纺锤菌素抑制胃癌细胞的侵袭和转移

目的探讨纺锤菌素(netropsin)对胃癌细胞侵袭和转移能力的影响及其分子机制。方法用Transwell检测胃癌细胞侵袭和转移能力,用Western blot检测EMT相关标志物E-cadherin和vimentin表达,用免疫荧光检测β-catenin的细胞定位,验证netropsin作用前后Wnt/β-catenin信号通路活性。结果 Netropsin浓度25μmol/L时对MKN28细胞增殖有抑制作用,netropsin可以降低上皮标志物E-cadherin的表达,上调间质标志物vimentin的表达;netropsin可以通过抑制胃癌细胞的EMT,降低胃癌细胞侵袭和转移能力(P0.05),同时可阻止β-catenin进入细胞核。结论 Netropsin可以通过与HMGA2竞争结合转录因子结合位点抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,降低胃癌细胞EMT的发生,从而抑制胃癌细胞侵袭能力。     

SCUBE2过表达通过Wnt/β-catenin抑制结直肠癌细胞上皮-间质转化

目的:研究信号肽-CUB-EGF结构域蛋白2(SCUBE2)对结直肠癌细胞上皮-间质转化(EMT)的影响及可能的分子机制。方法:首先,用real-time PCR与Western blot法检测人结直肠癌HCT116细胞和正常人结直肠上皮FHC细胞SCUBE2的表达;HCT116细胞转染GV144-SCUBE2质粒过表达SCUBE2后,MTT、Transwell和流式细胞术分别检测其对细胞活力、迁移和凋亡的影响。转染GV144-SCUBE2质粒6 h后加入10μg/L重组转化生长因子(TGF)-β1蛋白继续培养48 h,real-time PCR或者Western blot法检测EMT标志物[E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)和Snail]、β-catenin、c-Myc和细胞周期蛋白(cyclin)D1的表达。随后,在HCT116细胞中使用Wnt/β-catenin通路激活剂氯化锂(Li Cl)或抑制剂XAV93920并加入TGF-β1且过表达SCUBE2,检测Wnt/β-catenin通路激活或阻断后对HCT116细胞EMT的影响。结果:HCT116细胞中SCUBE2的表达明显低于FHC细胞;过表达SCUBE2能够抑制HCT116细胞的活力与迁移,但是对其凋亡影响不大;SCUBE2增加了E-cadherin的表达,降低了TGF-β1诱导的vimentin、Snail、β-catenin、c-Myc和cyclin D1的表达,XAV93920增强了SCUBE2对EMT的影响,而Li Cl阻碍SCUBE2对EMT的影响。结论:过表达SCUBE2能够抑制结直肠癌细胞的生长与迁移,抑制其EMT的发生,这一过程可能是通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路发挥作用的。     

羟基红花黄色素A抑制人肝癌细胞系Huh7发生上皮-间质转化

目的研究羟基红花黄色素A(HSYA)对人肝癌细胞系Huh7迁移及侵袭的影响,并通过体内外实验探究其是否影响肝癌细胞上皮-间质转化(EMT)。方法体外培养Huh7细胞,分为对照组、HSYA 80和160μmol/L实验组,分别处理24 h,用transwell小室法和细胞划痕实验检测细胞侵袭和迁移能力;Western blot检测细胞vimentin和E-cadherin蛋白表达;建立Huh7细胞裸鼠皮下移植瘤模型,HE染色观察移植瘤和肝脏组织形态;免疫组化检测移植瘤组织TGF-β1、vimentin和E-cadherin表达情况。结果与对照组相比,HSYA实验组Huh7细胞迁移与侵袭能力明显下降,E-cadherin蛋白表达升高,vimentin蛋白表达下降(P0.05);与移植组相比,HSYA实验组(2.25 mg/kg)肝内无肿瘤细胞转移,移植瘤组织出现肿瘤细胞坏死,E-cadherin表达升高,vimentin和TGF-β1表达下降(P0.05)。结论 HSYA通过抑制肝癌细胞发生EMT,抑制肝癌细胞的迁移及侵袭能力。     

Dickkopf-1沉默通过下调β-catenin水平抑制胃癌细胞侵袭及上皮-间充质转化

目的:探讨分泌蛋白Dickkopf-1(DKK1)在人胃癌细胞中的表达及其对胃癌细胞侵袭能力的影响。方法:以real-time PCR和Western blot法检测DKK1在人胃黏膜细胞(GES-1)和胃癌细胞(MKN-45和SGC-7901)中的表达水平;以RNA干扰法沉默DKK1,沉默效果以real-time PCR、Western blot及ELISA法验证;Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭能力,以丝裂霉素C抑制细胞增殖;real-time PCR及Western blot法检测细胞E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、N-钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)及β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)水平。结果:DKK1在MKN-45和SGC-7901细胞中的表达明显高于GES-1细胞,表明DKK1在胃癌细胞中表达显著升高;DKK1在MKN-45和SGC-7901细胞中被成功沉默后,细胞侵袭能力显著下降,并具有时间依赖性,同时伴随E-cadherin表达增高及N-cadherin和vimentin表达下降,表明DKK1沉默能够显著抑制胃癌细胞侵袭和上皮-间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT);经外源性重组DKK1(r DKK1)转染肿瘤细胞后,进一步证实DKK1具有促胃癌细胞侵袭的作用,并可促进EMT进程;DKK1沉默通过下调β-catenin水平来实现其对胃癌细胞侵袭及EMT的抑制作用。结论:DKK1在人胃癌细胞中表达显著增高,且DKK1沉默能够通过下调β-catenin水平抑制胃癌细胞侵袭及EMT过程。     

微小RNA-138-5p抑制肺癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力的机制研究

目的:探讨微小RNA-138-5p(miR-138-5p)抑制肺癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力的相关机制。方法:以肺癌细胞A549和H460作为研究对象,分别转染miR-NC(对照组)或miR-138-5p(实验组);生物信息学技术预测miR-138-5p的靶基因;RT-qPCR检测转染后细胞miR-138-5p、叉头框蛋白C1(FOXC1)mRNA和波形蛋白(vimentin)mRNA的相对表达量;Western blot法检测FOXC1、vimentin、E-cadherin、N-cadherin和β-catenin蛋白表达变化;MTS法和集落形成实验分别检测细胞的增殖能力;划痕愈合实验和Transwell法检测细胞迁移和侵袭能力。结果:miR-138-5p过表达显著降低FOXC1和vimentin的mRNA及蛋白的表达(P0.05),E-cadherin和β-catenin蛋白表达上调,N-cadherin蛋白表达下调,显著抑制肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力(P0.05)。结论:miR-138-5p可以通过靶向干扰FOXC1和vimentin的表达抑制肺癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,可能是肺癌基因治疗的潜在靶点。     

PLK1靶向β-catenin介导慢性肾脏病炎症状态下足细胞转分化

目的探讨慢性肾脏病微炎症状态下PLK1(polo-like kinase 1)在足细胞上皮-间充质转分化(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)中的作用机制。方法以条件永生化小鼠足细胞系为研究对象进行分组:正常对照组;脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导组;PLK1 shRNA组(PLK1 shRNA+LPS)及Scramble shRNA组(Scramble shRNA+LPS)。利用Real-time PCR、Western blot检测足细胞中PLK1、结蛋白(desmin)mRNA及蛋白表达水平;Western blot检测PLK1对β-链蛋白(β-catenin)的作用;Western blot检测EMT相关分子E-钙粘素(E-cadherin)及波形蛋白(vimentin)的表达;Western blot检测糖原合成酶激酶3β(GSK-3β)的水平;Transwell迁移实验检测足细胞迁移能力。结果 LPS诱导炎症状态下,足细胞PLK1 m RNA及蛋白表达升高伴随β-catenin上调,同时,GSK-3β表达降低,vimentin呈现高表达,而E-cadherin呈现低表达;PLK1 shRNA转染足细胞可特异性敲低PLK1表达,下调β-catenin,伴随GSK-3β表达增加,逆转足细胞EMT的发生;且炎症状态下,足细胞Desmin表达增加;Transwell显示足细胞迁移能力增强。结论 LPS刺激可导致足细胞PLK1高表达,其可能通过负向调控β-catenin降解复合物(axin/GSK-3/APC)从而稳定β-catenin的表达,继而下调Vimentin,导致足细胞损伤及EMT的发生。     

β拉帕醌联合PI3K/mTOR抑制剂NVP-BEZ235抑制BGC-823细胞增殖和迁移

目的研究β拉帕醌(β-lapachone)与磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(PI3K/m TOR)抑制剂NVP-BEZ235联合用药对人胃癌BGC-823细胞增殖与迁移的影响及机制。方法将BGC-823细胞分为空白对照组、1μmol/Lβ-lapachone处理组、50 nmol/L NVP-BEZ235处理组及1μmol/Lβ-lapachone联合50 nmol/L NVP-BEZ235处理组。采用MTT法和平板克隆形成实验检测BGC-823细胞的增殖能力;Western blot法检测细胞增殖相关蛋白磷酸化蛋白激酶B(p-AKT)、磷酸化核因子κB(p-NF-κB)、磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶(p-ERK)及细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)的蛋白水平;划痕实验及TranswellTM迁移实验检测细胞迁移能力;Western blot法检测上皮-间质转化(EMT)相关标志物上皮钙黏素(E-cadherin)、波形蛋白(vimentin)、锌指转录因子Snail及β联蛋白(β-catenin)的蛋白水平。结果与β-lapachone处理组或NVP-BEZ235处理组相比,β-lapachone联合NVP-BEZ235处理组能更显著地抑制细胞的增殖和克隆形成能力,p-AKT、p-NF-κB、p-ERK及cyclin D1的蛋白表达下调最明显;在联合处理组对细胞迁移的抑制更明显,EMT相关标志物E-cadherin表达上调,vimentin、Snail及β-catenin表达下调最明显。结论β-lapachone联合NVP-BEZ235可有效抑制BGC-823胃癌细胞增殖,可能与p-AKT、p-NF-κB、p-ERK和cyclin D1表达降低有关;并通过调控EMT进程,抑制BGC-823细胞的迁移。     

HMGA2在胃癌细胞上皮-间充质转化中的作用

目的:探讨HMGA2在胃癌细胞上皮-间充质转化(EMT)中的作用及机制。方法:采用Western blot和RT-qPCR实验检测不同分化程度的人胃癌细胞株MKN45、MKN28和SGC7901以及人永生化胃黏膜上皮细胞株GES-1中HMGA2的表达水平;采用脂质体转染法将pcDNA3.0-HMGA2质粒转染至MKN28细胞中,将si-HMGA2干扰片段转染至MKN45细胞中,并采用Western blot和RT-qPCR实验检测转染效率;CCK-8实验检测HMGA2上调对MKN28细胞活力的影响以及HMGA2下调对MKN45细胞活力的影响;采用细胞迁移和侵袭实验检测HMGA2上调对MKN28细胞迁移和侵袭能力的影响;采用Western blot和RT-qPCR实验检测HMGA2过表达对MKN28细胞EMT相关标志蛋白上皮型钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)、神经型钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin)和波形蛋白(vimentin)表达的影响以及敲减HMGA2表达对MKN45细胞E-cadherin、N-cadherin和vimentin表达的影响;采用RT-qPCR实验检测过表达HMGA2的MKN28细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关分子表达的变化。结果:HMGA2在不同分化程度的胃癌细胞中的表达水平是不同的(P0.05)。上调MKN28细胞HMGA2的表达水平能够抑制细胞活力(P0.05);而在MKN45细胞中下调HMGA2的表达水平能够增强细胞活力(P0.05)。上调MKN28细胞HMGA2的表达水平能够促进细胞的迁移和侵袭能力(P0.05),且E-cadherin表达降低,N-cadherin和vimentin表达升高(P0.05);敲减HMGA2在MKN45细胞的表达水平使E-cadherin表达升高,而N-cadherin和vimentin表达降低(P0.05)。上调MKN28细胞中HMGA2的表达水平,细胞内Wnt/β-catenin通路的β-catenin及其下游分子c-Myc和cyclin D1的mRNA表达水平显著增加(P0.05)。结论:HMGA2与胃癌细胞迁移和侵袭能力密切相关,并且能够通过激活细胞内Wnt/β-catenin通路,促进胃癌细胞EMT。     

RNA干扰抑制Slug表达在TGF-β1诱导的肾小管细胞间质转分化中的抑制作用

目的观察Slug在TGF-β1诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞向间质细胞转分化中的表达及对黏附分子E-cadherin表达的影响。方法构建能表达针对Slug的小干扰RNA(Small interferingRNA,siRNA)的干扰载体(SlugsiRNAvector)和表达不针对任何已知mRNA的siRNA的阴性对照RNA干扰载体(Control siRNA vector),并用脂质体转染法瞬时转染HKC细胞。用TGF-β1分别处理HKC、siSlug和siC,刺激48h后,分别采用PT-PCR和Western blot技术检测各组Slug、α-SMA(alpha-smooth muscleactin)、和E-cadherin的表达水平。结果 TGF-β1刺激后Slug表达水平增高,E-cadherin表达水平降低;通过siRNA干扰后Slug表达减弱,而E-cadherin的表达增强。结论在TGF-β1诱导的HKC细胞EMT过程中,Slug表达与E-cadherin呈负相关,且RNAi阻滞Slug表达能有效地抑制TGF-β1诱导EMT,提示Slug是介导TGF-β1有效地诱导EMT的重要分子。     

冬凌草甲素对人食管鳞癌细胞系KYSE-150和KYSE-450增殖及迁移的影响

目的 探讨冬凌草甲素（ORI）对食管鳞癌细胞系KYSE-150和KYSE-450增殖、凋亡、周期及迁移的作用。 方法 MTT法检测ORI对食管癌细胞增殖的影响;集落形成实验检测ORI对集落形成的影响;流式细胞术检测ORI对食管癌细胞凋亡和周期的影响;Transwell迁移实验检测ORI对食管癌细胞迁移的作用;Western blotting检测ORI对抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2、细胞周期抑制蛋白p21Cip1/Waf1及上皮-间质转化（EMT）标志蛋白表达水平的影响。 结果 ORI对KYSE-150和KYSE-450细胞的增殖、迁移和集落形成有显著的抑制作用（P<0.05）,且抑制作用呈一定的时间、剂量依赖性;流式结果显示,随着ORI浓度的增加,细胞的凋亡率明显增加（P<0.05）,G₂/M期细胞比例显著增加（P<0.05）,G₀/G₁期细胞比例明显下降（P<0.05）;ORI处理食管癌细胞48 h,Bcl-2、间质细胞标志蛋白,波形蛋白（vimentin）、β-连环蛋白（β-catenin）表达下调,p21Cip1/Waf1、上皮细胞标志蛋白,E-钙黏蛋白（E-cadherin）表达上调。 结论 冬凌草甲素可能通过诱导细胞凋亡,阻滞细胞在G₂/M期抑制食管癌细胞的增殖,并通过抑制EMT转化从而抑制食管癌细胞的迁移。     

AEB-071 has minimal impact on onset of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice

Protein kinase C (PKC) is an important signaling enzyme in the activation and regulation of T lymphocytes. T-cell-mediated destruction of β-cells is a characteristic feature of autoimmune (Type 1) diabetes. Here we explore the ability of PKC inhibition, using the PKC inhibitor AEB-071 (AEB), to reduce disease in two animal models of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes (non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse and biobreeding rat (BB)). NOD mice were treated with AEB for 4 weeks, starting at either 4 weeks of age (prior to the development of insulitis) or at 8 weeks of age, once insulitis is present. Animals treated with AEB during the effector phase of the disease (treatment onset at 8 weeks of age), showed a 2-week delay in diabetes onset (p < 0.05). In these animals, the extent of insulitis was lower than in vehicle-treated controls; however, neither serum autoimmune anti-GAD65 antibody levels nor pancreatic insulin content were different between experimental groups. Overall, inhibition of PKC can mildly reduce lymphocytic infiltrate of pancreatic islets and modestly delay onset of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. AEB, a T-cell-targeted immunosuppressive strategy, is only sufficient as a monothereapy to modestly delay onset of autoimmune disease in the NOD mouse.     

EZH2 deregulates BMP,Hedgehog, and Hippo cell signaling pathways in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

PurposeCell signaling pathways play central roles in cellular stemness state, and aberrant activation of these cascades is attributed to the severity of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). In this study, we aimed to determine the potential impact of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) gene on different cell signaling pathways including bone morphogenesis protein (BMP), Hedgehog, and Hippo in ESCC, and to illuminate EZH2-mediated gene regulatory networks in this aggressive malignancy.Materials and methodsEZH2 silencing was performed in two ESCC lines, KYSE-30 and YM-1, followed by gene expression analysis of BMP, Hedgehog, and Hippo signaling using RT-qPCR. EZH2 enforced expression was induced in both cell lines and gene expression of the pathways was evaluated in parallel. The contribution of EZH2 in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cell migration were also evaluated.ResultsEZH2 downregulation decreased expression of the vital components of the Hedgehog and Hippo signaling, while EZH2 upregulation significantly increased its levels in both ESCC cell lines. The expression of BMP target genes was either reduced in EZH2-expressing cells or increased in EZH2-silencing cells. Enforced expression of EZH2 stimulated downregulation of epithelial markers and upregulation of mesenchymal markers in KYSE-30 and YM-1 ?cells. Significant downregulation of mesenchymal markers was detected following the silencing of EZH2 in the cells. Knocking down EZH2 decreased migration, while enforced expression of EZH2 increased migration in both ESCC lines.ConclusionsThese results may support the promoting role of EZH2 in ESCC tumorigenesis through the recruitment of important cell signaling pathways.     

曲古抑菌素A通过JNK/MAPK信号通路介导乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的凋亡

目的　探讨TSA对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及作用机制。 方法　采用MTT、克隆形成、流式细胞术检测TSA对乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞生物学功能的影响;Western Blot 和qRT-PCR 检测细胞增殖、凋亡和MAPK信号通路蛋白及mRNA 的表达水平的影响;抑制JNK通路检测可能的作用机制。 结果　TSA呈剂量依赖性抑制细胞增殖和诱导凋亡,使细胞阻滞于G1期;TSA可上调P21、Caspase-3、Bax、p-JNK蛋白及mRNA表达,下调Cyclin D1、Cdk4、Bcl-2蛋白及mRNA表达;抑制JNK通路后,p-JNK蛋白和细胞总凋亡率降低,Caspase-3、Bax蛋白及mRNA表达减少,Bcl-2蛋白及mRNA表达增多。 结论　TSA通过MAPK信号通路介导JNK的磷酸化,调控乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的凋亡。     

M3R激动剂通过激活PI3K/AKT信号途径促进肺癌细胞A549的上皮间质转化

目的:探讨毒蕈碱胆碱受体3(muscarinic receptor 3,M3R)激动剂卡巴胆碱促进人肺癌A549细胞上皮间质转化的可能信号通路。方法:用400μmol/L卡巴胆碱刺激人肺癌A549细胞,在倒置相差显微镜下观察细胞形态的变化,应用划痕愈合实验和Transwell实验观察细胞迁移和侵袭能力;应用q PCR技术检测上皮间质转化相关蛋白波形蛋白(vimentin)和E钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)m RNA水平的变化;应用Western blot技术检测p-AKT、vimentin和E-cadherin蛋白水平的变化。结果:卡巴胆碱刺激人肺癌A549细胞后,细胞形态发生明显改变,由不规则多边形逐渐向梭形转化、细胞间紧密结合逐渐变得松散,细胞迁移和侵袭能力增强;vimentin的m RNA和蛋白表达量明显增加,E-cadherin的m RNA和蛋白水平降低,磷酸化的AKT蛋白水平增加,且这些变化均可被M3R特异性抑制剂4-DAMP所抑制(P0.05)。结论:卡巴胆碱可通过激活PI3K/AKT信号途径促进人肺癌A549细胞发生上皮间质转化。     

3-甲基腺嘌呤联合曲古霉素A抑制三阴性乳腺癌细胞生长

目的:探讨自噬特异性抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA)联合组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂曲古霉素A(TSA)对三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231生长的影响及其可能的分子机制。方法:MTT法检测TSA对MDA-MB-231细胞活力的抑制作用;划痕实验检测细胞迁移能力的变化;Western blot检测细胞自噬相关蛋白的变化;MTT法检测3-MA联合TSA对细胞活力的影响。结果:TSA可有效抑制乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞的生长,并呈剂量和时间依赖性;TSA抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的迁移能力,并诱导细胞发生自噬;3-MA可有效抑制TSA诱导的乳腺癌细胞自噬,并进一步抑制细胞活力,差异有统计学意义。结论:3-MA可明显增加TSA对三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的生长抑制作用。     

TRPC1在TGF-β1诱导支气管上皮细胞间充质转化中的作用

目的:探究经典瞬时受体电位通道1(TRPC1)在转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)诱导人支气管上皮细胞(16HBE)间充质转化(EMT)中的作用。方法:以16HBE细胞株为研究对象,免疫荧光、RT-PCR和Western blotting检测16HBE细胞EMT过程中TRPC1 mRNA和蛋白的表达;Western blotting检测TRPC1阻断剂和siRNA干扰对16HBE细胞EMT的影响。结果:(1)TGF-β1刺激后细胞形态明显改变,E-钙黏蛋白表达减少(P0.01),而α-SMA蛋白表达增加(P0.05)。(2)TRPC1广泛存在于16HBE细胞,且TGF-β1刺激后TRPC1 mRNA和蛋白的表达增加(P0.05)。(3)与TGF-β1组相比,阻断剂和TGF-β1共同作用组或siRNA和TGF-β1共同作用组细胞形态改变受抑制,E-钙黏蛋白和α-SMA蛋白表达受抑制(P0.05)。结论:TGF-β1诱导16HBE细胞发生EMT,其机制可能与其上调16HBE细胞TRPC1有关。     

二苯乙烯苷通过PI3K/AKT通路抑制TGFβ诱导的结直肠癌上皮间质转换

目的:探讨二苯乙烯苷(2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-Ο-β-D-glucoside,THSG)对TGFβ诱导的结直肠癌细胞上皮间质转换(epithelial-mesenchymal transition,EMT)的影响及可能的分子机制.方法:通过转化生长因子(transforming growth factorβ,TGFβ)诱导HCT116细胞发生EMT,倒置显微镜观察细胞形态变化,Western印迹检测EMT相关分子标志物的表达;划痕实验、细胞迁移实验、倒置显微镜观察不同浓度THSG干预TGFβ刺激对HCT116细胞运动、迁移能力以及形态学的影响,Western印迹检测EMT相关标志物及PI3K/AKT通路的改变.结果:TGFβ刺激HCT116细胞后,细胞由圆形变为长梭形,E-cadherin表达降低,vimentin和N-cadherin表达增加;与对照组相比,THSG可增加E-cadherin和PTEN的表达,降低vimentin和N-cadherin和p-AKT表达,同时抑制细胞的迁移及运动(F=454.723,P<0.001;F=412.161,P<0.001).结论:THSG可通过PI3K/AKT通路抑制TGFβ诱导的HCT116细胞EMT,并降低其运动迁移能力.     

Down-regulating ribonuclease inhibitor enhances metastasis of bladder cancer cells through regulating epithelial–mesenchymal transition and ILK signaling pathway

Accumulating evidences implicate that ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) plays a suppressing role in cancer development. However, the mechanisms underlying antitumor of RI remain largely unknown. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is regarded as a key event in tumor progression. The reports have demonstrated that EMT was implicated in metastasis of bladder cancer. Therefore, we suppose that RI might involve regulating EMT of bladder cancer. Here bladder cancer T24 cells were transfected with pGensil-1-siRNA-RI vectors. HE staining, living cell observation, Phalloidine-FITC staining of microfilament, cell adhesion, scratch migration, and Matrigel invasion were examined respectively. RI expression and colocalization with ILK were detected using confocal microscope. Proteins associated with EMT were determined with Western blotting and immunohistochemistry in vivo and in vitro. Effects of RI expression on tumor growth, metastasis and EMT related proteins in BALB/C nude mouse and clinical human bladder cancer specimens were valued with histological, immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent examination respectively. We demonstrated that down-regulating RI increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion, changed cell morphology and adhesion, and rearranged cytoskeleton by inducing EMT and ILK signaling pathway in bladder cancer cells. In addition, we showed that down-regulating RI promoted tumorigenesis and metastasis of bladder cancer in vivo. Finally, we found that bladder cancer with invasive capability had higher Vimentin, Snail, Slug and Twist as well as lower E-cadherin and RI expression in clinical human specimens. Our results suggest that RI could play a novel role in inhibiting metastasis of bladder through regulating EMT and ILK signaling pathway.