不同初始组织中锰钢逆相变退火后的室温组织与性能

研究了0.1C-5Mn中锰钢两种初始组织形态(热轧淬火态与冷轧形变态马氏体)经两相区退火处理后的室温组织形貌及力学性能。结果表明:经退火处理后,热轧马氏体复相组织(铁素体+奥氏体)大部分保持板条状,而冷轧马氏体发生回复再结晶,形成多边形或等轴状(粒状)超细晶粒;冷轧退火样中残留奥氏体含量及其中C含量高于热轧退火样,表明冷轧初始组织形态有利于逆相奥氏体稳定及C元素配分;冷轧退火样的强度(屈服、抗拉)均高于热轧退火样,而断后伸长率稍低于热轧退火样,并且冷轧退火样加工硬化速率优于热轧退火样,两者强塑积均超过30 GPa·%,冷轧退火样强塑积偏高。     

退火时间对低碳超细晶粒钢组织和性能的影响

对淬火后组织为板条马氏体的低碳钢板进行了4道次冷轧(累计相对压下量为50%),随后在550℃进行不同时间的退火处理,研究超细晶粒低碳钢的制备。结果表明,随着退火时间的延长,冷轧板条马氏体逐步发生回复、再结晶和晶粒长大,并且晶粒长大速度逐渐加快。在30 min内退火处理时,细小的纳米尺寸碳化物不断析出,钉扎再结晶晶粒晶界,有效抑制了再结晶晶粒的长大。550℃退火30 min得到平均晶粒尺寸为326 nm的超细晶粒组织,其抗拉强度为867 MPa,总伸长率为16.7%。随着退火时间进一步延长,再结晶晶粒发生长大,同时碳化物明显粗化。     

回火温度对22MnB5高强钢组织与性能的影响

通过拉伸和撕裂试验及SEM、断口和EBSD晶粒观察,研究了不同回火温度对22MnB5钢力学性能、显微组织、断口形貌及晶粒尺寸的影响。结果表明:在420~720℃范围内,淬火试样随回火温度升高,强度降低,韧性增加,吸能性能提升;单位面积裂纹形核功与回火温度线性无关。淬火试样420℃回火后,部分马氏体开始回复,析出碳化物;温度升高至620℃时,马氏体消失,形成铁素体,碳化物长大。原始试样断口韧窝大且深,淬火试样断口出现大量解理面;420℃回火后断口形貌为韧窝和解理面,620℃回火后断口形貌为细小均匀的韧窝。原始试样淬火后晶粒变小,最大值从10.246μm减小至2.934μm,回火后尺寸峰值向右移动,晶粒长大,出现少量直径小于1μm的晶粒。     

等径弯曲通道变形制备超细晶低碳钢的热稳定性

用等径弯曲通道变形(equal-channel angular pressing简称ECAP)法制备出超细晶低碳钢材料，并在不同退火条件下研究其组织的热稳定性。研究表明，在200～500％之间退火时，材料组织处于回复阶段，其铁素体晶粒几乎没有长大，晶粒尺寸约0．4／μm；在550℃退火时，铁素体组织由较大的再结晶晶粒和细小的未再结晶晶粒组成；在550℃相同条件下退火时，变形试样中的渗碳体与热轧态试样中的渗碳体相比，前者球化能力明显增强；600℃退火时再结晶完成。     

马氏体温变形超细化过共析钢

利用Gleeble 1500热模拟试验机进行单轴热压缩实验, 研究了含Al和不含Al两种过共析钢马氏体温变形和等温回火过程中的组织超细球化演变及超细球化组织的力学性能. 结果表明: 与马氏体等温回火相比, 马氏体温变形加快马氏体的分解动力学, 在较短的时间 内即获得超细化 (α+θ)复相组织. 温变形过程中的组织超细化演变主要经历渗碳体粒子的析出与粗化及铁素体基体的动态回复和动态再结晶; 而在等温回火过程中, 铁素体主要发生静态回复和晶粒长大, 并没有再结晶现象发生. 合金元素Al的加入在等温回火和温变形过程中均抑制马氏体的分解, 阻碍渗碳体粒子的粗化和铁素体晶粒的长大, 导致复相组织的细化. 同时, Al的加入使马氏体温变形和等温回火后所得超细化 (α+θ) 复相组织在不降低总延伸率的前提下, 强度得以明显提高.     

9Mn热轧钢临界退火过程中的微观组织演变

结合热力学计算、X射线衍射、扫描电镜和显微硬度测试,分析了0.3C-9Mn-3Al(mass%)热轧淬火钢临界退火过程中的微观组织演变。结果表明:热轧淬火态显微组织呈现明显的带状偏析特征,残留奥氏体含量(V_(γR))为35.0 vol%,形态以带状和条块为主,其间分布着细针或板条状马氏体;当退火温度为650℃时,细小渗碳体颗粒从原马氏体内析出并长大,而后不断溶解,板条奥氏体从马氏体界处形核长大,V_(γR)逐渐增加至65.9 vol%(90 min);退火温度为700℃时,粒状和板条奥氏体分别从临界铁素体和马氏体界处形核长大,V_(γR)增至65.2 vol%(10 min)后趋于稳定;退火温度为750℃时,V_(γR)在初期(10 min)时即达到峰值(68.6 vol%),而后在60.4 vol%～65.1 vol%之间波动,奥氏体存在带状、条块、板条和颗粒等多种形态,保温时间超过60 min,逆转变粒状与板条奥氏体趋于合并,晶粒明显粗化和均匀化,初始奥氏体(富锰偏析带)因C、Mn扩散导致初始奥氏体的稳定性下降,在淬火过程中热诱发转变为马氏体。     

退火温度对车轻量化用热轧高锰钢组织和拉伸性能的影响

采用EBSD、TEM等试验测试方法分析了退火温度对车轻量化用热轧高锰钢组织和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:经过热轧退火处理得到的铁素体与奥氏体晶粒都表现为等轴状的外形特征。当退火温度上升后,奥氏体晶粒尺寸增大,铁素体晶粒尺寸降低。高锰钢试样组织中未出现再结晶现象,在铁素体晶粒中存在很低的位错密度。拉伸过程中,高锰钢试样中的奥氏体稳定性对马氏体转变过程造成了显著影响,奥氏体的稳定性越小,其转变为马氏体的速率就越快。当真应变为0.01时,在奥氏体晶粒中形成了许多层错,未生成马氏体组织。随着应变量增大到0.1时,很多奥氏体组织转变成了马氏体。     

奥氏体化温度对Cr5合金钢组织和性能的影响

研究了Cr5钢经(810~1050)℃×1 h油冷处理后的组织和性能。结果表明,随着奥氏体化温度的提高,Cr5钢中的游离碳化物减少,细针状马氏体粗化,晶粒逐步长大。在930~950℃奥氏体化,淬火基体组织为隐针马氏体及弥散粒状M7C3型碳化物,且晶粒较小、硬度较高。     

渗碳淬火工艺对17CrNiMo6钢渗层组织的影响

在不同的条件下,即不同的渗碳时间、不同的预备热处理工艺和不同的二次淬火温度,对17CrNiMo6钢试样进行了渗碳、淬火和低温回火。随后检查试样的显微组织,包括渗层的碳化物、马氏体、残留奥氏体和内氧化的级别,基体组织及表面硬度,以研究渗碳和淬火工艺对17CrNiMo6钢渗碳层组织和性能的影响。结果显示,经调质处理、820℃二次淬火的17CrNiMo6钢试样渗层的碳化物、马氏体、残留奥氏体和内氧化的级别均最佳,经780℃二次淬火的试样的表面硬度最高。     

球化退火工艺对渗碳用16MnCr5钢奥氏体晶粒度的影响

为研究16MnCr5钢热轧盘条改制过程中的球化退火对其奥氏体晶粒度的影响，对热轧盘条试样及分别在700、720、740、760、780℃保温5 h的等温球化退火试样进行940±5℃保温1 h水淬处理，测试试样的奥氏体晶粒度并对比分析。结果表明，通过轧制过程采用“双高”工艺(加热温度1200～1250℃,精轧温度950～980℃)及800～600℃之间快冷(采用风冷，冷却速度≥10℃·s^-1),保证铝、氮原子处于固溶态，晶粒度检测前的热处理过程中AlN均匀细小析出，使得16MnCr5钢奥氏体晶粒细小均匀。当在700、720℃进行球化退火时，AlN质点均匀细小析出，虽然发生Ostwald熟化长大，但仍小于临界半径，奥氏体晶粒仍细小均匀；随着退火温度的进一步升高，第二相粒子发生Ostwald熟化长大，局部区域的第二相粒子超过其临界半径，局部奥氏体晶粒异常长大而出现混晶。实际生产中，为获得均匀细小的奥氏体晶粒，同时获得良好的球化组织及力学性能，16MnCr5钢采用720℃进行球化退火。通过以上控制轧制过程及球化退火工艺，可实现16MnCr5钢的奥氏体晶粒度7.5～7级，满...     

微观组织对GCr15轴承钢氢扩散行为的影响

通过对球化退火态、球化退火+淬回火(Q&T)态GCr15轴承钢进行电化学氢渗透试验来描述氢扩散行为,并分析了微观组织以及热处理状态对氢扩散行为的影响。结果表明,对于球化退火态试样,碳化物的分布情况对氢扩散行为影响很大。氢在带状碳化物中扩散最快,而沿晶界分布的网状碳化物作为氢陷阱,可以捕捉更多的氢原子。Q&T试样中,氢在带状未溶碳化物中扩散最快,且随着残留奥氏体体积分数的增大,有效氢扩散系数减小。球化退火试验钢的氢扩散系数远高于Q&T钢。Q&T试样中残留奥氏体的存在使氢陷阱增加,导致氢的渗透更难进行。     

双相不锈钢2205热变形行为的实验

利用扫描电镜的EBSD技术,通过对单道次压缩热模拟实验后淬火试样组织的深入系统分析,研究了2205双相不锈钢热变形过程中的软化行为。研究结果表明,2205双相不锈钢的主要软化机制为铁素体的连续动态再结晶和奥氏体与铁素体之间的相转变,变形速率为主要影响参数,并通过影响应变在两相之间的分配控制组织在变形过程中的软化进程。变形速率很小时,铁素体的动态再结晶和铁素体向奥氏体的相转变是互为竞争的两个软化机制;随着变形速率的增加,主导软化机制转变为铁素体的动态再结晶和奥氏体相向铁素体相的转变。     

Deformation-induced austenite grain rotation and transformation in TRIP-assisted steel

Uniaxial straining experiments were performed on a rolled and annealed Si-alloyed TRIP (transformation-induced plasticity) steel sheet in order to assess the role of its microstructure on the mechanical stability of austenite grains with respect to martensitic transformation. The transformation behavior of individual metastable austenite grains was studied both at the surface and inside the bulk of the material using electron back-scattered diffraction (EBSD) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) by deforming the samples to different strain levels up to about 20%. A comparison of the XRD and EBSD results revealed that the retained austenite grains at the surface have a stronger tendency to transform than the austenite grains in the bulk of the material. The deformation-induced changes of individual austenite grains before and after straining were monitored with EBSD. Three different types of austenite grains can be distinguished that have different transformation behaviors: austenite grains at the grain boundaries between ferrite grains, twinned austenite grains, and embedded austenite grains that are completely surrounded by a single ferrite grain. It was found that twinned austenite grains and the austenite grains present at the grain boundaries between larger ferrite grains typically transform first, i.e. are less stable, in contrast to austenite grains that are completely embedded in a larger ferrite grain. In the latter case, straining leads to rotations of the harder austenite grain within the softer ferrite matrix before the austenite transforms into martensite. The analysis suggests that austenite grain rotation behavior is also a significant factor contributing to enhancement of the ductility.     

Recrystallization and the possibility of the realization of the α-γ diffusionless transformation during the ultrarapid laser heating of steels

Analysis is given of phase and structural transformations occurring upon ultrarapid laser heating in steels with different initial structures, namely, after annealing, after preliminary quenching, quenching and tempering, and after quenching with subsequent deformation and tempering. It is shown that a significant suppression of diffusion processes occurs during laser heating; this circumstance substantially affects the nature of the phase and structural transformations proceeding during laser processing. Special attention is given to studying the process of recrystallization and to the phenomenon of structural heredity during laser heating. The process of recrystallization during laser heating is considered as consisting of two stages, namely, an ordered lattice rearrangement (α-γ transformation) and the recrystallization of austenite that suffered phase-transformation-induced hardening (“phase naklep”). The effect of tempering and plastic deformation on the recrystallization of a preliminarily quenched steel consists in the intensification of the second stage, i.e., of the recrystallization of the transformation-hardened austenite. It is shown that the α-γ transformation during the laser heating of steels with the initial structure of lath martensite occurs by the “mechanism of recovery,” i.e., via the formation and growth of austenite nuclei. In steels with the initial structure of pearlite, the nucleation of austenite during laser heating can occur by a shear martensite-like diffusionless mechanism with the observance of characteristic orientation relationships between the initial ferrite and the newly formed austenite.     

焊前热处理对440C不锈钢电子束焊接接头组织与性能的影响

研究了焊前退火和调质2种热处理工艺对440C不锈钢电子束焊接接头的组织和力学性能的影响,分析了2种状态下的组织演变规律、接头拉伸力学性能和硬度分布特点. 结果表明:2种热处理状态的板材经过电子束焊接后,焊缝成形良好,焊缝区域均为马氏体和残留奥氏体组织,呈现出非平衡凝固组织,碳及合金元素以固溶形式存在于马氏体及残余奥氏体中,焊缝区域硬度达到398 HV. 焊前经调质热处理后,母材基体由铁素体转变成回火马氏体和残余奥氏体混合组织,同时部分碳化物固溶在基体组织中,使基体组织硬度提高了60％. 与焊前退火态相比,焊前调质热处理板材经电子束焊接后,可使焊接接头抗拉强度提高20％,焊接热影响区硬度提高35％,但接头的塑性变形能力有所下降,断裂均发生在热影响区.     

T91钢的回火工艺分析及其组织评定

通过不同正火和回火处理获得不同状态的T91钢试样。采用金相、扫描电镜,硬度测试等方法,研究了不同回火条件下T91钢的组织演化过程与硬度变化规律。结果表明,随正火温度升高,T91钢中合金元素逐渐固溶,板条马氏体逐渐粗化,残留奥氏体减少,1050℃正火后获得最佳细小马氏体组织。670～820℃回火时,T91钢的再结晶点(790℃)和相变点(820℃)很近,随着回火温度的升高,正火板条马氏体开始发生回复和再结晶,带来硬度的逐渐降低,其中790℃回火时硬度最低。T91钢交货态采用760～780℃的回火工艺处理,保证了板条马氏体只发生高温回复,没有发生再结晶,所以从转变过程和组织形态看,称T91钢交货态的组织为回火马氏体更合理。     

Control of Austenite Characteristics and Ferrite Formation Mechanism by Multiple-Cyclic Annealing in Quenching and Partitioning Steel

Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) treatment is a novel method to produce advanced high strength steel with excellent mechanical properties. In this study, combination of multiple-cyclic annealing and Q&P process was compared with traditional cold-rolled Q&P steel to investigate the microstructural characteristics and austenite retention. The results showed that retained austenite in traditional Q&P sample was principally located in the exterior of austenite transformation products, while those in multiple-cyclic annealing samples were mainly distributed inside the transformation products. With the increase in cyclic annealing number, both of austenite fraction and austenite carbon content increased, attributing to higher initial austenite carbon content and larger number of austenite/neighbored phase interface to act as carbon partitioning channel. In traditional Q&P sample, the deformed ferrite was recrystallized by sub-grain coalescence, while the austenite was newly nucleated and grew up during annealing process. As a comparison, the ferrite in multiple-cycle annealing samples was formed by means of three routes: tempered martensite that completely recovered with retention of interior martensite variant, epitaxial ferrite that formed on basis of tempered martensite, ferrite that newly nucleated and grew up during the final annealing process. Both of lath martensite and twin martensite were formed as initial martensite and then tempered during partitioning process to precipitate ε carbide with C enrichment, Mn enrichment and homogeneous Si distribution. Compared with the traditional cold-rolled Q&P steel, the Q&P specimens after multiple-cyclic annealing show smaller strength and much larger elongation, ascribing to the coarser microstructure and more efficient transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effect deriving from retained austenite with high carbon content and larger volume fraction. The application of double annealing treatment can optimize the mechanical properties of Q&P steel to show a striking product of strength and elongation as about 29 GPa%, which efficiently exploit the potential of mechanical performance in low carbon steel.     

Relationship Between Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W Ultra-High-Strength Martensitic Stainless Steel

The effect of tempering temperature on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of Cr12Ni3Co12Mo4W ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel was investigated using transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electrochemical tests. The microstructures of the ultra-high-strength martensitic stainless steel consisted of some retained austenite and lath/plant martensite with the carbides distributed within the matrix and at the grain boundaries. Tempering of the steel for 4 h at various temperatures resulted in various carbide grain sizes and different amounts of the retained austenite. The results showed that larger carbide grains led to diminished corrosion resistance, whereas larger amounts of the retained austenite resulted in improved corrosion resistance. The steels exhibited good corrosion resistance in 0.017 mol/L NaCl solution and exhibited pitting corrosion in 0.17 mol/L Na Cl solution. The martensite and prior austenite crystal boundaries dissolved in solution with pH 1.     

高碳钢中马氏体形貌及其结构

研究了含C量1.6%超高碳钢不同淬火条件下马氏体的形貌及其亚结构.结果表明,超高碳钢淬火组织随奥氏体化温度变化而发生显著变化.奥氏体化温度较高时形成粗大孪晶马氏体;奥氏体化温度较低时淬火组织为位错亚结构的板条马氏体、枣核状马氏体和少量孪晶马氏体,以及未溶碳化物.高分辨电镜观察表明,三维形态像枣核状的马氏体的亚结构为高密度位错.这是由于奥氏体化时碳化物分解比铁索体向奥氏体转变慢;碳化物分解过程中在碳化物原位形成位错堆积;淬火时马氏体优先在位错堆积处形核,并以位错滑移机制长大、增厚,最终形成板条马氏体或枣核状马氏体.