多齿络合法分离锂同位素的冠醚化学

锂的两种天然同位素锂-6和锂-7在核能工业中具有重要的作用.在众多锂同位素的分离方法和体系中,多齿络合法普遍具有较高的同位素分离系数.冠醚由于其对金属阳离子具有较强的选择性络合能力,被认为是多齿络合法分离锂同位素最有效的萃取剂.综述了冠醚及冠醚树脂在多齿络合法分离锂同位素中的应用,并简述新型金属冠醚与金属离子络合的进展,展望其在锂同位素分离中的潜在应用前景.     

高氯酸锂与4-叔丁基苯并-15-冠-5配合物的远红外位移

冠醚化合物对金属离子具有特定的络合作用 [1,2 ] .在冠醚萃取分离锂同位素过程中 ,4-叔丁基苯并 -1 5 -冠 -5 (4 -t-BB1 5 C5 )是锂同位素效应较大且最接近实用的多醚之一 .它容易合成[3] ,而且已有若干萃取研究[4～ 6 ] .本文合成了高氯酸锂与 4-叔丁基苯并 -1 5 -冠 -5配合物 ,测定了若干表征值和远红外位移 ,并根据已有的理论框架[7] 算得配合物的相对约化配分函数比 [(s/s′) f ]org和碘苯 -水溶液两相平衡过程中锂同位素分离系数 α.为在冠醚体系的锂同位素分离研究中应用红外光谱取代质谱 ,直接测定和计算(1 +εp)值提供了可能性 .…     

锂同位素分离

锂的同位素在核能源中具有重要应用,锂同位素分离近年受到世界各国政府和学术界的高度重视,开展了大量的理论与应用研究工作,并在许多领域,尤其是非汞萃取体系取得了很大的进展。本文对目前主要的锂同位素分离方法如锂汞齐法、萃取法、离子交换色谱法等进行了较为系统的总结、归类及评述。     

冠醚分离锂同位素中冠醚的近红外分析

将近红外光谱法(NIR)和偏最小二乘法(PLS)相结合，建立了冠醚分离锂同位素中冠醚含量的分析方法，研究了锂、钠、钾离子的存在对冠醚测定的影响，并研究了不同离子液体对校正模型的影响。该方法的测定范围为0.1～1.2 mol/L,加入校正样品后，可扩大测定范围。冠醚分离锂同位素实验样品分析结果和设计值较吻合，加标回收率为105%～108%。所建立的方法为锂同位素分离工艺中冠醚的快速分析提供了一种新方法。     

苯并15-冠-5接枝聚乙烯醇制备优化及其锂同位素分离效应研究

以4-甲酰基苯并15-冠-5(FB15C5)和聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料,通过缩醛化反应制备苯并15-冠-5接枝聚乙烯醇(PVA-g-FB15C5),采用单因素实验考察了其冠醚用量、催化剂用量及PVA浓度等对冠醚固载量的影响规律,并利用响应面分析法对合成条件进行了优化.结果表明,在冠醚用量为0.79 g、催化剂用量为0.51 g、PVA浓度为3.7×104mg/L条件下,冠醚固载量达到2.11 mmol/g.在固-液萃取锂同位素分离过程中,当萃取温度为20℃,锂盐为Li Br时,其分离因子高达1.039.此外,重同位素7Li富集于固相,轻同位素6Li富集于液相.     

苯并15-冠-5醚接枝壳聚糖薄膜分离锂同位素性能研究

以壳聚糖与4'-甲酰基苯并-15-冠-5醚为原料,通过希夫碱反应制备了苯并-15-冠-5醚接枝壳聚糖薄膜,采用固-液萃取法研究薄膜吸附锂离子动力学和热力学行为,及其锂同位素吸附分离性能.结果表明:冠醚接枝壳聚糖薄膜对锂离子的吸附过程更加适合于准二级动力学方程和Langmuir吸附等温模型,薄膜对锂离子的吸附是一个由化学吸附控制的单层表面吸附,是一个自发进行的放热过程.此外以水-碘化锂/冠醚接枝壳聚糖薄膜(冠醚固载量为2.98 mmol/g)作为萃取体系,其单级分离因子高达1.053(10oC).且轻同位素6Li富集于薄膜相,重同位素7Li富集于液相.     

锂盐阴离子和不同侧基的15-冠-5系冠醚对锂盐/冠醚固态配合物远红外位移的影响

按文献的方法研究了锂盐阴离子和不同侧基的15-冠-5系冠醚对四种锂盐/冠醚固态配合物远红外位移的影响.     

基于密度泛函理论研究锂-冠醚复合物的结构和热力学参数

冠醚对碱金属离子具有高选择性,在锂元素的分离富集上有着广泛的应用。本文基于密度泛函理论（DFT）研究了冠醚环大小、取代基种类、配位原子种类和数量等因素对冠醚空间结构和热力学参数的影响。结果表明,苯并冠醚系列中的苯并-15-冠-5具有更好的配位能力,取代基、配位原子对冠醚的络合能力均有一定影响,因此可通过选择合适的冠醚环,引入供电子基团和含氮杂原子等方法来改善冠醚的分离富集能力。这对冠醚体系分离富集锂元素具有重要的指导意义。     

我国的开链冠醚研究概况

冠醚及其与减金属、碱士金属等离子选择络合性能一公布,立即引起了世界各国学者的极大兴趣,其研究已涉及化学、生物学、原子能等广泛的领域.特别是得悉美国用含氮冠醚(穴醚)分离锂同位素的分离因数     

地质样品铁同位素自动固相萃取系统研究

研发了一种自动固相萃取系统,用于分离地质样品中铁同位素。系统有4个并行通道,可以一次处理4个样品。对于这4个样品,一次处理过程仅需24 min。选用AG1-X8阴离子交换树脂对花岗岩样品(GBW07103)中的铁进行萃取。在萃取过程中,当盐酸浓度大于6 mol/L时,铁形成络阴离子并被吸附在AG1-X8阴离子交换树脂上,其余阳离子被洗脱出来。用浓度为8 mol/L的HNO 3和H 2O洗脱铁,铁的洗脱体积为4 mL,铁可以被定量回收,回收率达到96.0%~107%。消除了测试过程中的基体影响,提高了样品处理效率,减少了人为污染风险,是一个多元化样品处理工具。     

Scandium Extraction with Benzo-15-crown-5 from Neutral Nitrate–Trichloroacetate Solutions

A systematic study for scandium extraction with benzo-15-crown-5 in chloroform from trichloroacetate solutions has been performed. The presence of free trichloroacetic acid in extraction system has been found to prevent scandium transfer into organic phase. Scandium is extracted from neutral trichloroacetate solutions as partially hydrolyzed trichloroacetate complexes, the extracted compound includes two crown ether molecules. The presence of nitrate anions has no effect on scandium distribution ratios and nitrate anion is not involved in extracted compound composition. Optimal process conditions for selective scandium recovery from concentrated solutions of rare-earth nitrates in the presence of lithium trichloroacetate with high separation factors (>100) on the use of B15C5 as extractant have been determined.     

Lithium isotope effects in extraction of lithium chloride by benzo-15-crown-5 in the 1,1,7-trihydrododecafluoroheptanol–water system

The extraction characteristics of the 1,1,7-trihydrododecafluoroheptanol water system have been studied for lithium chloride as the salt to be extracted and benzo-15-crown-5 as the extracting agent, as well as blank extraction of lithium chloride in this system. Single-stage lithium isotope separation factors (a) have been measured at various lithium chloride concentrations in water, and the isotope effect has been multiplied by extraction chromatography. The value of a for the Li⁶–Li⁷ pair was 1.024. The light lithium isotope is concentrated in the organic phase.     

Study of isotope effect upon lithium iodide complexation with benzo-15-crown-5 in water–chloroform extraction system

Extraction characteristics of chloroform–water system in lithium iodide extraction with benzo-15-crown-5 (B15C5) were studied. The complexation of the crown ether with LiI in organic phase was shown by IR spectroscopy. Isotope effect multiplication was performed by extraction chromatography technique. The magnitude of isotope separation factor (α) for ⁶Li-⁷Li pair was 1.017. The light lithium isotope is concentrated in organic phase.     

Accurate and precise lithium isotopic determinations of igneous rock samples using multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

A second-generation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) was applied to lithium isotopic measurements. The high sensitivity of the ICP-MS enabled high precision (±0.82‰, 2σ) analyses with small amount of Li (∼45 ng Li). A single-step column separation protocol was established with which rapid purification of lithium from rock solutions can be carried out with reduced blank (<10 pg). The influence of potential sources of error for acquisition of lithium isotopic data introduced during the separation, such as matrix effects and isotopic fractionation due to incomplete recovery, were examined with an artificially mixed solution of a composition similar to that of basalt, which was doped with Li isotopic standard reagent. The examinations demonstrated that our protocol suffered from negligible isotopic fractionation.The Li isotopic ratios obtained by our method for seawater and standard rocks (JA-1, JB-2, and JB-3) agree well with those of previously reported data by Moriguti and Nakamura [1] and [2], which were determined using a four-step column separation method and thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (TIMS). Our separation protocol combined with a sensitive MC-ICP-MS will enable Li isotopic analyses on silicate rock with low Li contents, such as meteorite and peridotites with increased sample throughput.     

Calculation of lithium isotope effects in extraction systems with crown ethers

Complexes of lithium salts with benzo-15-crown-5 and its derivatives have been prepared. Their structure has been established by X-ray diffraction analysis. On the basis of obtained data, the dependence of partition function ratios for isotopic forms (β factors) of these compounds on the type of extracted salt anion and other factors has been analyzed. Taking into account previously calculated value of β factor for aqua complex of lithium ion, single isotope extraction separation factors (α) for Li⁶–Li⁷ pair have been determined. Quantum chemical calculations for vibrational frequencies of isotope forms of complexes with crown ethers have been performed with the aid of Firefly (PC GAMESS) software. Lithium cation complexes with crown ethers have been calculated using RHF/6-311++G** basis set. Isotope extraction separation factors have been shown to be independent of lithium ion concentration in aqueous phase and the type of extracted salt anion but depend only on the type and size of crown ether ring.     

Boron Separation by the Two—step Ion—Exchange for the Isotopic Measurement of Boron

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The preparation of precisely defined lithium isotope mixtures

The need for accurate (< 0.06%) isotopic blends of ⁶Liand ⁷Li is explained and their preparation is discussed. It is shown that lithium must be determined at an accuracy level better than 0.035%. Four methods — acid-base titration with hydrochloric acid or benzoic acid, and weighing as sulphate or carbonate — were tested and improved for the precise and accurate analysis of lithium hydroxide solutions. The results of these four methods for a 0.1 M solution agreed within ± 0.02%. The preparation of pure isotopically enriched lithium hydroxide solutions, with specially purified cation- and anion-exchangers, is described. The prepared products contain as little as 100 μg of other alkali metals and 50 μg of alkaline-earth metals per gram of lithium, and are sufficiently free of anions to permit accurate chemical assay of lithium. No changes in the isotopic compositions of 99% ⁶Li or 99.99% ⁷Li were detected during the treatment.     

强碱阴离子交换树脂及碱性洗脱剂的离子排阻/阴离子交换色谱法同时测定NH4+ ，NO2-和NO3-（英文）

Ion-exclusion/anion-exchange chromatography(IEC/AEC) on a combination of a strongly basic anion-exchange resin in the OH——form with basic eluent has been developed.The separation mechanism is based on the ion-exclusion/penetration effect for cations and the anion-exchange effect for anions to anion-exchange resin phase.This system is useful for simultaneous separation and determination of ammonium ion(NH+4),nitrite ion(NO-2),and nitrate ion(NO-3) in water samples.The resolution of analyte ions can be manipulated by changing the concentration of base in eluent on a polystyrene-divinylbenzene based strongly basic anion-exchange resin column.In this study,several separation columns,which consisted of different particle sizes,different functional groups and different anion-exchange capacities,were compared.As the results,the separation column with the smaller anion-exchange capacity(TSKgel Super IC-Anion) showed well-resolved separation of cations and anions.In the optimization of the basic eluent,lithium hydroxide(LiOH) was used as the eluent and the optimal concentration was concluded to be 2 mmol/L,considering the resolution of analyte ions and the whole retention times.In the optimal conditions,the relative standard deviations of the peak areas and the retention times of NH+4,NO-2,and NO-3 ranged 1.28%-3.57% and 0.54%-1.55%,respectively.The limits of detection at signal-to-noise of 3 were 4.10 μmol/L for NH+4,1.87 μmol/L for NO-2 and 2.83 μmol/L for NO-3.     

A New Perspective on Borane Chemistry: The Nucleophilicity of the B−H Bonding Pair Electrons

A number of recently discovered nucleophilic boron compounds, such as boryl anions and borylenes, are breaking the rules regarding boron and boron‐containing compounds and their reputation as Lewis acids/electrophiles. In a similar fashion, the B?H bonding pair electrons in boranes also show nucleophilicity which is ascribed to the lower electronegativity of boron relative to that of hydrogen. However, this nucleophilicity of the B?H bond has received far less attention. Explorations of the nucleophilicity of the B?H bonding pair electrons have led to the formation of B?H?B bonded units and B?H???H?Y dihydrogen bonds, based on which new chemistry has been uncovered, including the elucidation of the mechanism of formation of aminodiborane (ADB), the diammoniate of diborane (DADB), and lithium or sodium salts of octahydrotriborates (B₃H₈^?), as well as the development of more convenient and straightforward synthetic routes to these reagents. Moreover, the recognition of the nucleophilic properties of the B?H bonding pair electrons will also help to more deeply understand the different mechanisms operating in hydroboration reactions.