基于生物质气化的冷热电联供系统探讨

本文简要概括了生物质气化系统,探讨了生物质气化冷热电联供系统的应用模式.分析了几种动力设备联供系统的特点,根据动力设备的种类选择相应的生物质气化系统.估算的生物质气化冷热电联供系统能源利用效率可达60%左右.生物质气化冷热电联供是分布式能源的重要发展方向之一,可实现能量的梯级利用、缓解化石能源短缺、减少污染排放,具有良好的社会和经济效益.此外,讨论了其在我国能源利用中的发展前景,为我国生物质资源的高效综合利用提供了一定的参考.     

生物质气化供气系统研制

1前言　　我国是一个农业大国,拥有丰富的生物质资源,仅秸秆等农业废弃物的年资源量就达7亿t左右。开发和利用生物质气化技术,将农业废弃物转化为清洁的气体能源,既可以提高中国广大农民的生活水平,又减少了由于直接焚烧所造成的环境污染。2生物质气化供气系统　　生物质气化供气系统主要由原料处理系统、生物质气化机组、储气系统、燃气输配系统和用户组成,其工艺流程如图1所示。现以设计产气量为200m3/h,储气柜容量300m3,供气户数200户(供居民炊事用气)的供气系统为例,对系统各组成部分进行说明。　　(1)原料处理系统　　气化供…     

生物质气化发电技术讲座(6)小型生物质气化发电系统应用实例分析

小型生物质气化发电系统一般指采用固定气化设备,发电规模在200kW以下的气化发电系统。小型生物质气化发电系统主要集中在发展中国家,特别是非洲、印度和中国等东南亚国家。虽然美国、欧洲等发达国家小型生物质气化发电技术非常成熟,但由于在发达国家中生物质能源相对较贵,而常规能源供应系统又很完善,所以对劳动强度大,使用不方便的小型生物质气化发电技术应用非常少,只有少数供研究用的实验装置。1小型气化发电系统的技术性能中国有着良好的生物质气化发电基础,我国早在20世纪60年代初就开展该方面工作,研究了样机并做了初步推广,还曾出…     

辽宁省举办生物质气化技术培训班

日前 ,由辽宁省农村能源办公室和辽宁省能源研究所共同举办的“生物质气化技术培训班”在营口举行。来自全省农村能源战线的４０多名学员接受了培训。本次培训班以讲解生物质气化技术的基本原理、常用设备为主 ,并对国内应用的几种生物质气化集中供气及发电系统的设备特点、投资概况及经济效益进行了介绍和分析。此次培训对生物质气化技术的推广工作将起到积极作用。辽宁省举办生物质气化技术培训班     

我国生物发电研究新成果

中科院广州能源研究所承担的“十五”863项目“生物质气化发电优化系统及其示范工程”，目前已取得阶段性成果．开发出适合我国国情的生物质中小型气化发电系统。采用循环流化床气化炉和多级气化净化装置。配置多台200-400kW的单气体燃料内燃发电机组，用谷壳、木屑、稻草等多种生物质作原料，可以在不同的负荷下运行。     

生物质气化内燃机发电可行性分析

不同于传统化石能源,生物质能源是一种可再生能源,生物质气化发电技术的应用能够减少对化石燃料的依赖,保护环境并推动可持续发展。主要从生物质气化内燃机发电的原料分布、原料采集加工、气化工艺、发电规模、运行成本等方面对其可行性进行了综合分析。通过分析得出,生物质气化发电的主要成本为原料收集及加工成本,因此生物质气化发电技术适宜在农业发达地区或林木资源丰富的地区推广,除了发电收益外,配合气化炉副产物稻壳炭等能够大幅缩短回收周期。     

生物质气化的应用与研究

生物质能是一种重要的可再生能源,利用生物质气化技术能实现CO2的减排,节约常规能源,符合可持续发展的要求.文章介绍了自1664年Thomas shirly进行气化试验以来,历经几百年的发展,生物质气化工艺和相关气化装置已经取得了巨大的进步;阐述了近几十年来我国在生物质气化领域的发展历程和取得的研究成果;对生物质的气化机理、气化装置结构,生物质气化技术的推广与应用、开发前景与经济效益进行了探讨.     

世博园区B片区能源中心设备配置合理性分析

针对世博区B片区能源中心进行了前期调研,得出三联供系统的年平均能源综合利用率较高。从三联供系统的配置与运行策略出发,适当降低系统的容量配置,可以降低由于初期冷、热负荷较低带来的风险。在设计日最大负荷时段,冷负荷分别由三联供系统、冷水机组和水蓄冷联合提供,在设计最小负荷时段,可以仅通过三联供系统向外供冷、供热,从而提高了整个系统设备利用率。     

基于火电厂源侧的综合能源系统集成及优化配置研究

提出一种基于火电厂源侧的综合能源系统构型,该系统以火电机组为核心,在系统的输入端耦合生物质气化、垃圾气化、干化污泥等多种可再生能源输入,在输出端供应冷、热、汽、电等多种能源产品,并将电厂热平衡模型与可再生能源模型及制冷制热系统模型耦合,建立以■效率和经济性为目标的优化配置方法,采用输入端优化与输出端优化2类优化逻辑,从系统输入端、输出端来分析火电厂源侧综合能源系统主要运行参数对经济性和■效率优化目标的影响。结果表明：综合能源改造对现阶段火电厂具有积极意义。     

园区“生物质燃气-天然气耦合分布式”能源中心技术分析和效益研究

为实现能源转型和减少碳排放,必须大力发展可再生能源。生物质能作为其中重要的一部分,利用热化学平衡的生物质气化有很好的发展前景。生物质燃气—天然气耦合能源中心是生物质能与天然气结合利用的重要技术和发展方向。为分析和研究生物质燃气与天然气耦合的系统特性,首先需要了解生物质燃气—天然气耦合过程工艺原理与技术分析;其次,研究园区项目投资经济效益;同时,获得生物质气化燃气的组分及相关气化指标。     

Diamond-like carbon based low-emissive coatings

A novel low-emissive (low-E) coating based on plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposited hydrogenated diamond-like amorphous carbon (DLC) films has been developed. The coating is a three-layer structure comprised of a nano-thin Ag layer sandwiched between DLC layers. The tunable optical properties that the DLC layers afford make it extremely appealing for large-scale, low-cost manufacturing of low-E coatings. We have shown that the refractive index of DLC films can be precisely tuned between 1.55 and 2.15 at a wavelength of 550 nm, while the optical gap can be tuned between 1.7 and 4.0 eV. The tunable optical properties allow greater flexibility and provide an additional parameter for optimization of low-E coatings. The tunability also allows for simple fabrication of multi-layer or graded-layer low-E coatings. Initial results of the DLC based low-E coating have a mid-IR reflectance of approximately 95% and a transmittance of approximately 70% over the visible frequencies.     

Magnesium based materials for hydrogen based energy storage: Past,present and future

Magnesium hydride owns the largest share of publications on solid materials for hydrogen storage. The “Magnesium group” of international experts contributing to IEA Task 32 “Hydrogen Based Energy Storage” recently published two review papers presenting the activities of the group focused on magnesium hydride based materials and on Mg based compounds for hydrogen and energy storage. This review article not only overviews the latest activities on both fundamental aspects of Mg-based hydrides and their applications, but also presents a historic overview on the topic and outlines projected future developments. Particular attention is paid to the theoretical and experimental studies of Mg-H system at extreme pressures, kinetics and thermodynamics of the systems based on MgH₂, nanostructuring, new Mg-based compounds and novel composites, and catalysis in the Mg based H storage systems. Finally, thermal energy storage and upscaled H storage systems accommodating MgH₂ are presented.     

Measurements based dynamic climate observer

This paper introduces a dynamic prediction of solar radiation and ambient temperature. Medium term prediction is based on climatic parameters behaviours during the day before and on time distribution models. As for short term prediction, it is ensured by an ARMA predictor using Kalman filter. Herein, we describe our method and present prediction results. Validation is based on measures taken during the year 2005 in the north of Tunisia. The work effectiveness is illustrated by a short term and medium term prediction of the electric energy produced by a 1 KWp photovoltaic panel (PVP) installed at the Energy and Thermal Research Centre (CRTEn) in the north of Tunisia. Since our work delivers accurate climatic parameters prediction, the obtained results can be easily adapted to predict any other solar conversion system output.     

Progress in graphene based supercapacitors

超级电容器是最具应用前景的电化学储能技术之一.目前,超级电容器的研究重点是提高能量密度和功率密度,发展具有高比表面积,电导率和结构稳定性的电极材料是关键.石墨烯因具有比表面积大,电子导电性高,力学性能好的特点而成为理想的电容材料,但石墨烯的理论容量不高,在石墨烯基电极制备过程中容易发生堆叠现象,导致材料比表面积和离子电导率下降.因此,发展合适的制备方法,对石墨烯进行修饰或与其他材料形成复合电极材料是一种有效解决途径.本文对石墨烯基电极及其在双电层电容器,法拉第准电容器和混合型超级电容器中的应用的研究进展进行归纳,重点介绍了石墨烯凝胶薄膜电极的制备过程,以促进石墨烯基电极在超级电容器构筑中应用.     

Computer based sun following system

This paper is a design study of a computer based system which controls a large number of paraboloidal collectors for sunfollowing operation. The system operates with the computer changing the speeds of each of the collector actuators in the field at regular intervals over the day. It is assumed that each collector requires individual attention in the calculation of appropriate speeds. Sources of following error within the system are evaluated, and for specific data rates over the communication link between the central controller and the field of collectors, the variables within the system are chosen to minimise the following error. Accurate sun following is shown to require a data output from the central controller of only 500 bit/sec for 10,000 collectors.

Further a computer based learning procedure which is functionally equivalent to an alignment process is detailed. This procedure is implemented by collecting data from each collector in the field. Accurate “alignment” of a 10,000 collector field is shown to require data collection by the central controller at a rate of only 500 bit/sec for a single day. No new technology is required to accommodate the data rates mentioned.     

Performance of utility based hedges

Hedgers as investors are concerned with both risk and return. However when measuring hedging performance, the role of returns and investor risk aversion has generally been neglected in the literature, by its focus on minimum variance hedging. In this paper we address this by using utility based performance metrics to evaluate the hedging effectiveness of utility based hedges for hedgers with both moderate and high risk aversion together with the more traditional minimum variance approach. To examine this for an energy hedger, we apply our approach to WTI Crude Oil, for three different hedging horizons, daily, weekly and monthly. We find significant differences between the minimum variance and utility based hedging strategies in-sample for all frequencies. However performance differentials between the different strategies are small and not economically significant. Out-of-sample results support these findings across all frequencies.     

Bilateral based robust load frequency control

Load frequency control (LFC) has been one of the major subjects in electric power system design/operation and is becoming much more significant today in accordance with increasing size and the changing structure and complexity of interconnected power systems. In practice, power systems use simple proportional-integral (PI) controllers for frequency regulation and load tracking. However, since the PI controller parameters are usually tuned based on classical or trial and error approaches, they are incapable of obtaining good dynamical performance for a wide range of operating conditions and various load changes scenarios in a restructured power system.This paper addresses a new decentralized robust LFC design in a deregulated power system under a bilateral based policy scheme. In each control area, the effect of bilateral contracts is taken into account as a set of new input signals in a modified traditional dynamical model. The LFC problem is formulated as a multi-objective control problem via a mixed H₂/H_∞ control technique. In order to design a robust PI controller, the control problem is reduced to a static output feedback control synthesis, and then, it is solved using a developed iterative linear matrix inequalities algorithm to get a robust performance index close to a specified optimal one. The proposed method is applied to a 3 control area power system with possible contract scenarios and a wide range of load changes. The results of the proposed multi-objective PI controllers are compared with H₂/H_∞ dynamic controllers.     

基于GPU的海浪仿真

采用Longuet—Higgins模型对海浪进行建模,在计算过程中使用了P—M谱的频谱模型对频谱模型进行相应的计算。采用Open GL＋Cg在GPU上进行绘制,实现了比较逼真的海浪模拟。在实时绘制的速度上以及仿真的效果上取得很大的改进。     

Hydrogen storage based on polymeric material

In this work a functionalised polymer was studied and a polymeric matrix was chosen as a base with the aim of producing both a low cost and low weight hydrogen storage material. A poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) was chosen as a base polymeric matrix and functionalised in situ by manganese oxide formation. The functionalisation process and the preliminary results on hydrogen storage capability of the synthesized polymer are reported. The polymer was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, BET method surface and gravimetric hydrogen adsorption measurements. The metallic compound introduction modifies the morphology of the material and supplies an increased surface area for hydrogen chemisorptions, revealing a 1.2 wt% hydrogen adsorption capability at 77 K. Preliminary results from gravimetric measurements showed that by increasing the temperature hydrogen storage capability was reduced but not eliminated; for example, a 0.24 wt% at 50 °C and 60 bar was obtained. Moreover, reversibility of hydrogen adsorption and desorption in a wide range of both temperatures and pressures was confirmed. For this reason this approach is considered promising and deeper studies are in progress.     

基于ARM核微处理器的TCN网关的设计

介绍了基于ARM核微处理器的TCN网关,阐述了网关的功能、运行原理、软硬件结构及实现.该网关已经完成了工程化设计,通过了各项性能试验.