferior epigastrie artery,IEA)在腹直肌内,纵行于肌后方,根据X线造影所见其终末分支多呈螺旋状,在脐上方互相吻合,穿支到达腹直肌表面皮肤.其中腹壁下动脉在脐周围发出的穿支较粗,较腹壁上动脉在肌皮瓣分布较广.在肌内的动脉分支分布可分为3种类型:Ⅰ支型(SEA 26.5%,IEA 34.6%)在X线造影显示肌内有1条动脉主干.Ⅱ支型(SEA64.7%,IEA 48.1%)在肌内有2条主要分支.Ⅲ支型(SEA 8.8%,IEA 17.3%)在肌内显示3条主要分支.根据解剖学研究提示,SEA、IEA在腹直肌内多数分为2支或2支以上主要分支(SEA73.5%,IEA 65.4%).结论 腹直肌肌皮瓣按其动脉分支特点可分为几个部分,为部分分离转移,保持肌功能提供血管解剖基础.     

Transplantation of the kidney with numerous arteries from a living relative-donor

Among 99 operations for transplantation of a kidney from a living kindred donor 6 were carried out with the use of kidneys which had many arteries. Five patients received a kidney with 2 arteries, and one patient, a kidney with 3 arteries. The donors were: a mother (1), a father (2), a sister (2), a brother (1). The left kidney was transplanted in all cases. In 5 patients kidney implantation was preceded by extracorporeal reconstruction on the arteries of the kidney (accessory arteries were anastomosed end-to-side with the main trunk of the renal artery) carried out under conditions of cold storage. In one female patient first the kidney was implanted by the standard method whereas the artery of the lower pole was anastomosed end-to-end with the inferior epigastric artery by means of microsurgical techniques. The transplants functioned well from the first day after the operation in all patients. In one patient the transplant was rejected 2 years and 7 months after the operation. The others function satisfactorily. The longest follow-up period is 5 years and 8 months, the shortest, 9 months. It is concluded that transplantation of a kidney with numerous arteries from a living kindred donor is an effective method for the treatment of patients suffering from the terminal stage of chronic renal insufficiency.     

Staged reconstruction for middle aortic syndrome

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Middle aortic syndrome is a rare condition that involves narrowing of the abdominal aorta and its visceral branches. The authors propose staged vascular repair to minimize renal ischemia and facilitate use of native arterial tissue for reconstruction. METHODS: Three adolescents (age 8(1/2), 12(1/2), 13(1/2)) presented with severe hypertension. Subsequent evaluation showed coarctation of the abdominal aorta extending above the celiac axis. All 3 patients had bilateral renal artery stenoses. There also were tight stenoses of the celiac or superior mesenteric arteries. In the first stage the right renal artery stenosis was relieved. In the youngest patient, this was accomplished by balloon angioplasty. However, in the other 2, right renal autotransplantation was performed to the right iliac vessels using end-to-side anastomoses of the renal artery and vein. Cold perfusion was used. The second stage was performed 2 to 5 months later via a thoracoabdominal approach in 2 patients. A Dacron tube graft was utilized from above the coarctation to the iliac bifurcation. The left renal arteries were detached and anastomosed end to side to the bypass graft. In 1 child there were actually 3 separate renal arteries that required reimplantation. In the youngest patient the aortic narrowing was relieved by a long Dacron patch aortoplasty and interposition of an internal iliac artery graft to the left renal artery. RESULTS: All 3 patients recovered well and returned to full activities. There was no measurable rise of BUN or serum creatinine postoperatively. Postoperative renal scans showed good renal perfusion bilaterally. Follow-up results 2 to 10 years later continue to show well functioning reconstructions. CONCLUSION: A staged approach is an effective reconstruction for children with middle aortic syndrome which minimizes risk to renal function.     

The Arterial Anastomosis Between Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery and Small Polar Renal Artery in Kidney Transplantation: A Case Report

The presence of multiple renal arteries is the most common form of vascular anomalies found in donor kidneys. In rare cases, small renal polar arteries may be found. They can be anastomosed with deep inferior epigastric arteries, resulting in vascular augmentation of transplanted kidneys and contributing to better graft function. Renal perfusion may be increased via 2 types of vascular reconstruction known as “turbocharging” and “supercharging”. Turbocharging uses vascular sources within the same organ area, whereas supercharging uses distant vascular sources. Using additional vessels can either complicate the surgery or, contradictorily, ease the way of procedure. This case study presents a kidney transplant during which arterial anastomosis between deep inferior epigastric artery and small polar renal artery was performed.     

Use of inferior epigastric artery for extracorporeal microvascular branch renal artery reconstruction

The inferior epigastric artery provides an excellent free graft for repairing complex intrarenal vascular lesions involving small peripheral arterial branches. Two patients are presented in whom extracorporeal microvascular branch renal artery reconstruction was achieved with a simple or branched graft of the inferior epigastric artery.     

Angioplasty and angiorrhaphy efficiency in renal transplantation scenarios with multiple arteries and veins

ObjectiveTo evaluate post-transplant renal perfusion and vascular complications of renal transplantation in patients with the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) operated in the presence of multiple blood vessels at Viet Duc University Hospital.MethodsA non-controlled interventional study was performed prospectively and retrospectively between January 2012 and June 2018. The study sample includes 84 patients who underwent live donor renal transplantation in the presence of multiple arteries (RAs) and veins (RVs) at Viet Duc Hospital. The surgical procedure comprised of end-to-side anastomosis to the recipient's external iliac artery/vein, gun barrel anastomosis of two RAs/RVs, anastomosis of the small RA/RV to the main RA/RV, anastomosis of the polar artery to the inferior epigastric artery, small artery constriction, and their combinations.ResultsOn clamp removal, 94% of the transplanted kidneys were solid and evenly pink, 3.6% had bruises due to small artery constriction, 1.2% were poorly perfused due to vasoconstriction, and 1.2% had renal artery branches occluded by blood clots and required anastomosis re-opening. All kidneys began to produce urine on the operating table.ConclusionA high success rate of renal transplantation in the presence of multiple blood vessels requires that surgeons have sufficient experience and use a combination of angioplasty and angiorrhaphy techniques.     

亲属活体供肾移植中副肾动脉的重建

目的 探讨亲属活体供肾移植中利用受者腹壁下动脉(IEA)重建供肾副肾动脉(ARA)的临床效果.方法 存在ARA的亲属活体供肾16个,其中单支型15个,多支型1个.5个供肾的ARA位于上极,1个位于中部,9个位于下极,1个供肾的中部和下极各有一支ARA,其开口直径为1.5～3.5 mm.供肾热缺血时间为1～6.5 min,冷缺血时间为15 90 min.除多支型1例的中部ARA与肾动脉主干行端侧吻合外,其余16支ARA均与受者的IEA重建.ARA位于上极的5个供肾中,3个由于ARA过短,而供肾因为输尿管原因又不适于颠倒以与IEA重建,遂切取一段长3～6cm的供者生殖腺静脉,对ARA进行延长,再将ARA与IEA进行重建.术后采用多普勒超声检查移植肾血流,监测血清肌酐(Cr).结果 所有IEA与ARA的吻合均一次完成,吻合时间为(4.9±1.4)min,开放IEA后,见IEA和ARA均搏动良好,吻合口通畅.仅2例术中发生吻合口漏血,经热盐水纱布轻压局部2～3 min后出血停止.术后第3天,多普勒超声检查显示,16例移植肾的ARA供血区域血流丰富,局部动脉阻力指数正常(<0.7).所有肾脏均在恢复血液供应后10 min内开始泌尿,术后血清Cr均迅速下降至正常.16例未发现下肢血管并发症的发生.术后随访6个月,未见局部动脉栓塞,也无输尿管坏死发生.结论 对于存在ARA的供肾,可利用受者的IEA进行重建,此术式适用于ARA与肾动脉主干或其他动脉吻合存在困难者.     

小鼠移植肾再次移植动物模型的建立

目的探讨小鼠移植肾再次移植动物模型建立方法。方法将首次移植供体小鼠左侧供肾肾静脉(RV)同首次移植受体小鼠肾下下腔静脉(IVC)端侧连续吻合,首次移植供体小鼠左侧供肾肾动脉(RA)连带小段首次移植供体小鼠腹主动脉(AO)同首次移植受体小鼠AO端侧间断吻合,首次移植供体小鼠左侧供肾输尿管拖入并固定在首次移植受体小鼠膀胱顶后壁完成小鼠首次肾移植术。首次移植术后2~4周,将首次移植受体小鼠体内移植肾脏RV连带部分首次移植受体IVC同移植肾再次移植受体小鼠IVC端侧连续吻合,移植肾脏RA连带小段首次移植供体和受体小鼠AO同移植肾脏再次移植受体小鼠AO端侧间断吻合,将再次移植肾输尿管拖入并固定在再次移植受体小鼠膀胱顶后壁完成小鼠移植肾再次肾移植术。首次移植和移植肾再次移植术中均切除受体双侧自体肾脏。记录手术时间,随访移植肾再次移植受体存活,监测再次移植肾功能和病理。结果移植肾再次移植供体手术时间为(50±10)min,受体手术时间为(55±5)min。共完成8例小鼠移植肾再次移植术。2例同系,6例非同系。第1例尝试性非同系移植肾再次移植受体存活11 d。后续5例非同系移植肾再次移植受体中1例存活21 d,其余4例均存活到术后70 d获取标本。2例同系移植肾再次移植受体均存活到术后30 d获取标本。8例移植肾再次移植受体在获取标本时或非预期死亡前血清肌酐均<0.2 mg/dl。苏木精-伊红(HE)染色提示同系移植肾再次移植术后30 d移植肾未见病理性改变。结论本文描述了建立小鼠移植肾再次移植动物模型的方法,为开展移植免疫相关研究提供了新手段。     

Clinical outcome of the coronary arterial bypass graft with inferior epigastric artery as a composite graft

Based on a good long-patency of the internal thoracic arteries (ITA) in coronary arterial bypass graft (CABG), the postoperative early patency of the inferior epigastric artery (IEA) was evaluated by means of the proximal anastomosed types as a composite graft. Among patients performed with CABG during October in 1998 to June, 2000, 39 cases with the IEA composite graft were studied for this clinical outcome (31 males and 8 females, the averaged age was 66.4 +/- 8.0 year old). The preoperative diagnosis were done as acute myocardial infarction (4), old myocardial infarction with angina pectoris (8), effort angina (12), and unstable angina (15). The coronary disease was left main trunk disease (8), 3 vessels (22), and 2 vessels (9). The operation was performed with cold blood-cardioplegia (20 degrees C, blood-GIK liquor used) on cardiopulmonary bypass with a single atrial and aortic cannulation. The averaged extracorporeal circulation time and the aortic clamping one were done for 169 and 131 min, respectively. The bypass number was double (n = 5), triple (n = 10), quadruple (n = 16), and quintuple (n = 8). Total bypass number was 150 (the averaged bypass number was 3.7 +/- 0.9), and total anastomosal number was 145. The postoperative early-patency of IEA was 94.9% (37/39). The proximal sites of IEA were anastomozed to ITA with I-shaped end-to-end (n = 15), to ITA with Y-shaped end-to-side (n = 5), and to SVG with Y-shaped end-to-side (n = 19). Compared with the postoperative early-patency of I-shaped anastomosis to ITA and that of Y-shaped one to ITA or SVG, there was no significance among these cases (100%, 15/15 versus 91.7%, 22/24, p = 0.6738), however, that of Y-shaped one to ITA was significantly better than that of Y-shaped one to SVG (60%, 3/5 versus 100%, 19/19, p = 0.0488). It should be available for spreading of the anastomotic objective vessels that the IEA as a composite graft was used with the proximal site anastomozed to ITA by I-shaped end-to-end and with to SVG by Y-shaped end-to-side, which clinical outcome would sufficiently benefit to the patients.     

Vascular anastomosis and two-stage reconstruction of the gut in a living-related small bowel transplant recipient: a case report

AIM: We sought to discuss vascular anastomosis and gut reconstruction in a living-related small bowel transplantation recipient. METHODS: Living-related small bowel transplantation was performed successfully on a boy with short gut syndrome in two stages. In the first stage, 120 cm, of his mother's ileum was implanted into the recipient with the artery and vein anastomosed to the recipient's sigmoid artery and inferior mesenteric vein, respectively. The two ends of the implanted intestine were constructed as stomas. In the second stage, reconstruction of the continuity of the digestive tract was performed at 188 days after the initial transplantation. The residual small bowel was transected and both ends were anastomosed to the proximal and distal end of the graft in end-to-side fashion. The stomas were closed 30 and 43 days later. RESULTS: Both procedures were successful. Postoperative cytomegalovirus infection and acute rejection occurred successively and were controlled. No leakage of the reconstructed gut or other complications developed after the second procedure. The recipient is alive at 15 months with 8 kg an increase in weight. He is caring for himself independently and has a half-liquid diet, sometimes supplied with auxiliary enteral nutrition. A d-xylose test increased from 4.25% to 25% after the small bowel transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular anastomoses should be performed according to the state of graft and the recipient. The portal route is the first choice when possible. A two-stage gut reconstruction could decrease the incidence of complications, and offer a useful method in living-related small bowel transplantation.