斜纤蛇纹石的管道水特征研究

河北涞源斜纤蛇纹石为较小的中孔纳米管材料,通过氮吸脱附法、差热和热重曲线分析法、差示扫描量热分析法和红外光谱分析法,主要分析了其纳米管中管道水特征,明确了管道水作为有效加速剂和载体的作用,对以及对抗拉强度和介电常数的影响。研究表明斜纤蛇纹石纳米管中存在管道水(属于吸附水),去除温度在240℃±,内径为2nm～3nm的纳米管中管道水含量最高,管道水含量与纳米管分散度成反比。     

水热条件对纤蛇纹石纳米管合成的影响研究

采用水热法在不同反应条件下合成了一系列纤蛇纹石纳米管.利用红外吸收光谱、扫描电镜和透射电镜系统地研究了水热反应中,反应温度、Si/Mg比、反应时间等不同反应参数对合成纤蛇纹石纳米管的晶体生长及其结构的影响.结果表明,温度的升高、Si/Mg比趋近0.68及反应时间的延长均有利于纤蛇纹石的生长,并获得最佳条件下合成的纤蛇纹石条件.     

不同反应参数下纤蛇纹石纳米管的水热合成研究

以活性MgO和纳米SiO2为原料,在仿地质作用的碱性水热环境下控制不同反应参数合成了多个系列的纤蛇纹石样品。利用XRD和IR分析系统地研究了不同反应参数对纤蛇纹石特征的影响。结果表明,活性MgO和纳米SiO2在水热环境中很容易转变成纤蛇纹石相,但形成完善纳米管结构须严格控制水热反应条件;pH值、反应温度和反应时间的提高均有利于水热合成结晶度及管状结构更加完善的纤蛇纹石,最佳水热反应条件为pH=13.8,200℃,反应60h,此条件下无其它杂质产物生成,合成温度较前人采用的300℃有所降低。利用SEM和AFM对最佳反应条件下合成的纤蛇纹石纳米管的形貌进行了观察,发现其为短柱状,准直性较高,表面光洁无杂质,直径均一,约50nm,长度多为400～500nm。     

合成纤蛇纹石纳米管组装ZnS的实验研究

采用超声化学法在合成纤蛇纹石纳米管内进行了组装ZnS量子点的研究。利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)及紫外-可见光谱仪对组装样品进行了表征。TEM观察发现在纤蛇纹石纳米管中组装了ZnS;XRD分析表明组装的ZnS量子点为β-ZnS结构,其平均晶粒度为4.2nm;紫外-可见吸收光谱研究表明ZnS量子点的吸收边红移5nm。     

天然硅酸盐矿物纤维管特征研究

纤蛇纹石纤维管和10(A)埃洛石纤维管是自然界中两种主要的天然硅酸盐矿物纤维管.纤蛇纹石纤维管的内径为3.5～11 nm,外径为20～50 nm,属中孔纳米材料.     

碱度对水热合成纤蛇纹石纳米管的影响研究

为克服天然纤蛇纹石纳米管在量子组装应用上存在的不易提纯、易被伴生矿物堵塞、管径不均等缺点,以活性MgO和纳米SiO2为原料,采用水热法在不同碱度下合成了系列纤蛇纹石样品.时合成样品的X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)以及扫描电镜(SEM)分析表明,在200℃.pH值大于13的条件下反应60 h以上能够合成结晶度比较完善的纤蛇纹石;碱度的提高有利于纤蛇纹石氢氧镁石层和硅氧四面体层的生长,并促使两者结合更为紧密,晶胞参数b0值增大,结构层更易卷曲,纤蛇纹石的纤维管状结构更加完善,结晶度提高,纤维的晶体轮廓更加清晰,直径更为均一,长度增加;最后确认在200℃.pH 13.8,反应60 h条件下合成纤蛇纹石纳米管的直径约50 nm.长度多在600nm以上,长度上优于前人的合成.     

四川石棉矿蛇纹石矿物学研究

四川石棉矿产出四种蛇纹石矿物:纤蛇纹石,Povlen型纤蛇纹石、利蛇纹石和叶蛇纹石。它们的形态、结构、化学成分和红外光谱各具特征,本文对此进行了描述和讨论。纤蛇纹石以纵纤维脉和横纤维脉形式产出,以斜纤蛇纹石为主,含少量正纤和副纤蛇纹石。纵纤维蛇纹石可能由地壳浅层中的大气热水形成。Povlen型纤蛇纹石是蛇纹石族矿物的一个新变种,其形态、结构和化学成分都不同于其他蛇纹石矿物。     

阿克塞红柳沟纤蛇纹石矿物学特征研究

在对阿克塞红柳沟温石棉矿床的地质特征分析的基础上,采用XRF、XRD、FT-IR、SEM、TG-DTA等分析测试方法对4个纤蛇纹石样品进行了化学成分、晶体结构、谱学特征、显微形貌与理化性质研究。结果表明:纤蛇纹石样品的主要化学组成为SiO2、MgO,其次含有Al2O3、Fe2O3及少量的NiO等类质同象组分,为典型的斜纤蛇纹石结构,内外羟基伸缩振动和Si-O伸缩振动吸收峰尖锐、分裂明显,纤维形态表现为柔韧的丝状,结构破坏温度在650~700℃,酸蚀量在43.67%~59.89%之间,碱蚀量在2.72%~7.01%之间。矿床地质特征和纤蛇纹石的矿物学特征表明该矿床形成后遭受后期的地球化学作用破坏程度低,与纤蛇纹石共生的矿物较简单,纤蛇纹石纤维表面结构较完善。     

纤蛇纹石纳米管的水热合成与表征

采用水热法进行了纤维蛇纹石的合成研究,通过改变反应温度、反应体系pH值合成了多个样品,并利用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和红外光谱仪等手段对合成样品的物相、结构和形貌进行表征,分析表明在180℃～220℃、pH值为10.39～13的水热体系中均能够合成纤蛇纹石结构纤维;在220℃、pH值为13的条件下合成晶型最好、纤维最长的纤蛇纹石纳米管,其内径约6 nm～8 nm、外径约30 nm～35nm,长约200 nm～400 nm。     

天然斜发沸石吸附去除水中氨氮机理研究

采用天然斜发沸石吸附去除水中氨氮,利用X射线衍射(XRD)和X荧光光谱(XRF)分析沸石的物相组成和化学成分。通过批试验考察p H、氨氮初始浓度和温度对沸石吸附氨氮的影响,通过吸附等温线、吸附热力学和吸附动力学的研究探讨天然斜发沸石吸附氨氮的机理。溶液p H=8时沸石对氨氮的吸附效果最佳。Freundlich吸附等温线较Langmuir能更准确描述天然斜发沸石吸附氨氮的过程,该吸附过程属优惠吸附。对吸附热力学参数计算得到吉布斯自由能变ΔG~00,熵变ΔH~00,说明天然斜发沸石吸附氨氮是自发的吸热过程;熵变ΔS~00说明氨氮在沸石上的分布较在水溶液中的分布倾向无序。吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程,且随着氨氮初始浓度的增大,吸附反应的优惠程度降低。运用颗粒内扩散模型对实验数据的拟合结果表明吸附过程分为两个阶段:前30分钟主要是外表面吸附,30分钟后主要是颗粒内扩散。     

有机化膨润土对水中金属离子的吸附及其表征

通过正交实验研究了有机膨润土对水溶液中金属离子吸附的主要影响因素;将原矿和有机土进行了IR和XRD表征;测定了溶液酸度和溶液中金属离子浓度对有机膨润土吸附效果的影响;考察了有机膨润土的粒径和吸附次数对吸附效果的影响,以此论证新疆夏子街钠基膨润土及有机化膨润土对水溶液中各金属离子的吸附能力。实验结果表明:有机化膨润土对水溶液中Cr6 、Hg2 、Cu2 和Zn2 金属离子的去除率都比原土有显著提高;溶液的pH值对吸附效果影响较大;有机膨润土吸附量对数与Cr6 、Hg2 、Cu2 金属离子平衡浓度对数的吸附等温线近似成直线,符合吸附等温方程;金属离子浓度对有机膨润土吸附效果的影响趋势是Cr6 >Hg2 >Cu2 ;有机膨润土对金属离子吸附能力大小是Hg2 >Cu2 >Cr6 ,吸附速率大小是Cr6 >Hg2 >Zn2 。有机膨润土的粒径对吸附效果影响较小。     

Influence of chlorine substitution on adsorption of gaseous chlorinated phenolics on multi-walled carbon nanotubes embedded in SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) embedded in SiO₂ particles were prepared through the floating-catalyst chemical vapor deposition method. The parameters reaction time and flow rate of the carbon source (CH₄) were studied to obtain optimum conditions for MWCNT synthesis. The obtained MWCNTs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to confirm their morphology and crystallinity. The optimum conditions were a CH₄ flow rate of 100 ml/min in a H₂–Ar mixture at a flow rate of 500 ml/min and a reaction time of 20 min. Under these conditions, MWCNTs with average outer and inner diameters of around 50 and 10 nm, respectively, were obtained. SiO₂ particles with embedded MWCNTs were studied for their adsorption of gaseous chlorinated phenolic compounds (CPCs), with emphasis on the effect of number of chlorine substituents. The CPC compounds of 2-chlorophenol (CP) and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) were compared against phenol (P). Adsorption of P and CPCs on the particles fit well the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacities of P, CP, and DCP on SiO₂ particles with embedded MWCNTs were found to be 3.12, 13.83, and 44.25 mg/g, respectively. Desorption activation energy was determined by thermogravimetric analysis. Chlorine substitution on P changed the adsorption process from physical to chemical adsorption. The particles showed high potential for use as a pre-concentration unit for solid-phase microextraction.     

好氧颗粒污泥对有机污染物的吸附机制

为探讨好氧颗粒污泥对有机污染物的吸附机制,采用动态吸附方式研究好氧颗粒污泥对有机污染物的初期吸附作用,采用静态吸附方式考察好氧颗粒污泥失活前后对有机污染物吸附效率的差异,分析了好氧颗粒污泥吸附有机污染物前后的热力学参数及红外光谱变化。结果表明,好氧颗粒污泥对有机污染物的吸附过程表现出了明显的初期吸附去除现象,30min内对有机污染物吸附去除率达60.19%。好氧颗粒污泥吸附有机污染物是一个自发、吸热、熵增的过程,且吸附过程是一个以物理吸附为主、生物吸附和化学吸附为辅的复杂过程。     

Porous Properties of Nano-fibriform Silica from Natural Chrysotile

With the TEM and physical gas adsorption techniques, porous properties of nano-ribriform silica （MLD： 92.73%） from natural chrysotile are studied in this paper. The results indicate that porous nano-fibriform silica results from brucite octahedral sheets of nature chrysotile dissolved completely and Si-O tetrahedral sheets collapsed by acid leaching. Its length is at a micron or nanometer scale. There are two types of pores： pores among neighboring fibers and pores in nanoriber. These pores （less than 6.5 nm in diameter, mostly 2.1 nm and 3.8 nm） all belong to mesopores. The pores in fibers consist of those among SiO2 particles, those among aggregates, remnant nanotubes and capillary tubes. Nanoribriform silica proves better than the traditional silica as a carrier of catalyzer and a filler for reinforce rubber and plastics.     

Volume and Surface Distribution Heterogeneity of Nano-pore in Coal Samples by CO2 and N2 Adsorption Experiments

In this paper, the heterogeneity of adsorption pores in middle and high rank coal samples were analyzed by using low temperature N2 and CO2 adsorption technology and fractal theory. The following results were achieved. 1) According to the results of volume and surface fractal dimension, meso-pores can be classified into Mep-1, Mep-2, and Mep-3, respectively. Micro-pore can be classified into Mip-1, Mip-2, and Mip-3, respectively. 2) Pore types play an important role in affecting the heterogeneity of meso-pores. The volume heterogeneity (VHY) of Mep-1 is simpler than that of Mep-2 and Mep-3 in type A samples. However, the VHY of Mep-1 becomes gradually larger than that of Mep-2 and Mep-3 from type A to type B and C. The VHY of open pore in the same diameter is higher than that of semi-open or closed pore. Meanwhile, the surface heterogeneity (SHY) of types A and B samples is significantly larger than that of type C, the SHY of semi-open or closed pores is more complicated than that of open pores. 3) Coal rank mainly affects the heterogeneity of micro-pores. The heterogeneity of type A is always smaller than that of type B and C. The VHY of Mip-1 is more complicated than that of Mip-2 and Mip-3 in the same samples, and the sensitivity of the VHY of Mip-1 and Mip-2 to the degree of coal rank is smaller than that of Mip-3. Meanwhile, the SHY of Mip-1 and Mip-2 is simpler than that of Mip-3 in the same sample, the SHY of micro-pores remains stable as the pore size decreases, and the affect of coalification level on SHY decreases with the decrease in pore diameter. Full-scale fractal characterization has enabled quantitative characterization of adsorption pore properties and provided useful information with regards to the similarity of pore features in different coal reservoirs.     

Removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions with multi-walled carbon nanotubes: Kinetic and thermodynamic studies

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were used successfully for the removal of Copper(II), Lead(II), Cadmium(II), and Zinc(II) from aqueous solution. The results showed that the % adsorption increased by raising the solution temperature due to the endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The kinetics of Cadmium(II), Lead(II), Copper(II), and Zinc(II) adsorption on Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were analyzed using the fraction power function model, Lagergren pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich models, and the results showed that the adsorption of heavy metal ions was a pseudo-second-order process, and the adsorption capacity increased with increasing solution temperature. The binding of the metal ions by the carbon nanotubes was evaluated from the adsorption capacities and was found to follow the following order: Copper(II) > Lead(II) > Zinc(II) > Cadmium(II). The thermodynamics parameters were calculated, and the results showed that the values of the free energies were negative for all metals ions, which indicated the spontaneity of the adsorption process, and this spontaneity increased by raising the solution temperature. The change in entropy values were positives, indicating the increase in randomness due to the physical adsorption of heavy metal ions from the aqueous solution to the carbon nanotubes’ surface. Although the enthalpy values were positive for all metal ions, the free energies were negative, and the adsorption was spontaneous, which indicates that the heavy metal adsorption of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes was an entropy-driving process.     

黄土对Cr(III)的吸附特性及机理研究

铬是一种重金属痕量元素,人体通过食物链摄入过量的铬会在人体内富集,随之产生中毒反应。研究Cr(III)的浓度、反应时间、反应温度、pH值等因素对Cr(III)在黄土上吸附特性的影响,结果表明黄土对Cr(III)的吸附非常迅速,并且吸附量非常大,等温吸附模型Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)模型都能很好地解释Cr(III)在黄土上的吸附过程。热动力学分析表明,吸附是一个自发的过程,升温可促进吸附作用的进行。随着温度的不断升高,Cr(III)的吸附量逐渐增大。溶液的pH值是影响Cr(III)吸附效果的一个重要因素,当pH>6时,Cr(III)几乎完全被去除。利用X光衍射图谱和红外光谱分析,探讨黄土与Cr(III)的结合机制,黄土中的高岭土、石英等黏土矿物以及有机质成分对吸附过程起重要作用。     

Study on the adsorption kinetics of orthophosphate anions on layer double hydroxide

A kinetic study was conducted on the adsorption of orthophosphate anions on layer double hydroxide (LDH). The adsorption has proved itself to be a spontaneous endothermic process and is large in capacity and rate. The adsorption isotherm correlates well with the Freundlich model, and a rise in temperature will lead to an increase in adsorption efficiency. Additionally, the results suggested that the adsorption is an entropy-increasing process and is in good agreement with the pseudo-second order kinetics. The free energy (ΔG) of adsorption of orthophosphate onto LDH varies within the range of −1.75–−3.34 kJ/mol, the enthalpy (ΔH) varies by 7.96 kJ/mol and the entropy (ΔS) by 33.59 kJ/mol. The adsorption activation energy is 8.3 kJ/mol, showing that the adsorption of orthophosphate onto LDH is determined to be a physical adsorption.     

低温氮吸附法测试煤中微孔隙及其意义

用低温氮吸附法测试了26个煤样的微孔隙,并对结果作了分析,得出以下认识:低温氮吸附法测出的最小孔的直径只有0.6nm,有利于更深入地了解煤的微孔隙特征;超微孔比微小孔所占比表面积大得多,占主要地位;煤层中吸收状态的甲烷应引起重视,游离、吸附状态的甲烷比通常认为的要少。      

铁氧化物矿物对苯酚和溶解性有机质表面吸附的初步研究

文中以铁氧化物矿物对苯酚和溶解性有机质(DOM)的吸附研究为例开展生态矿物学研究。铁氧化物矿物的吸附作用存在多种机制,这些吸附机制发生作用的条件主要取决于溶液化学性质和吸附质的理化性质。批处理实验研究表明,苯酚吸附在酸性微酸性条件下不强,吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,属于表面分子吸附模型;DOM的吸附强并发生吸附分异,配体交换、憎水键和范氏力等多种模式并存,在酸性中性条件下对DOM在针铁矿上的吸附起着重要贡献。本文实验条件下DOM吸附等温线近于线性,不能采用Langmuir方程拟合,可能原因是DOM浓度较低。矿物表面荷电性对吸附影响显著,例如,当矿物表面净电荷为零(pH=pHpzc)时,矿物表面水化膜减薄甚至消失,苯酚分子、憎水DOM分子或片断都会倾向于在矿物表面上吸附。由于苯酚吸附机制单一,其受到的影响很明显,所以苯酚在pH值7～8范围内出现吸附最大值;由于配体交换作用主要发生在酸性微酸性条件下,所以在本文pH值约7.5的实验条件下,尽管配体交换仍在发生作用,但它不是主要吸附机制,针铁矿对DOM吸附的主要贡献应是憎水键和范氏力作用,此外,DOM吸附等温方程近于线性还可能与此有关。显然,铁矿物表面作用在对有机质含量低而铁矿物含量高的红壤中污染物和DOM的固定与归宿控制中扮演着重要的角色。